Otto Dix, Sturmtruppe geht unter Gas vor ("Stormtroopers Advance Under a Gas Attack"), 1924

The War (German: Der Krieg) is a series of 50 drypoint and aquatint etchings by German artist Otto Dix, catalogued by Florian Karsch as K.70 to K.119. The prints were published in Berlin in 1924 by Karl Nierendorf, in an edition which included separate high quality folio prints, and a lower-quality version with 24 prints bound together. It is often compared to Francisco Goya's series of 82 engravings The Disasters of War. The British Museum, which holds a complete set of the folio prints, has described the series as "Dix's central achievement as a graphic artist"; the auction house Christie's has described it as "one of the finest and most unflinching depictions of war in western art".

Background

Dix was born in 1891, and studied art in Dresden before the First World War. He was conscripted in 1915, and served in the Imperial German Army as a machine gunner on both the Eastern Front and the Western Front. After the war, he returned to study at the Dresden Academy of Fine Arts, and then in Italy. He was a founder of the short-lived avant-garde Dresdner Sezession art group, and then supported the post-expressionist New Objectivity movement.

His horrific experiences in the trenches inspired the anti-war art he created after 1920. Dix came to public attention when featured by Theodor Däubler in Das Kunstblatt in 1920. In 1921, Otto Dix met Karl Nierendorf, an art dealer in Berlin, who became his agent and publisher. Dix's large anti-war painting The Trench ("Der Schützengraben") caused great controversy when first exhibited in Cologne in 1923. It was confiscated as degenerate art (Entartete Kunst) by the Nazis, and lost during the Second World War.

Dix's reputation for controversy continued in 1925, when he successfully defended himself against charges of indecency following exhibitions in Berlin and Darmstadt of two paintings of prostitutes. He became a professor at the Dresden Academy in 1927, and returned to anti-war sentiments for his 1929 to 1932 triptych, also entitled The War (Der Krieg), the central panel of which reworks themes from The Trench: this painting been held by the Galerie Neue Meister in Dresden since 1968.

Description

Dix's War prints were published in 1924, the tenth anniversary of the outbreak of the war, as an antidote to the heroic interpretation of the war. Dix had seen Goya's series of 82 engravings The Disasters of War in Basel: he was inspired by Goya's etching technique that combined etching and aquatint to depict horrific scenes from the Napoleonic Wars in Spain, and created a similar series of etchings of atrocities from the First World War.

Among the other influences on Dix's prints were the works of Urs Graf, Jacques Callot's Miseries of War print series, and Goya's painting The Third of May 1808. Some of the scenes also draw inspiration from preparatory sketches for his 1923 painting The Trench, and others from a visit to the catacombs in Palermo in 1923–24, and the wartime photographs of Ernst Friedrich, published as Krieg dem Kriege ("War against War") in 1924.

Dix studied with Wilhelm Herberholz in Düsseldorf to improve his etching prowess before embarking on the prints.

In the series, Dix depicts scenes of executions and famine, with trenches and corpses amid the desolate landscapes in Flanders and the Somme. He shows images of emaciated and decaying corpses, grimacing skeletons, bodies crucified or impaled on barbed wire, the wounded with bulging eyes and open flesh, in a hallucinatory dance macabre. The prints are based on wartime photographs, hundreds of sketches that Dix made during the war, and his own memories.

Ten of the prints highlight the disproportionate burdens borne by soldiers in different branches of the armed forces: the infantrymen are mutilated, wounded, suffer, go mad and die, while sailors binge with prostitutes. One his prints, Soldat und Nonne ("Soldier and nun", K.120) - a graphic image of a soldier attempting to rape a nun -, was withdrawn from the series before it was published, but another Soldat und Hure ("Soldier and whore", K.105) was included under the title Besuch bei Madame Germaine in Méricourt ("Visit to Madame Germaine's in Méricourt").

The etchings measure approximately 22 by 23 centimetres (8.7 in × 9.1 in), printed on cream-coloured paper approximately 39.8 by 42.1 centimetres (15.7 in × 16.6 in). The series was published in Berlin by Karl Nierendorf, as a folio of fifty engravings, in five portfolios of ten etchings each, entitled Der Krieg ("The War"). Dix gave each engraving a title, location, and description, and they were arranged into sets of ten without taking into account any chronological or temporal order, or the order in which the plates were made. They were printed by Otto Felsing in an edition of 70, with the portfolios priced at 300 Reichsmarks each, or all five for 1000 Marks. Nierendorf also published a book containing with an introduction by the author Henri Barbusse, in an edition of 10,000 priced at just 1.20 Marks, later increased to 2.40 Marks.

Reception

Nierendorf collaborated with the pacifist "Never Again War" (Nie wieder Krieg) organisation to circulate the prints throughout Germany. They were an instant critical and popular success, praised for their depiction of the horrific reality of modern warfare in the First World War, but also controversial. In the 1930s, many of Dix's works were condemned as degenerate art (Entartete Kunst) by the Nazi party. A complete set of Dix's War prints held by the Kupferstichkabinett Berlin was included in the Degenerate Art Exhibition in 1937.

Complete sets of the 50 folio prints are held by several public collections, including the Historial de la Grande Guerre in Péronne, the Kupferstichkabinett in the Kunsthalle Hamburg, the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, the National Gallery of Australia, and the British Museum. A complete set of 50 prints, formerly owned by Lothar-Günther Buchheim and deaccessioned as a duplicate from the Buchheim Museum, was sold by Christie's in 2017 for £236,750. A complete set with a copy of Soldat und Nonne was sold by Sotheby's in 2014 for US$377,000.

List of etchings

(Using the titles given by Otto Dix)

NumberTitle in GermanEnglish translation
I.1Soldatengrab zwischen den LinienSoldiers' Grave Between the Lines
I.2Verschuttete – Januar 1916, ChampagneBuried Alive – January 1916, Champagne
I.3Gastote – Templeux-la-Fosse, August 1916Gas Victims – Templeux-la-Fosse, August 1916
I.4Trichterfeld bei Dontrien, von Leuchtkugeln erhelltCrater Field near Dontrien, Lit by Flares
I.5PferdekadaverHorse Cadaver
I.6Verwundeter – Herbst 1916, BapaumeWounded Man – Autumn 1916, Bapaume
I.7Bei Langemarck – Februar 1918Near Langemarck – February 1918
I.8Relaisposten – Herbstschlacht in der ChampagneRelay Post – Autumn Battle in Champagne
I.9Zerfallender KampfgrabenCollapsed Trenches
I.10Fliehender Verwundeter – Sommeschlacht 1916Wounded Man Fleeing – Battle of the Somme, 1916
II.1Verlassene Stellung bei NeuvilleAbandoned Position near Neuville[lower-alpha 1]
II.2Sturmtruppe geht unter Gas vorStormtroopers Advance under a Gas Attack
II.3Mahlzeit in der Sappe – LorettohöheMealtime in the Trench – Loretto Heights
II.4Ruhende KompanieResting Company
II.5Verlassene Stellung bei Vis-en-ArtoisAbandoned Position near Vis-en-Artois
II.6Leiche im Drahtverhau – FlandernCorpse in Barbed Wire – Flanders
II.7Leuchtkugel erhellt die Monacu-fermeFlare Illuminates the Monacu farm
II.8Toter SappenpostenDead Sentry in the Trench
II.9Totentanz anno 17 – Höhe Toter MannDance of Death 1917 – Dead Man Heights
II.10Die II. Kompanie wird heute Nacht abgelöstThe Second Company Will Be Relieved Tonight
III.1Abgekämpfte Truppe geht zurück – SommeschlachtBattle-Weary Troops Retreat – Battle of the Somme
III.2Nächtliche Begegnung mit einem IrrsinnigenNocturnal Encounter with a Lunatic
III.3Toter im SchlammDead Man in the Mud
III.4Granattrichter mit Blumen – Frühling 1916Shell Crater with Flowers – Spring 1916
III.5Die Trümmer von LangemarckThe Ruins of Langemarck
III.6Sterbender SoldatDying Soldier
III.7Abend in der Wijtschaete-Ebene – November 1917Evening on the Wijtschate Plain – November 1917
III.8Gesehen am Steilhang von Cléry-sur-SommeSeen on the Escarpment at Cléry-sur-Somme
III.9Gefunden beim Grabendurchstich – AuberiveFound While Digging a Trench – Aubérive
III.10Drahtverhau vor dem KampfgrabenTangled Barbed Wire before the Trench
IV.1SchädelSkull
IV.2Matrosen in AntwerpenSailors in Antwerp
IV.3Lens wird mit Bomben belegtLens Being Bombed
IV.4Frontsoldat in BrüsselFront-line Soldier in Brussels
IV.5Die Irrsinnige von Sainte-Marie-à-PyThe Madwoman of Sainte-Marie-à-Py
IV.6Besuch bei Madame Germaine in MéricourtVisit to Madame Germaine's in Méricourt
IV.7Kantine in HaplincourtCanteen in Haplincourt
IV.8ZerschosseneShot to Pieces
IV.9Durch Fliegerbomben zerstörtes Haus – TournaiHouse Destroyed by Aerial Bombs – Tournai
IV.10TransplantationSkin Graft
V.1Maschinengewehrzug geht vor – Somme, November 1916Machine-Gun Squad Advances – Somme, November 1916
V.2Toter – St. ClémentDead Man – Saint-Clément[lower-alpha 2]
V.3Essenholer bei PilkemRation Carrying near Pilkem
V.4Überfall einer SchleichpatrouilleSurprise Attack
V.5UnterstandFoxhole
V.6Die Schlafenden von Fort Vaux – Gas-ToteThe Sleepers of Fort Vaux – Gas Victims
V.7Verwundetentransport im Houthulster WaldTransporting the Wounded in Houthulst Forest
V.8Die Sappenposten haben nacht das Feuer zu unterhaltenThe Outposts in the Trenches Must Maintain the Bombardment at Night
V.9Appell der ZurückgekehrtenRoll Call of Returning Troops
V.10Tote vor der Stellung bei TahureDead Men before the Position near Tahure

Notes

  1. ↑ There are many places in France called Neuville, and several of them are in or near the area of fighting. It may be impossible to determine which one this was.
  2. ↑ There are many places in France called Saint-Clément, and several of them are in or near the area of fighting. It may be impossible to determine which one this was.

References

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