Textbook of Aramaic Documents from Ancient Egypt, often referred to as TAD or TADAE, is a four volume corpus of Aramaic inscriptions written during the period of ancient Egypt, written by Bezalel Porten and Ada Yardeni.[1]

Originally envisaged to be the Corpus Papyrorum Aramaicarum, following the Corpus Papyrorum Judaicarum, it grew to incorporate all Aramaic inscriptions from the region, not just on papyrus, so the title was changed – this time borrowing from J. C. L. Gibson's 1971 Textbook of Syrian Semitic Inscriptions.[1]

Each of volumes 1-3 contains 40-50 texts (vol. 1 letters (A); vol. 2 contracts (B); vol. 3 literary texts (C)), and volume 4 contains 478 texts, including D1-5: 216 papyrus fragments; D6: 14 leather; D7-10: 87 ostraca. The collection does not include the Saqqarah papyri[lower-alpha 1] and most of the Clermont-Ganneau ostraca.[lower-alpha 2][4][5]

It is the standard reference textbook for the Aramaic Elephantine papyri and ostraca, as well as other examples of Egyptian Aramaic, which together provide the primary extant examples of Imperial Aramaic worldwide.[6]

Concordance

Name DiscoveredDateLocationTADCowley (C) GrelotOther refMuseum number
Adon Papyrus 1942600s BCEA1.1 KAI 266
Hermopolis Aramaic papyri 1945400-500 BCEUniversity of CairoA2.1 28Bresciani-Kamil 4[7]
A2.2 26Bresciani-Kamil 2[7]
A2.3 25Bresciani-Kamil 1[7]
A2.4 27Bresciani-Kamil 3[7]
A2.5 29Bresciani-Kamil 5[7]
A2.6 30Bresciani-Kamil 6[7]
A2.7 31Bresciani-Kamil 7[7]
Private Letters 1906-08400-500 BCEEgyptian MuseumA3.154 -Sachau 39Pap. No. 3456 = J. 43493
A3.255 -Sachau 40Pap. No. 3457 = J. 43494
Padua Aramaic papyri 1815-19 (published 1960)Museo Civico di PadovaA3.3 14Aramaic Papyrus 1
A3.4 Aramaic Papyrus 2
1906-08Egyptian MuseumA3.541 -Sachau 13Pap. No. 3437 = J. 43474
A3.640 16Sachau 14Pap. No. 3438 = J. 43475
A3.739 15Sachau 12Pap. No. 3436 = J. 43473
A3.842 17Sachau 16Pap. No. 3440 = J. 43477
Wilbour Aramaic papyrus 1893Brooklyn MuseumA3.9 Kraeling 13[8]Brooklyn Museum 47.218.151
1970Egyptian Museum of BerlinA3.10 P. Berlin 23000
1959Museo Archeologico di FirenzeA3.11 Inv. n. 11913
Jedaniah Communal Archive Passover Letter 1906-08419 - 407 BCEEgyptian Museum of BerlinA4.121 96Sachau 6P. 13464
Egyptian MuseumA4.237 97Sachau 10Pap. No. 3434 = J. 43471
A4.338 98Sachau 11Pap. No. 3435 = J. 43472
Egyptian Museum of Berlin and Egyptian Museum of CairoA4.456+34 100Sachau 15Berlin P. 13456 + Pap. No. 3439 = J. 43476
Strasbourg Aramaic papyrus 1898 Bibliothèque Nationale et Universitaire (Strasbourg)A4.527 101Aram. 2
1906-08 Egyptian Museum of BerlinA4.666 P. 13445
Temple Reconstruction Letter A4.730 102Sachau 1P. 13495
Egyptian MuseumA4.831 102Sachau 2Pap. No. 3428 = J. 43465
Egyptian Museum of BerlinA4.932 103Sachau 3P. 13497
Egyptian MuseumA4.1033 104Sachau 5Pap. No. 3430 = J. 43467
Official (semi-official) LettersMaspero Saqqara Aramaic papyrus 1902436 - 300s BCEAcadémie des InscriptionsA5.1 Inscriptions 5-7
1906-08Egyptian MuseumA5.216 18Sachau 7Pap. No 3431 = J. 43468
Turin Aramaic Papyrus 1824Musco Egizio di TorinoA5.370 CIS II 144Prov. 645
Memphis Serapeum Aramaic papyrus 1862[9]Egyptian MuseumA5.476 CIS II 151Pap. No. 3654 = J. 59204
Maspero Elephantine Aramaic papyrus 1902A5.580 RES 248Académie des Inscriptions 2-4
The Letters of Arsames and his Colleagues 1906-08427 - 400 BCEEgyptian MuseumA6.117 60Sachau 4Pap. No. 3429 = J. 43466
A6.226 61Sachau 8Pap. No. 3432 = J. 43469
1933 (published 1954) Bodleian LibraryA6.3 64Driver 3 + Frag 7.1[10]Pell. Aram. VII
A6.4 62Driver 2 + Frag 9.6[10]Pell. Aram. IV (bottom left) + XII
A6.5 63Driver 1 and 1a[10]Pell. Aram. VI
A6.6 Driver Frag. 5[10]
A6.7 66Driver 5[10]Pell. Aram. IV
A6.8 65Driver 4[10]Pell. Aram. II
A6.9 67Driver 6[10]Pell. Aram. VIII
A6.10 68Driver 7[10]Pell. Aram. I
A6.11 69Driver 8[10]Pell. Aram. XIII
A6.12 70Driver 9[10]Pell. Aram. III
A6.13 71Driver 10[10]Pell. Aram. IX
A6.14 72Driver 11[10]Pell. Aram. V
A6.15 73Driver 12[10]Pell. Aram. XIV
A6.16 74Driver 13[10]Pell. Aram. X
Mibtahiah archive B2.1532Sayce-Cowley A
B2.2633Sayce-Cowley B
B2.3834Sayce-Cowley D
B2.4935Sayce-Cowley C
B2.548-Sachau 38
B2.61538Sayce-Cowley G
B2.71336Sayce-Cowley E
Quit ClaimB2.81437Sayce-Cowley F
B2.92039Sayce-Cowley H
B2.102540Sayce-Cowley J
B2.112841Sayce-Cowley K
Anani archive B3.1104Sachau 28
Mika cedes property to Anani b. Azariah Brooklyn MuseumB3.242Kraeling 1+18[8]
Anani b. Azariah marriage to Tamut B3.343Kraeling 2[8]
Bagazusht and Ubil sell house to Anani b. Azariah B3.444Kraeling 3[8]
Gift from man to wife B3.545Kraeling 4[8]
Emancipation of female slave B3.646Kraeling 5[8]
Father-daughter adjoining house B3.747Kraeling 6[8]
Ananiah son of Haggai marriage B3.848Kraeling 7+15[8]
Slave adoption B3.949Kraeling 8[8]
Father-daughter gift B3.1050Kraeling 9[8]
Father-daughter house donation B3.1151Kraeling 10[8]
Sale contract B3.1253Kraeling 12[8]
Grain loan B3.1352Kraeling 11[8]
B4.1491Sachau 44
B4.2113Sayce-Cowley L
B4.33-Sachau 26
B4.4254Sachau 25
B4.5296Sachau 29
B4.6357Sachau 35
B5.112Sachau 30
B5.265,3+67,3
B5.3
B5.447-Sachau 37
B5.5438Sachau 33
B6.1Kraeling 14[8]
B6.236-Sachau 9
B6.346-Sachau 31
B6.4185Sachau 34
B7.14511Sachau 36
B7.279Sachau 27
B7.34410Sachau 32
B7.459Sachau 47
Lepsius Aramaic papyrus 1849 B8.569CIS II 149
Literary TextsStory of Ahikar 1906-08Egyptian Museum of Berlin and Egyptian Museum of CairoC1.1 (+3.7) Sachau 49-52, 54-59Berlin P. 13446A-H, K-L + Pap. No. 3465 = J. 43502
Blacas papyri 1825British LibraryC1.271 CIS II 145Pap. 106
Historical TextsBehistun papyrus 1906-08Egyptian Museum of BerlinC2.1 (+3.13) Sachau 61-62P. 13447
Accounts 1880s (published 1915)Egyptian MuseumC3.1 RÉS 1791Pap. No. 3466 = J. 36499
Göttingen papyrus 1884 (published 1974)Göttingen State and University LibraryC3.2 Cod.Ms.or.var.1,xx
1906-08Egyptian MuseumC3.352 -Sachau 22Pap. No. 3445 = J. 43482
1906-07 (published 1974)Egyptian Museum of BerlinC3.4 P. Berlin 23103
1917Egyptian MuseumC3.5p. 318 Aimé-GironPap. No. 3656 = J. 59209
1966-72 (published 1983)Egyptian Antiquities ServiceC3.6 Segal 47Register No. 5881
Ahigar erased text 1906-08Egyptian Museum of Berlin and Egyptian Museum of CairoC3.7 (+1.1) Sachau 49-52, 54-59Berlin P. 13446A-H, K-L + Pap. No. 3465 = J. 43502
1926Egyptian MuseumC3.8 Aimé-Giron 5-20, 24, 39Pap. No. 3470, 3471, 3472, 3474 J. 50053, 50054, 50055, 50057
1906-07 (published 1988)Egyptian Museum of BerlinC3.9 105Kraeling 13P. Berlin 23128–32, 23134
Bresciani papyrus 1940 (published 1971)Egyptian MuseumC3.10 Pap. No. 3484 = J. 72527
1966-72 (published 1983)Egyptian Antiquities ServiceC3.11 Segal 20+19Register No. 2212 + 2195
Louvre Aramaic papyrus 1826 (published 1863)LouvreC3.1272 CIS II 146AF 7991
Memorandum from verso of the Behistun papyrus 1906-08Egyptian Museum of BerlinC3.13 (+2.1)61–63, 64,21 + 68,5 Sachau 61-62Berlin P. 13447 verso
1906-08Egyptian MuseumC3.1424 55Sachau 19Pap. No. 3442 = J. 43479 + 43479A
1906-08Egyptian Museum of BerlinC3.1522 89Sachau 18P. 13488 + Nos. 64 and 76 of 96 Frags. + P. Berlin 23101
1893 (published 1953)Brooklyn MuseumC3.16 -Kraeling 17[8]Brooklyn Museum 47.218.153
unknownEgyptian MuseumC3.17 Aimé-Giron 78+77Pap. No. 3476 = J. 59202
1966-72 (published 1983)Egyptian Antiquities ServiceC3.18 Segal 45Register No. 2201
1827 (published 1869)Vatican MuseumC3.1973 CIS II 147Inv. No. 22955
1966-72 (published 1983)Egyptian Antiquities ServiceC3.20 Segal 57Register No. 2215
1862 (published 1887)Egyptian MuseumC3.2175 CIS II 150Pap. No. 3653 = J. 59203
1966-72 (published 1983)Egyptian Antiquities ServiceC3.22 Segal 48Register No. 1560
C3.23 Segal 87Register No. 5891
C3.24 Segal 106Register No. 5666
1880sEgyptian MuseumC3.2578 CIS II 153Pap. No. 3478 = J. 60144
1924-25C3.26 Aimé-Giron 87Pap. No. 3469 = J. 50052
Harrow papyrus 1880s (published 1923)Harrow School MuseumC3.2783
1906Bodleian LibraryC3.2881 MS. Heb. a. 5 (P)
unknownMuseo dell'Istituto di Studi del Vicino Oriente, Università di RomaC3.29 Pap. Levi Della Vida
Lists 1913Egyptian MuseumC4.1p. 317 Aimé-GironPap. No. 3655 = J. 59208
1926C4.2 Aimé-Giron 46 + 50 + 25 + 47; 26, 30, 33, 61, 75Pap. No. 3473, 3474 = J. 50056. 50057
1966-72 (published 1983)Egyptian Antiquities ServiceC4.3 Segal 53Register No. 1558
1906-08Egyptian MuseumC4.412 56Sachau 17Pap. No. 3441 = J. 43478
C4.519 57Sachau 21Pap. No. 3444 = J. 43481
C4.623 58Sachau 20Pap. No. 3443 = J, 43480
C4.751 -Sachau 23Pap. No. 3446 = J. 43483
C4.853 59Sachau 24Pap. No. 3447 = J. 43484
Vatican papyrus 1827 (published 1884)Biblioteca Apostolica VaticanaC4.974 CIS II 148Papiro Borgiano Aramaico 1
OtherChester ostraca British MuseumD7.13 KAI 271, CIS II 138E14219
Dream ostracon D7.17 KAI 270, CIS II 137
Serapeum Offering Table D20.1 KAI 268
Saqqara Aramaic Stele D20.3 KAI 267
Carpentras Stele D20.5 KAI 269
Ankh-Hapy stele D20.6 KAI 272

Reviews

Volume 1

  • Williamson, H. G. M. (1987). [Review of Textbook of Aramaic Documents from Ancient Egypt 1: Letters, by B. Porten & A. Yardeni]. Vetus Testamentum, 37(4), 493–493. https://doi.org/10.2307/1517566
  • Lipiński, E. (1988). [Review of Textbook of Aramaic Documents from Ancient Egypt ('wsp t’wdwt ’rmywt mmşrym h’tyqh), newly copied, edited and translated into Hebrew and English by..., 1. Letters. Appendix: Aramaic Letters from the Bible, by B. Porten & A. Yardeni]. Orientalia, 57(4), 434–436. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43077597
  • Kaufman, S. A. (1988). [Review of Textbook of Aramaic Documents from Ancient Egypt. Vol. 1. Letters, by B. Porten & A. Yardeni]. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 47(4), 289–290. http://www.jstor.org/stable/544888
  • Grelot, P. (1988). [Review of Textbook of Aramaic Documents from Ancient Egypt, Newly Copied, Edited and Translated into Hebrew and English, I. Letters. Appendix: Aramaic Letters from the Bible. 34 × 24, by B. Porten & A. Yardeni]. Revue Biblique (1946-), 95(2), 294–299. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44088910

Volume 2

  • Lipiński, E. (1990). [Review of Textbook of Aramaic Documents from Ancient Egypt ('wsp t’wdwt ’rmywt mmşrym h’tyqh), newly copied, edited and translated into Hebrew and English by..., 2. Contracts. Vol. 1: text, copies in reduced size (LIV-191 p.); vol. 2: copies (37 foldouts), by B. Porten & A. Yardeni]. Orientalia, 59(4), 552–554. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43075793
  • Grelot, P. (1990). [Review of Textbook of Aramaic Documents from Ancient Egypt, by B. Porten & A. Yardeni]. Revue Biblique (1946-), 97(2), 270–276. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44089014
  • Segal, J. B. (1992). [Review of Textbook of Aramaic Documents from Ancient Egypt, II, Contracts, by B. Porten & A. Yardeni]. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 78, 344–344. https://doi.org/10.2307/3822102

Volume 3

  • Joseph A. Fitzmyer, S. J. (1995). [Review of Textbook of Aramaic Documents from Ancient Egypt, 3: Literature, Accounts, Lists, by B. Porten & A. Yardeni]. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 115(4), 710–711. https://doi.org/10.2307/604758
  • Grelot, P., & YARDENI, A. (1996). [Review of Textbook of Aramaic Documents from Ancient Egypt. Literature. Accounts. Lists (Texts and Studies for Students), by B. PORTEN]. Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman Period, 27(3), 351–355. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24660077

Volume 4

  • Gianto, A. (2000). [Review of Textbook of Aramaic Documents from Ancient Egypt. Newly Copied, Edited and Translated into English. 4: Ostraca and Assorted Inscriptions (Texts and Studies for Students), by B. Porten & A. Yardeni]. Biblica, 81(3), 443–445. http://www.jstor.org/stable/42614297
  • Dion, P.-E. (2000). [Review of Textbook of Aramaic Documents from Ancient Egypt. Newly Copied, Edited and Translated into Hebrew and English, Vol. 4: Ostraca and Assorted Inscriptions, by B. Porten & A. Yardeni]. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 318, 77–79. https://doi.org/10.2307/1357731

Work

Previous corpuses

  • Clermont-Ganneau, Charles Simon (1878). "Origine Perse Des Monuments Araméens d'Égypte (Notes d'archéologie orientale) Premier Article". Revue Archéologique. Presses Universitaires de France. 36: 93–107. ISSN 0035-0737. JSTOR 41735287.
  • Sayce and Cowley, Aramaic Papyri Discovered at Assuan, (London, 1906)
  • Arthur Ungnad, 1911, Aramäische Papyrus aus Elephantine
  • Eduard Sachau, 1911, Aramäische Papyrus und Ostraka aus einer jüdischen Militär-Kolonie zu Elephantine
  • Arthur Ernest Cowley, 1923, Aramaic papyri of the fifth century B.C
  • Noël Aimé-Giron, 1931, Textes araméens d'Égypte
  • Grelot, Pierre (1972). Documents araméens d'Égypte. Littératures anciennes du Proche-Orient (in French). Éditions du Cerf.

Notes

  1. ↑ Discovered from 1966-73, the group consists of 202 papyrus fragments and 5 ostraca; none of these are full or almost full texts: Pardee writes “As a matter of connected text, however, this collection is much less important than the groups of texts published by Sayce, Sachau, Cowley, Driver, Kraeling, and Bresciani and Kamil, for there is not a single complete document among these 202 papyri.”[2]
  2. ↑ Discovered in the early 20th century, but very few have been published.[3]

References

  1. 1 2 Botta, A.F. (2012). ""Mr. Elephantine" Bezalel Porten". In the Shadow of Bezalel. Aramaic, Biblical, and Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honor of Bezalel Porten. Culture and History of the Ancient Near East. Brill. p. xi-xvi. ISBN 978-90-04-24083-4.
  2. ↑ Pardee, D. (1988). [Review of Aramaic Texts from North Saqqâra with Some Fragments in Phoenician, by J. B. Segal]. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 47(2), 154–156. http://www.jstor.org/stable/544400
  3. ↑ Porten, B., & Yardeni, A. (1993). Ostracon Clermont-Ganneau 125(?): A Case of Ritual Purity. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 113(3), 451–456. https://doi.org/10.2307/605393
  4. ↑ Gianto, A. (2000). [Review of Textbook of Aramaic Documents from Ancient Egypt. Newly Copied, Edited and Translated into English. 4: Ostraca and Assorted Inscriptions (Texts and Studies for Students), by B. Porten & A. Yardeni]. Biblica, 81(3), 443–445. http://www.jstor.org/stable/42614297
  5. ↑ Dion, P.-E. (2000). [Review of Textbook of Aramaic Documents from Ancient Egypt. Newly Copied, Edited and Translated into Hebrew and English, Vol. 4: Ostraca and Assorted Inscriptions, by B. Porten & A. Yardeni]. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 318, 77–79. https://doi.org/10.2307/1357731
  6. ↑ Cook, Edward (2022). Biblical Aramaic and Related Dialects: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press. p. 3-7. ISBN 978-1-108-78788-8. Imperial Aramaic (IA) [Footnote: Other names: Official Aramaic, Reichsaramäisch. Because many of the surviving texts come from Egypt, some scholars speak of "Egyptian Aramaic."]… As noted, the documentation of IA is significantly greater than that of Old Aramaic; the hot and dry climate of Egypt has been particularly favorable to the preservation of antiquities, including Aramaic texts written on soft media such as papyrus or leather. The primary, although not exclusive, source of our knowledge of Persian-period Aramaic is a large number of papyri discovered on the island of Elephantine… All of the Egyptian Aramaic texts have been collected and reedited in the Textbook of Aramaic Documents from Ancient Egypt… This is now the standard text edition… Outside of Egypt, Aramaic texts written primarily on hard media such as stone or pottery have been discovered, including texts from Palestine, Arabia, Asia Minor, Iraq (Babylon), and Iran (Persepolis). A recent discovery, of uncertain provenance, is a relatively large collection of documents, now in a private collection, consisting mainly of the correspondence of the official Akhvamazda of Bactria dating from 354 to 324 BCE (Nave & Shaked 2012). They are similar in some ways to the Arshama archive published by Driver; the find-spot was no doubt Afghanistan.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Edda Bresciani; Murād Kāmil, 1966, Le lettere aramaiche di Hermopoli, Memorie (Accademia nazionale dei Lincei. Classe di scienze morali, storiche e filologiche)., ser. 8 ;, v. 12, fasc. 5.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Kraeling, Emil G.H. (1953). The Brooklyn Museum Aramaic Papyri: New Documents of the Fifth Century B.C. from the Jewish Colony at Elephantine. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-405-00873-3.
  9. ↑ Bargès, J.J.L. (1862). Papyrus égypto-araméen appartenant au Musée égyptien du Louvre (in French). Duprat.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Driver, G.R.; Mittwoch, E. (1968). Aramaic Documents of the Fifth Century B.C. Zeller.
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