Towaco Formation
Stratigraphic range: Early Jurassic
Various colors and textures of Towaco Formation seen within Pines Lake area of Wayne, New Jersey.
TypeGeological formation
Unit ofNewark Supergroup
UnderliesHook Mountain Basalt
OverliesPreakness Basalt
Thicknessmaximum of at least 1,115 feet (340 m)[1]
Lithology
PrimarySandstone, siltstone, mudstone
OtherConglomerate
Location
Coordinates40°48′N 74°18′W / 40.8°N 74.3°W / 40.8; -74.3
Approximate paleocoordinates21°24′N 20°36′W / 21.4°N 20.6°W / 21.4; -20.6
RegionNewark Basin of
Eastern North America Rift Basins
Extentnearly continuous for ~35 miles (56 km) in New Jersey
Type section
Named forTowaco, New Jersey[1]
Named byPaul E. Olsen, 1980[1]
Towaco Formation is located in the United States
Towaco Formation
Towaco Formation (the United States)
Towaco Formation is located in New Jersey
Towaco Formation
Towaco Formation (New Jersey)

The Towaco Formation is a mapped bedrock unit in New Jersey. It is named for the unincorporated village of Towaco, which is near the place its type section was described by paleontologist Paul E. Olsen.[1]

Description

The Towaco Formation is composed of reddish brown, reddish purple, gray, grayish-green, and white sandstone of varying grain thickness, as well as black siltstone and calcareous mudstone. Clastic/conglomerate beds are known to exist, including a 1-meter (~3 feet) thick volcaniclastic bed in the upper portion of the formation.[1][2]

Depositional environment

The Towaco Formation can be characterized as a continuation of the Passaic Formation, which is mostly playa and alluvial fan deposits resulting from the rifting of Pangea. The primarily red color of this formation is often evidence that the sediments were deposited in arid conditions.[3] However, the Towaco Formation differs from the Passaic Formation in that it contains a more significant portion of non-red layers, which were laid down by deep lakes present during wetter periods.[4]

One of the key differences between the Towaco Formation and earlier Triassic/Jurassic sedimentary formations of the Newark Basin is that it contains much longer cyclical deposition periods. Cycles in the Towaco Formation are represented by sequences of rock ten times thicker than sequences seen in the Lockatong and Passaic formations.[1]

Additionally, compared to the underlying Feltville Formation, the Towaco Formation contains a much more significant clastic component.[1]

Fossil content

Fish fossils, commonly those of the ray-finned Semionotus, can be found within the formation.[1] In other layers, indeterminate fossil ornithischian tracks have been noted,[5] along with additional reptile and dinosaur prints. Carbonized plant remains and impressions, as well as root structures and pollen, are present. Coprolite can also be found within the formation.[1]

Age

The Towaco Formation rests conformably above the Preakness Mountain Basalt and below the Hook Mountain Basalt, placing its deposition somewhere between approximately 198 and 197 million years ago during the early Jurassic stage known as the Hettangian.

See also

References

In-line citations

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Olsen, P.E., 1980. The Latest Triassic and Early Jurassic Formations of the Newark Basin (Eastern North America, Newark Supergroup): Stratigraphy, Structure, and Correlation. New Jersey Academy of Science Bulletin, v. 25, no. 2, p. 25-51.
  2. ↑ Mineral Resources Online Spatial Data – Towaco Formation, New Jersey. U.S. Geological Survey. Accessed July 23, 2010.
  3. ↑ Faill, R.T., (2004). The Birdsboro Basin. Pennsylvania Geology V. 34 n. 4.
  4. ↑ Schlische, Roy W. Geology of the Newark Rift Basin. Department of Geological Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ. Accessed July 23, 2010.
  5. ↑ Weishampel, et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution." Pp. 517-607.

Additional references

  • Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. 861 pp. ISBN 0-520-24209-2
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