The Turkish adhan (Turkish: Türkçe ezan) was the use of the Turkish language to officially recite the Adhan for a period of time in Turkey. The usage of Arabic was banned by the Diyanet on order of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in 1932 and was unbanned 18 years later on June 16, 1950.[1]

History

With the rise of Turkish nationalism in the 19th century and the modern Turkish language being given more attention, Ali Suavi argued that the Adhan, and even the Khutbahs and Quran should be in Turkish.[2]

After the Turkish War of Independence and the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, the Turkish language became the only official language of Turkey and became more strictly implemented in the whole country as part of Atatürk's reforms. The Diyanet was established on order of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk to handle religious affairs in Turkey. With the encouragement of Atatürk, nine huffaz began working on Turkifying Islam to make it more compatible with Turkish nationalism, and translating everything into Turkish. The Turkish translation of the Quran was first recited by Yaşar Okur on January 22, 1932. Eight days later on January 30, 1932, the first Turkish adhan was recited by Hafiz Rifat Bey in Fatih Mosque, Istanbul, after that it became official and everything was mandated to be in Turkish.[3] After the adhan and Quran became officially in Turkish, the President of Diyanet, Rıfat Börekçi, decided that entire Salah should be in Turkish too. The Turkish salah was made official on March 6, 1933.[4] In 1941, the Diyanet officially made the use of Arabic in mosques as a punishable crime.[5] In 1941 they enacted a new law numbered 4055, in which a paragraph was added to Article 526 of the Turkish Penal Code. According to the change, those who read the salah, Quran, and adhan in the Arabic language will be imprisoned for up to three months and have to pay a fine from 10 liras to 200 liras.[6] In 1950 the ban was lifted by Celâl Bayar. Although the Turkish adhan is still legal by law, the adhan has not been read in Turkish after 1950.[7] In 1954, in Cyprus, the Turkish Cypriot Mufti Dânâ Efendi gave a fatwa saying that it is permissible to read the Adhan in Turkish because the people want it to be read in Turkish rather than Arabic.[8]

Decriminalisation

After the 1950 Turkish general election, the Democratic Party won the election. After they won they made a proposal to unban the Arabic language for religious purposes.[9][10] Cemal Reşit Eyüboğlu, the CHP deputy of Trabzon, who spoke on behalf of the CHP in the meetings in the TBMM, said that they were against the use of the Arabic language and that it wasn’t even worth opening a discussion about. Later, both CHP and DP members voted in the proposal.[11][12] On the same day, the result of the votes was sent to Celâl Bayar, in which he accepted to unban Arabic for religious purposes. With the law enacted, the use of Turkish for religious purposes was still legal, however Arabic became more popular.[7]

Reactions to decriminalisation

After the 1960 Turkish coup d'état, Celal Bayar, who lifted the ban on Arabic, was overthrown and Adnan Menderes was executed. The coup was led by Turkish nationalists, who harshly criticised the use of the Arabic language. Alparslan Türkeş, founder of the MHP and Grey Wolves and leading figure in the Turkish-Islamic nationalism movement, was one of the leaders of the coup. In a post-coup interview, Türkeş described the usage of Arabic for religion as a "betrayal", and said "in the Turkish mosque, the Turkish Quran is read, it is not Arabic."[13][14][15]

References

  1. ↑ IlmFeed (2020-09-17). "When Turkey Banned the Arabic Adhan". IlmFeed. Retrieved 2023-10-26.
  2. ↑ Türkiye'de Laikliğin Sosyal ve Kültürel Kökleri. p. 45. ISBN 978-975-10-2814-3.
  3. ↑ "İlk Türkçe ezan ve taşplakları". www.cumhuriyet.com.tr (in Turkish). 2015-06-28. Retrieved 2023-10-26.
  4. ↑ "Sala da Türkçeleştirildi" (in Turkish). Cumhuriyet (gazette). 7 March 1933. p. 17.
  5. ↑ "İşte Türkçe ezan ile ilgili bilinmeyen 22 not". Archived from the original on 12 November 2016. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  6. ↑ Türk Ceza Kanunu (1926) (in Turkish). Final Yayıncılık. 2005. p. 412. ISBN 9789754251479.
  7. 1 2 "'Türkçe Ezan' 18 yıl devam etti - Timeturk Haber". www.timeturk.com (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 19 June 2012. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
  8. ↑ "Ezanın Türkçe okunması caizdir" (in Turkish). Vatan. 14 February 1954. pp. 3, 4.
  9. ↑ Meydan, Sinan (2009). Atatürk ile Allah Arasında (in Turkish). İnkılap Yayıncılık. pp. 680–728. ISBN 978-975-10-2814-3.
  10. ↑ Armağan, Mustafa (28 March 2010). "Ezanlar okundukça Menderes anılacak". Mustafaarmagan.com.tr. Archived from the original on 9 June 2010. Retrieved 3 April 2010.
  11. ↑ "Adnan Menderes'i suçlamaktan vazgeçin! Arapça ezanı DP ile CHP beraber serbest bırakmışlardı". Archived from the original on 14 August 2016.
  12. ↑ "TBMM Zabıt Ceridesi, 16. 6. 1950, birleşim 9, oturum 1, sah: 182" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 January 2017.
  13. ↑ "Cumhuriyetçi Köylü Millet Partisinden Milliyetçi Hareket Partisine Tarihsel Süreç, İdeoloji ve Politika (1960 – 1969)" (PDF). pp. 20–21.
  14. ↑ "ALBAY TÜRKEŞ'İN CUMHURİYET GAZETESİ RÖPORTAJI (17 TEMMUZ 1960)".
  15. ↑ "48 yıl sonra ortaya çıkan 27 Mayıs gerçeği".
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