During the Armenian Genocide, when 1.5 million Armenians were killed between 1915 and 1917, many Turkish civilians, politicians and military leaders refused to participate in the massacres and looting and tried to stop the deportation and massacre of Armenians.[1] Many of these people lost their positions as a result of their actions, and some were killed.

Notable opponents

Ahmet Rıza

Ahmet Rıza, 1909

Ahmet Rıza, one of the leading founders of the Committee of Union and Progress, was one of the few Ottoman politicians who condemned the Armenian Genocide in 1915. Ahmet Rıza was also opposed to the Temporary Law of Deportation, saying that it was unconstitutional since the law was never voted on by the Ottoman Parliament. He then introduced a bill demanding the suspension of deportations until after the war and proposing to ensure the safety of the deportees. However, the bill was not accepted.[2] The controversy caused by Rıza and the problems he brought out showed that no deputies were informed about the Relocation Law.[3] On November 30, 1915, regarding the law on the confiscation of Armenian property, Ahmet Rıza said "It is also illegal to classify the properties specified in the law as abandoned property, because the Armenians who were the owners of these properties did not leave them voluntarily, they were exiled, they were forcibly expelled." in the parliament.[3] Noting that such a confiscation is against the constitution, he added: "Expel me from my village at gunpoint, then sell my property: This is never lawful. Neither Ottoman conscience nor law can accept this."[4]

Faik Ali Ozansoy

Faik Ali Ozansoy

Faik Ali Ozansoy was serving as the governor of Kütahya when the Temporary Law of Deportation was enacted. When the Deportation Law was first enacted, his brother Süleyman Nazif, in a letter to Ali Faik, tried to persuade him not to participate in the deportations "for the honor of their families". When he was ordered to be deported from Istanbul, Faik Ali refused to implement it, despite the pressures of Talaat Pasha; on the contrary, he said that the Armenians who were deported to other places via Kütahya should be kept there when they come to Kütahya and that they should be treated well during this time.[5] Shortly after, he was summoned to Istanbul to explain his behavior. The memoirist Stepan Stepanian describes Faik Ali's encounter with Talaat Pasha as follows:[6]

Talaat asked him why he did not deport the Armenians of his city.

He said that the Armenians of his sanjak have always been loyal Ottomans and have always lived like brothers with the Turks.

Talaat points out that the deportation decision is for all Armenians and that there can be no exception to this decision.

Faik Ali Bey said, "Then I don't want to be a murderer. Please accept my resignation and find a successor willing to implement such a policy."

Only then, Talaat said, "Okay, okay. Take your Armenians and stay where you are."

Seeing the invitation of Faik Ali to Istanbul as an opportunity, Kütahya police chief Kemal Bey threatened the Armenians in the city that they would be deported if they did not convert to Islam. The Armenians decided to change their religion. When Faik Ali returned and found out about this, he met the situation with anger. He dismissed the chief of police and asked the Armenians if they still wanted to convert to Islam. All the Armenians, except one, decided to remain Christian. Faik Ali's brother, Süleyman Nazif, was instrumental in persuading Faik Ali to protect the Armenians. Despite his resignation applications, Faik Ali was not removed from his position and continued to serve as the governor of Kütahya. During this period, he protected the entire Armenian population of Kütahya.[7][8][9]

After the Armenian Genocide, Faik Ali refused a gift of 500 gold pieces to be given to him by the Armenians and instead spent the gold on improving the living conditions of the Armenian refugees.[8] The gold was used to build a soup kitchen and a school.[8] Faik Ali appointed Stepan Stepanian as the first principal of the opened school.[9] After the Armenian Genocide, the Armenian community of Kütahya put an inscription of gratitude for Faik Ali in the Kütahya Armenian Church.[10] Today, every year on April 24, members of the Armenian community of Kütahya come to his grave and pay their respects to his memory.[11]

Hasan Mahzar Bey

Hasan Mahzar Bey, who was appointed as the governor of Ankara on 18 June 1914, was one of the Ottoman governors who refused to implement the deportation orders. Therefore, in August 1915, he was dismissed as the governor of Ankara and Atıf Bey, a prominent member of the Special Organization, was appointed in his place. Later, Mazhar described this event as follows:[12]

One day, Atıf Bey came to me and verbally conveyed the order of the authorities to kill the Armenians during the deportation. I said, "No, Mr. Atif. I'm a governor, not a bandit, I can't do that, I will leave this post and you can come and do it if you want."

— Hasan Mahzar Bey

Mazhar reported that after his dismissal, "the looting of Armenian property in the region, both by the officials and the people, reached incredible proportions."[13]

Hüseyin Nesimi Bey

Hüseyin Nesimi Bey

Mehmed Reshid Bey, who was the governor of Diyarbekir vilayet during the genocide, preferred to exterminate the Armenians in the Diyarbekir region with a quick massacre instead of a long and painstaking deportation, and organized the mass murder of all Armenians in Diyarbekir. Meanwhile, Hüseyin Nesimi, who was the Lice district governor, refused to hand over the Lice Armenians with a total population of 5,980 to the units sent by Reshid Bey and protected them.[8][14] Thereupon, Reshid summoned Hüseyin Nesimi to Diyarbakır to discuss the matter, but a group of Chechen soldiers hired him to stop and kill him on the way.[15][16] On June 15, 1915, Hüseyin Nesimi was killed by Chechen soldiers and his body was dumped in a roadside ditch.[17] Since that day, the area where the murder took place has been known as governor's tomb.[8] With the death of Nesimi Bey, the massacre of the Armenians in Lice began and thousands of Armenians were killed.[5]

Mehmet Celal Bey

Mehmet Celal Bey, 1911

Mehmet Celal Bey was the governor of Konya vilayet, which was the center of the roads through which Armenians were deported from northern and western Anatolia to the Syrian Desert. Celal Bey, who was also the governor of the Aleppo vilayet before his duty as the governor of Konya and witnessed the fate of the Armenians during this time, knew what would happen if the Armenians survived their deportation on these roads and reached the Deir ez-Zor camps. He tried to convince the leaders of the Committee of Union and Progress by saying that there was no Armenian revolt in Anatolia and Aleppo and therefore there was no reason for the deportation of the Armenians.[8] However, the situation intensified when one of Celal Bey's subordinates in Zeitun arrested and executed several prominent Armenians in Zeitun and Maraş following the Armenian revolt that had started in the region. As a result of this, Celal Bey was dismissed as governor of Aleppo and transferred to Konya.[18] When he started his duty there, he refused to plan and organize the deportation of Armenians in Konya, despite repeated orders from the Sublime Porte, and repeatedly requested the authorities to provide shelter for the displaced Armenians. In addition to these demands, he sent many telegrams and letters of protest to the Sublime Porte stating that "the measures taken against the Armenians are against the high interests of the motherland in every respect". But their demands and protests were ignored.[19] Celal Bey was able to protect some Armenians passing through Konya while being deported from other provinces.[20] When an envoy sent to him by the Sublime Porte during this period said that the deportation of Armenians was a "national ideal", Celal Bey said:[21]

What national ideal? Turks and Muslims were crying because of these murders, but they could not find a way to prevent it. Calling such atrocities a national ideal is the greatest slander and insult for the nation.

— Mehmet Celal Bey

Celal Bey saved the lives of thousands of Armenians until he was removed from his duty as the governor of Konya on October 3, 1915.[18] Within 3 days of his dismissal, the remaining 10,000 Armenians in the region were deported.[22][23] In his 3-part article published on the front page of Vakit on 10-13 December 1918, he stated that he did his best to prevent the ill-treatment suffered by Armenian citizens during the deportation, but he had to leave his post because he could not prevent them.[24] In his memoirs about the governorship of Konya, Celal Bey said the following about himself:[25]

I was a person sitting by the side of a river, with absolute no means of saving anyone. Blood was flowing in the river and thousands of innocent children, irreproachable old people, helpless women, strong young men, were streaming down this river towards oblivion. Anyone I could save with my bare hands I saved, and the others, I think they streamed down the river never to return.

Mustafa Azizoğlu Bey

Mustafa Azizoğlu Bey was working as a governor in Malatya, a city where the deportation roads passed during the beginning of the deportation. Although he was unsuccessful in his efforts to prevent the deportations, he began to hide several Armenians in his own home. Mustafa's son, a loyal member of the Committee of Union and Progress, killed his own father "for taking care of the infidels".[18][26]

Penalties

Talaat Pasha ordered the Fourth Army to bring every Muslim who cooperated with the Christians to a military court. Similarly, the commander of the Third Army, Mahmut Kamil Pasha, told his soldiers to "hang every Muslim who protects an Armenian, in front of their house".[27]

Politicians and military leaders who opposed the deportation and massacre of Armenians were mostly dismissed, and some were later killed by the Committee of Union and Progress or other leaders willing to carry out the massacres of Armenians. An example of the names known for dismissing and killing other leaders who opposed the genocide was the governor of Diyarbekir, Mehmed Reshid Bey. Governor of Çermik district Mehmet Hamdi Bey, Governor of Savur district Mehmet Ali Bey, Governor of Silvan district İbrahim Hakkı Bey, Governor of Mardin district Hilmi Bey and later Governor of Mardin district Şefik Bey; were among the politicians expelled by Reşit Bey in 1915 for not complying with the deportation orders.[8] Nuri Bey, who first served as the district governor of Midyat and then Derik, was dismissed by Reshid Bey because he did not follow the deportation orders and was later killed by Reshid Bey's guards.[8] On June 15, 1915, Hüseyin Nesimi Bey, who was protecting the Lice Armenians, was killed by Reshid Bey in an attack against him by some Chechen soldiers.[15][17] Some journalists opposed to the deportations, such as İsmail Mestan, were among those killed by Reshid Bey.[8] Mustafa Azizoğlu, one of the governors working to protect the Armenians, was killed by his own son "for taking care of the infidels".[26]

References

  1. ↑ Suny, Ronald Grigor (2015). "They can live in the desert but nowhere else" : a history of the Armenian genocide. Princeton University Press. pp. 245, 330. ISBN 978-1-4008-6558-1. OCLC 903685759.
  2. ↑ Dadrian, Vahakn N. (2003). The history of the Armenian genocide : ethnic conflict from the Balkans to Anatolia to the Caucasus. New York: Berghahn Books. p. 384. ISBN 1-57181-666-6. OCLC 702181955.
  3. 1 2 Barbaric civilization : a critical sociology of genocide. Montreal [Que.]: McGill-Queen's University Press. 2011. p. 260. ISBN 978-0-7735-8556-0. OCLC 806255370.
  4. ↑ Kieser, Hans-Lukas (2018). Talaat Pasha : father of modern Turkey, architect of genocide. Princeton, New Jersey. p. 269. ISBN 978-1-4008-8963-1. OCLC 1031214381.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  5. 1 2 The Armenian genocide : a complete history. Londra: I.B. Tauris. 2011. p. 564-565. ISBN 978-0-85771-930-0. OCLC 742353455.
  6. ↑ Memorial Book of Kutahya Armenians (in Armenian). Donikian Publishing House. 1961. pp. 218–228.
  7. ↑ "Serhan Yedig, Ersin Kalkan, Osmanlı'nın Sıradışı Bürokratı Faik Ali Ozansoy, Hürriyet Gazetesi, 22.04.2007". Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Ermenilere Kol Kanat Gerdiler". Yeni Aktüel. No. 142. 2007.
  9. 1 2 "Ali Faik Bey'in vicdan direnişi". Agos. 23 April 2013. Archived from the original on 2 May 2013.
  10. ↑ "'Bu cinayetleri işlemeyeceğime göre istifamı kabul buyurun!'". Agos (in Turkish). 27 March 2015. Retrieved 2022-09-03.
  11. ↑ İlgili BBC Türkçe video haberi Archived 2021-04-26 at the Wayback Machine 26 Nisan 2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir
  12. ↑ Akçam, Taner (2006). A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility. New York: Metropolitan Books. ISBN 0-8050-7932-7. Archived from the original on 29 July 2019. Retrieved 25 August 2018.
  13. ↑ Absolute Destruction: Military Culture and the Practices of War in Imperial Germany. Cornell University Press. 15 February 2013. p. 273. ISBN 978-0-8014-6708-0. Archived from the original on 13 January 2021.
  14. ↑ Resisting genocide : the multiple forms of rescue. Jacques Sémelin, Claire Andrieu, Sarah Gensburger. New York: Columbia University Press. 2011. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-231-70172-3. OCLC 500818338.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  15. 1 2 Bilican, Yılmaz Murat (21 April 2015). "Soykırım, Lice Kaymakamı Hüseyin Nesimi Bey, Walter Benjamin ve yüzleşme". T24. Archived from the original on 22 April 2015.
  16. ↑ The Making of Modern Turkey : Nation and State in Eastern Anatolia, 1913-1950. Oxford: OUP Oxford. 2012. ISBN 978-0-19-161908-3. OCLC 784886710.
  17. 1 2 Resimli ve Metin Örnekli Türkiye Edebiyatçılar ve Kültür Adamları Ansiklopedisi. 2006.
  18. 1 2 3 Akçam, Taner (2006). A shameful act : the Armenian genocide and the question of Turkish responsibility. New York: Metropolitan Books. ISBN 0-8050-7932-7. OCLC 64844685. Archived from the original on 14 October 2020. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
  19. ↑ Derogy, Jacques (1990). Resistance and revenge : the Armenian assassination of the Turkish leaders responsible for the 1915 massacres and deportations. New Brunswick, U.S.A. p. 32. ISBN 978-1-4128-3316-5. OCLC 971493703.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  20. ↑ Gerçek, Burçin (26 February 2006). "Celal Bey ve diğerleri". Radikal.
  21. ↑ Hür, Ayşe (28 April 2013). "1915 Ermeni soykırımında kötüler ve iyiler". Radikal. Archived from the original on 5 June 2016.
  22. ↑ Gerçek, Burçin; Akçam, Taner. "Report on Turks who reached-out to Armenians in 1915" (PDF). International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 December 2020. Retrieved 1 May 2021.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  23. ↑ Gerçek, Burçin. "Celal Bey". Aurora Prize. 100 Lives. Archived from the original on 1 May 2021.
  24. ↑ Vakit newspaper archives, 10-13 December 1918 (Rumi: 10-13 Kanunevvel 1334), Page:1, Istanbul.
  25. ↑ Donef, Racho (November 2010). "Righteous Muslims during the Genocide of 1915" (PDF). Assyrian Information Management. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
  26. 1 2 "1915'te Ermenileri koruyan Türk üst düzey yetkilileri". Ermeni Haber Ajansı. 29 May 2015. Archived from the original on 1 June 2015.
  27. ↑ Üngör, Ug˘ur Ümit (2008). "Seeing like a nation-state: Young Turk social engineering in Eastern Turkey, 1913–50". Journal of Genocide Research. Vol. 10, no. 1. p. 24. doi:10.1080/14623520701850278.
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