Westray
Scots nameWestree[1]
Old Norse nameVestrey[2]
Meaning of nameOld Norse for 'west island'
A view of the western side of the island, with West and East Kirbest in the foreground and Langskaill beyond
A view of the western side of the island, with West and East Kirbest in the foreground and Langskaill beyond
Location
Westray is located in Orkney Islands
Westray
Westray
Westray shown within Orkney
OS grid referenceHY461461
Coordinates59°18′N 3°00′W / 59.3°N 3.0°W / 59.3; -3.0
Physical geography
Island groupOrkney
Area47.13 square kilometres (18.2 sq mi)
Area rank24 [3]
Highest elevationFitty Hill 169 metres (554.5 ft)
Administration
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
CountryScotland
Council areaOrkney Islands
Demographics
Population588[4]
Population rank20 [3]
Population density12.5 people/km2[4][5]
Largest settlementPierowall
Lymphad
References[5][6][7][8]

Westray (/ˈwɛstriː/, Scots: Westree) is one of the Orkney Islands in Scotland, with a usual resident population of just under 600 people. Its main village is Pierowall, with a heritage centre, the 15th-century Lady Kirk church and pedestrian ferry service to nearby Papa Westray island. Westray has a number of archeological sites dating from 3500 BC, and remains of several Norse-Viking settlements. The spectacular sea cliffs around Noup Head are home to thousands of seabirds.

Geography and geology

West coast of Westray Looking along the sandstone cliffs to the rock arch at Neven o'Grinni

Westray has an area of 18.2 square miles (47 km2), making it the sixth largest of the Orkney Islands. The underlying geology is Rousay-type Middle Old Red Sandstone, the flagstones of which make excellent building materials. There is very little peat and the soil is noted for its fertility.[5]

History

At the time of the earliest known settlements, c. 3500 BC, in Westray and neighbouring Papa Westray, it is believed that the two islands were joined.[9] A Neolithic and Bronze Age site at the Links of Noltland is in the care of Historic Scotland.[10] The site is threatened by the rapid erosion of the overlying sand dunes. Ongoing excavations have revealed over 30 buildings of Neolithic and Bronze Age date,[11] the earliest of which overlaps in use with the Knap of Howar on the neighbouring island of Papa Westray (known as Papay to the locals), the oldest standing structure in NW Europe. The Westray Wife, 4 cm carved Neolithic figurine was discovered on the Noltland dig in 2009;[12] this is the oldest carving of a human found in the British Isles.[13] In 2010 some local businesses reported a 45% increase in turnover since the discovery of the figurine.[14] Since then, four further figurines have been found, together with a wealth of other artefacts (carved stone ball, decorated grooved ware pottery, numerous carved bone objects and beads etc.). In 2015, a substantial subterranean building dating from the Bronze Age was uncovered; this was very well preserved and is interpreted as a sauna.[15] The excavations won 'Best Rescue Dig' of the year in the prestigious 2014 Current Archaeology awards.[16] Several of the figurines and other artefacts from the site can be seen at Westray Heritage Centre and the excavation is open seasonally (free of charge).[17] The Heritage Centre also exhibits the 'Westray Stone' - a neolithic carved stone from a chambered tomb which closely resembles the art style of the Boyne Valley in Ireland.[18]

Site of Viking longhouse, Quoygrew, view facing west

Westray constituted a major family estate during the saga period.[9] Largescale excavations of Norse period sites have been undertaken at Tuquoy, Quoygrew and Langskaill in recent years. Each of these was the site of a Viking-Norse settlement. Tuquoy has remains of a longhouse, a large rectangular building, and a midden (refuse dump).[19] Quoygrew (Scheduled Monument SM13504) has the remains of a longhouse dating from 1100AD, used continuously until the early 20th century.[20][21] Langskaill appears to have been an Iron Age settlement in use from 500 BC to the 14th century. An underground chamber was discovered in Langskaill farm in 1965. The investigation appears to indicate the abrupt disappearance of the pre-Norse culture, indicating an invasion by force by the Vikings. The Norse invaders built a large high-status settlement over the site of the earlier settlement.[22]

It was at Noltland on Westray too, that one of the most impressive castles in Orkney, and indeed the Northern Isles, was built, Noltland Castle.[23] The castle was commissioned in the 1560s by Gilbert Balfour, who probably played the leading role in the murder of Lord Darnley, consort of Mary, Queen of Scots. Balfour married Margaret Bothwell, the sister of Adam Bothwell, Bishop of Orkney who endowed him with Westray, when it was episcopal property. The Castle is situated above the Bay of Pierowall, was built in the 1560s. It is notable for an unusually large spiral staircase, "second only to Fyvie Castle, while its triple tiers of gunloops are without parallel in Scotland, if not Europe".[9] However, Balfour was executed by the Swedes before he could use it.

Other attractions include the Romanesque Cross Kirk and the Castle O'Burrian sea stack once used as a hermitage. Noup Head Lighthouse was constructed in 1898.[24]

Economy and infrastructure

Noup Head Lighthouse, Westray

Flights leave the island's Westray Airport at Aikerness for Kirkwall on the Orkney Mainland, and to Papa Westray in the world's shortest scheduled flight, of two minutes.[25] The main ferry terminal is at Rapness with regular sailings by Orkney Ferries to Kirkwall.

The island's main industries are fishing, fish farming and cattle farming. Tourism is also important to the island economy. The local cheese, Westray Wife, is an organic unpasteurised cheese available in mild and mature varieties. It marries well with the local range of Westray chutneys (all Fairtrade) and bakery goods (including oatcakes). Fresh fish, seafood and lobster is available and is of a very high standard. The Westray Development Trust is well known for its renewable energy and recycling initiatives and plans to make the island self-sufficient in energy by 2012.[26] A 900 kW community-owned wind turbine was erected in October 2009, the third large-scale such project in Scotland. “When the community realised it was their turbine, not someone else’s, there was no objection,” stated Alasdair McVicar of Westray Renewable Energy.[27][28]

Wildlife

The spectacular sea cliffs around Noup Head are home to thousands of seabirds including 60,000 common guillemot and black-legged kittiwake, 30,000 razorbill and numerous Atlantic puffin and black guillemot.[5] During the 1990s the black rat (Rattus rattus) may have been present[29] although they have not been recorded since. Mice and the Orkney vole are present however, as are European otters.[5]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Map of Scotland in Scots - Guide and gazetteer" (PDF).
  2. ↑ Pálsson and Edwards (1978) p. 251
  3. 1 2 Area and population ranks: there are c. 300 islands over 20 ha in extent and 93 permanently inhabited islands were listed in the 2011 census.
  4. 1 2 National Records of Scotland (15 August 2013). "Appendix 2: Population and households on Scotland's Inhabited Islands" (PDF). Statistical Bulletin: 2011 Census: First Results on Population and Household Estimates for Scotland Release 1C (Part Two) (PDF) (Report). SG/2013/126. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Haswell-Smith, Hamish. (2004) The Scottish Islands. Edinburgh. Canongate.
  6. ↑ Orkney Placenames
  7. ↑ Ordnance Survey: Landranger map sheet 5 Orkney (Northern Isles) (Map). Ordnance Survey. 2008. ISBN 9780319228111.
  8. ↑ Pedersen, Roy (January 1992) Orkneyjar ok Katanes (map, Inverness, Nevis Print)
  9. 1 2 3 Keay, J. & Keay, J. (1994) Collins Encyclopaedia of Scotland. London. HarperCollins.
  10. ↑ Lewis, Caroline (December 2007) "Archaeologists Find Mysterious Neolithic Structure in Orkney Links of Noltland Dig" culture24.org.uk. Retrieved 23 November 2009
  11. ↑ "Sands of Time: Domestic Rituals at the Links of Noltland". Current Archaeology. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
  12. ↑ "Orkney Venus closes in on key prize 5,000 years after Neolithic creation". The Scotsman. 16 June 2010. Retrieved 16 June 2010.
  13. ↑ "Orkney Venus". Historic Scotland. Retrieved 16 June 2010.
  14. ↑ Briefing: (15 July 2010) "Boom for Orkney after Venus find". Glasgow: The Herald.
  15. ↑ "News Article". www.historic-scotland.gov.uk. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
  16. ↑ "Current Archaeology in the Press". Current Archaeology. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
  17. ↑ "Links of Noltland". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
  18. ↑ "Home". www.westrayheritage.co.uk. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
  19. ↑ "Westray, Tuquoy | Canmore". canmore.org.uk. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
  20. ↑ "Quoygrew Excavations". www2.mcdonald.cam.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
  21. ↑ Scheduled Monument (10 October 2014). "Quoygrew, settlement, Westray, SM13504". Historic Environment Scotland. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
  22. ↑ "Westray dig points to brutal Viking invasion of the isles". Orkneyjar. Archived from the original on 10 November 2017. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
  23. ↑ "The Heritage of Westray" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 February 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2016.
  24. ↑ "Stevenson engineers". Northern Lighthouse Board. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  25. ↑ "Final trip for Orkney shortest flight pilot". BBC News. 26 May 2013. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  26. ↑ "DTA Scotland members". Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 7 April 2007.
  27. ↑ "Westray Development Trust". Scottish Government. Retrieved 22 August 2010. The first two projects were on Gigha and at Findhorn Ecovillage.
  28. ↑ "Westray: Powerful community". Senscot. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
  29. ↑ An Audit Of Alien Species In Scotland Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine (May 2004) (Microsoft Word). Edinburgh. Scottish Natural Heritage.

Bibliography

  • Orkneyinga Saga: The History of the Earls of Orkney. Trans. Pálsson, Hermann and Edwards, Paul (1978). London: Hogarth Press. ISBN 0-7012-0431-1. Republished 1981, Harmondsworth: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-044383-5.
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59°18′N 3°00′W / 59.300°N 3.000°W / 59.300; -3.000

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