Isotopes of tungsten

Isotopes of tungsten (₇₄W)
Standard atomic weight Ar°(W)
	183.84±0.01; 183.84±0.01 (abridged);

Naturally occurring tungsten (₇₄W) consists of five isotopes. Four are considered stable (¹⁸²W, ¹⁸³W, ¹⁸⁴W, and ¹⁸⁶W) and one is slightly radioactive, ¹⁸⁰W, with an extremely long half-life of 1.8 ± 0.2 exayears (10¹⁸ years). On average, two alpha decays of ¹⁸⁰W occur per gram of natural tungsten per year, so for most practical purposes, ¹⁸⁰W can be considered stable. Theoretically, all five can decay into isotopes of element 72 (hafnium) by alpha emission, but only ¹⁸⁰W has been observed to do so. The other naturally occurring isotopes have not been observed to decay (they are observationally stable), and lower bounds for their half-lives have been established:

¹⁸²W, t_1/2 > 7.7×10²¹ years

¹⁸³W, t_1/2 > 4.1×10²¹ years

¹⁸⁴W, t_1/2 > 8.9×10²¹ years

¹⁸⁶W, t_1/2 > 8.2×10²¹ years

Thirty-four artificial radioisotopes of tungsten have been characterized with mass numbers ranging from 156 to 194, the most stable of which are ¹⁸¹W with a half-life of 121.2 days, ¹⁸⁵W with a half-life of 75.1 days, ¹⁸⁸W with a half-life of 69.4 days and ¹⁷⁸W with a half-life of 21.6 days. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives of less than 24 hours, and most of these have half-lives that are less than 8 minutes. Tungsten also has 11 meta states with mass numbers of 158, 179, with 3, 180, with 2, 183, 185, 186, with 2, and 190, the most stable being ^179m1W (t_1/2 6.4 minutes).

List of isotopes

Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Z	N	Isotopic mass (Da) ^{[n 2]}^{[n 3]}	Half-life ^{[n 4]}^{[n 5]}	Decay mode ^{[n 6]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 7]}^{[n 8]}	Spin and parity ^{[n 9]}^{[n 5]}	Natural abundance (mole fraction)
Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Excitation energy			Half-life ^{[n 4]}^{[n 5]}	Decay mode ^{[n 6]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 7]}^{[n 8]}	Spin and parity ^{[n 9]}^{[n 5]}	Normal proportion	Range of variation
¹⁵⁶W^[3]	74	82		157+57 −34 ms	β⁺	¹⁵⁶Ta	0+
¹⁵⁷W^[4]	74	83		275(40) ms	β⁺	¹⁵⁷Ta	(7/2−)
¹⁵⁸W	74	84	157.97456(54)#	1.37(17) ms	α	¹⁵⁴Hf	0+
^158mW	1889(8) keV			143(19) μs	α	¹⁵⁴Hf	8+
¹⁵⁹W	74	85	158.97292(43)#	8.2(7) ms	α (82%)	¹⁵⁵Hf	7/2−#
¹⁵⁹W	74	85	158.97292(43)#	8.2(7) ms	β⁺ (18%)	¹⁵⁹Ta	7/2−#
¹⁶⁰W	74	86	159.96848(22)	90(5) ms	α (87%)	¹⁵⁶Hf	0+
¹⁶⁰W	74	86	159.96848(22)	90(5) ms	β⁺ (14%)	¹⁶⁰Ta	0+
¹⁶¹W	74	87	160.96736(21)#	409(16) ms	α (73%)	¹⁵⁷Hf	7/2−#
¹⁶¹W	74	87	160.96736(21)#	409(16) ms	β⁺ (23%)	¹⁶¹Ta	7/2−#
¹⁶²W	74	88	161.963497(19)	1.36(7) s	β⁺ (53%)	¹⁶²Ta	0+
¹⁶²W	74	88	161.963497(19)	1.36(7) s	α (47%)	¹⁵⁸Hf	0+
¹⁶³W	74	89	162.96252(6)	2.8(2) s	β⁺ (59%)	¹⁶³Ta	3/2−#
¹⁶³W	74	89	162.96252(6)	2.8(2) s	α (41%)	¹⁵⁹Hf	3/2−#
¹⁶⁴W	74	90	163.958954(13)	6.3(2) s	β⁺ (97.4%)	¹⁶⁴Ta	0+
¹⁶⁴W	74	90	163.958954(13)	6.3(2) s	α (2.6%)	¹⁶⁰Hf	0+
¹⁶⁵W	74	91	164.958280(27)	5.1(5) s	β⁺ (99.8%)	¹⁶⁵Ta	3/2−#
¹⁶⁵W	74	91	164.958280(27)	5.1(5) s	α (.2%)	¹⁶¹Hf	3/2−#
¹⁶⁶W	74	92	165.955027(11)	19.2(6) s	β⁺ (99.96%)	¹⁶⁶Ta	0+
¹⁶⁶W	74	92	165.955027(11)	19.2(6) s	α (.035%)	¹⁶²Hf	0+
¹⁶⁷W	74	93	166.954816(21)	19.9(5) s	β⁺ (>99.9%)	¹⁶⁷Ta	3/2−#
¹⁶⁷W	74	93	166.954816(21)	19.9(5) s	α (<.1%)	¹⁶³Hf	3/2−#
¹⁶⁸W	74	94	167.951808(17)	51(2) s	β⁺ (99.99%)	¹⁶⁸Ta	0+
¹⁶⁸W	74	94	167.951808(17)	51(2) s	α (.0319%)	¹⁶⁴Hf	0+
¹⁶⁹W	74	95	168.951779(17)	76(6) s	β⁺	¹⁶⁹Ta	(5/2−)
¹⁷⁰W	74	96	169.949228(16)	2.42(4) min	β⁺(99%)	¹⁷⁰Ta	0+
¹⁷⁰W	74	96	169.949228(16)	2.42(4) min	α (1%)	¹⁶⁶Hf	0+
¹⁷¹W	74	97	170.94945(3)	2.38(4) min	β⁺	¹⁷¹Ta	(5/2−)
¹⁷²W	74	98	171.94729(3)	6.6(9) min	β⁺	¹⁷²Ta	0+
¹⁷³W	74	99	172.94769(3)	7.6(2) min	β⁺	¹⁷³Ta	5/2−
¹⁷⁴W	74	100	173.94608(3)	33.2(21) min	β⁺	¹⁷⁴Ta	0+
¹⁷⁵W	74	101	174.94672(3)	35.2(6) min	β⁺	¹⁷⁵Ta	(1/2−)
¹⁷⁶W	74	102	175.94563(3)	2.5(1) h	EC	¹⁷⁶Ta	0+
¹⁷⁷W	74	103	176.94664(3)	132(2) min	β⁺	¹⁷⁷Ta	1/2−
¹⁷⁸W	74	104	177.945876(16)	21.6(3) d	EC	¹⁷⁸Ta	0+
¹⁷⁹W	74	105	178.947070(17)	37.05(16) min	β⁺	¹⁷⁹Ta	(7/2)−
^179m1W	221.926(8) keV			6.40(7) min	IT (99.72%)	¹⁷⁹W	(1/2)−
^179m1W	221.926(8) keV			6.40(7) min	β⁺ (.28%)	¹⁷⁹Ta	(1/2)−
^179m2W	1631.90(8) keV			390(30) ns			(21/2+)
^179m3W	3348.45(16) keV			750(80) ns			(35/2−)
¹⁸⁰W^{[n 10]}	74	106	179.946704(4)	1.8(0.2)×10¹⁸ y	α	¹⁷⁶Hf	0+	0.0012(1)
^180m1W	1529.04(3) keV			5.47(9) ms	IT	¹⁸⁰W	8−
^180m2W	3264.56(21) keV			2.33(19) μs			14−
¹⁸¹W	74	107	180.948197(5)	121.2(2) d	EC	¹⁸¹Ta	9/2+
¹⁸²W	74	108	181.9482042(9)	Observationally Stable^{[n 11]}			0+	0.2650(16)
¹⁸³W	74	109	182.9502230(9)	Observationally Stable^{[n 12]}			1/2−	0.1431(4)
^183mW	309.493(3) keV			5.2(3) s	IT	¹⁸³W	11/2+
¹⁸⁴W	74	110	183.9509312(9)	Observationally Stable^{[n 13]}			0+	0.3064(2)
¹⁸⁵W	74	111	184.9534193(10)	75.1(3) d	β⁻	¹⁸⁵Re	3/2−
^185mW	197.43(5) keV			1.597(4) min	IT	¹⁸⁵W	11/2+
¹⁸⁶W	74	112	185.9543641(19)	Observationally Stable^{[n 14]}			0+	0.2843(19)
^186m1W	1517.2(6) keV			18(1) μs			(7−)
^186m2W	3542.8(21) keV			>3 ms			(16+)
¹⁸⁷W	74	113	186.9571605(19)	23.72(6) h	β⁻	¹⁸⁷Re	3/2−
¹⁸⁸W	74	114	187.958489(4)	69.78(5) d	β⁻	¹⁸⁸Re	0+
¹⁸⁹W	74	115	188.96191(21)	11.6(3) min	β⁻	¹⁸⁹Re	(3/2−)
¹⁹⁰W	74	116	189.96318(18)	30.0(15) min	β⁻	¹⁹⁰Re	0+
^190mW	2381(5) keV			<3.1 ms			(10−)
¹⁹¹W	74	117	190.96660(21)#	20# s [>300 ns]			3/2−#
¹⁹²W	74	118	191.96817(64)#	10# s [>300 ns]			0+
This table header & footer:

↑ ^mW – Excited nuclear isomer.
↑ ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
↑ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
↑ Bold half-life – nearly stable, half-life longer than age of universe.
1 2 # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
↑ Modes of decay:

EC: Electron capture

IT: Isomeric transition
↑ Bold italics symbol as daughter – Daughter product is nearly stable.
↑ Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
↑ ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
↑ Primordial radionuclide
↑ Believed to undergo α decay to ¹⁷⁸Hf with a half-life over 7.7×10²¹ y
↑ Believed to undergo α decay to ¹⁷⁹Hf with a half-life over 4.1×10²¹ y
↑ Believed to undergo α decay to ¹⁸⁰Hf with a half-life over 8.9×10²¹ y
↑ Believed to undergo α decay to ¹⁸²Hf or β⁻β⁻ decay to ¹⁸⁶Os with a half-life over 8.2×10²¹ y

References

↑ "Standard Atomic Weights: Tungsten". CIAAW. 1991.
↑ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; et al. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
↑ Briscoe, A. D.; Page, R. D.; Uusitalo, J.; et al. (2023). "Decay spectroscopy at the two-proton drip line: Radioactivity of the new nuclides ¹⁶⁰Os and ¹⁵⁶W". Physics Letters B. 47 (138310). doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2023.138310.
↑ Bianco, L.; Page, R. D.; Darby, I. G.; et al. (7 June 2010). "Discovery of ¹⁵⁷W and ¹⁶¹Os" (PDF). Physics Letters B. 690 (1): 15–18. Bibcode:2010PhLB..690...15B. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2010.04.056. ISSN 0370-2693. S2CID 117121162. Retrieved 11 June 2023.

Isotope masses from:
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- de Laeter, John Robert; Böhlke, John Karl; De Bièvre, Paul; Hidaka, Hiroshi; Peiser, H. Steffen; Rosman, Kevin J. R.; Taylor, Philip D. P. (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.
- Wieser, Michael E. (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051.

"News & Notices: Standard Atomic Weights Revised". International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 19 October 2005.
Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
- National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.x database". Brookhaven National Laboratory.
- Holden, Norman E. (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". In Lide, David R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[3] W – Excited nuclear isomer.

[4] ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.

[TMS-5] # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).

[6] Bold half-life – nearly stable, half-life longer than age of universe.

[TNN-7] 1 2 # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).

[8] Modes of decay:

EC: Electron capture

IT: Isomeric transition

[9] Bold italics symbol as daughter – Daughter product is nearly stable.

[10] Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.

[11] ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.

[14] Primordial radionuclide

[15] Believed to undergo α decay to ¹⁷⁸Hf with a half-life over 7.7×10²¹ y

[16] Believed to undergo α decay to ¹⁷⁹Hf with a half-life over 4.1×10²¹ y

[17] Believed to undergo α decay to ¹⁸⁰Hf with a half-life over 8.9×10²¹ y

[18] Believed to undergo α decay to ¹⁸²Hf or β⁻β⁻ decay to ¹⁸⁶Os with a half-life over 8.2×10²¹ y

[1] "Standard Atomic Weights: Tungsten". CIAAW. 1991.

[CIAAW2021-2] Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; et al. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.

[Os160-12] Briscoe, A. D.; Page, R. D.; Uusitalo, J.; et al. (2023). "Decay spectroscopy at the two-proton drip line: Radioactivity of the new nuclides ¹⁶⁰Os and ¹⁵⁶W". Physics Letters B. 47 (138310). doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2023.138310.

[13] Bianco, L.; Page, R. D.; Darby, I. G.; et al. (7 June 2010). "Discovery of ¹⁵⁷W and ¹⁶¹Os" (PDF). Physics Letters B. 690 (1): 15–18. Bibcode:2010PhLB..690...15B. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2010.04.056. ISSN 0370-2693. S2CID 117121162. Retrieved 11 June 2023.

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