Turnera subulata
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Passifloraceae
Genus: Turnera
Species:
T. subulata
Binomial name
Turnera subulata
Synonyms[1]
  • Turnera elegans Otto
  • Turnera mollis Kunth
  • Turnera peruviana Willd.
  • Turnera sericea Kunth

Turnera subulata is a species of flowering plant in the passionflower family known by the common names white buttercup, sulphur alder, politician's flower, dark-eyed turnera,[2] and white alder.[2][3] Despite its names, it is not related to the buttercups or the alders. It is native to Central and South America, from Panama south to Brazil. It is well known in many other places as an introduced species, such as Malaysia, Indonesia, several other Pacific Islands, the Caribbean, and Florida in the United States.[1][4]

It is commonly cultivated as a garden flower.[4]

Growth

This plant is a perennial herb growing from a thick taproot and woody stem base. It reaches a maximum height around 80 cm (31 in). The leaves are roughly oval in shape with toothed edges. The undersides are glandular and coated in white hairs. The upper surfaces may be somewhat hairy, as well. The leaves are up to 9 cm (3.5 in) long.[3]

Flower

Parts of the flower and leaf of Turnera subulata
Parts of the flower and leaf of Turnera subulata

Flowers occur in the leaf axils, borne in calyces of hairy, glandular sepals. The petals are rounded to oval, the longest exceeding 3 cm (1.2 in).[3] They are white or yellowish with darker bases.[2] The dark patches at the bases are nectar guides.[5] The center of the flower is rough, feeling like a cat's tongue.[2]

The plant is pollinated by a variety of insects. A common pollinator is the bee species Protomeliturga turnerae which prefers only its nectar and depend completely on it for reproduction. The male bee builds his territory around the plant, for example. Other insects observed at the plant include many other bee species, such as Trigona spinipes, Frieseomelitta doederleinii, and Plebeia flavocinta, butterflies such as Nisoniades macarius and Urbanus dorantes, and the beetle Pristimerus calcaratus.[5]

Fruit and seeds

The fruit is a hairy capsule containing seeds with white arils.[3] The seeds are dispersed by ants, who are likely attracted to their high lipid content.[6]

Appearance

Like most other Turnera,[5] this species is heterostylous, with two morphs. The "pin" morph has long styles in its flowers, while the "thrum" morph has short styles. Both morphs produce the same amount of pollen. One study reported that during pollination, pin flowers receive more pollen from thrum flowers than from other pin flowers.[7] The genes that cause this dimorphism in style size are the subject of current research. So far, it has been established that short styles contain proteins, polygalacturonases, that are absent in long styles.[8]

Traditional medicine

This plant has uses in traditional medicine.[9]

References

  1. 1 2 "Turnera subulata Sm". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew. 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Yim, Elaine (April 28, 2012). "What's up, buttercup?". New Straits Times. Archived from the original on 4 May 2012.
  3. 1 2 3 4 "Turnera subulata". Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk. US Forest Service. 1999. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
  4. 1 2 "Turnera subulata". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 21 January 2018.
  5. 1 2 3 Schlindwein, Clemens; Medeiros, Petrúcio C.R. (2006). "Pollination in Turnera subulata (Turneraceae): Unilateral reproductive dependence of the narrowly oligolectic bee Protomeliturga turnerae (Hymenoptera, Andrenidae)". Flora - Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants. 201 (3): 178–188. doi:10.1016/j.flora.2005.07.002.
  6. ↑ Simberloff, D.; Rejmanek, M., eds. (2010). Encyclopedia of Biological Invasions. Berkeley, California, USA: University of California Press. p. 589. ISBN 978-0-520-26421-2.
  7. ↑ Swamy, N. Rama; Bahadur, Bir (1984). "Pollen Flow in Dimorphic Turnera subulata (Turneraceae)". The New Phytologist. 98 (1): 205–209. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1984.tb06109.x. JSTOR 2433990. PMID 29681115.
  8. ↑ Athanasiou, A.; Khosravi, D.; Tamari, F.; Shore, J. S. (2003). "Characterization and localization of short-specific polygalacturonase in distylous Turnera subulata (Turneraceae)". American Journal of Botany. 90 (5): 675–682. doi:10.3732/ajb.90.5.675. PMID 21659162.
  9. ↑ Barbosa, Danila de Araújo; Silva, Kiriaki Nurit; Agra, Maria de Fátima (2007). "Estudo farmacobotânico comparativo de folhas de Turnera chamaedrifolia Cambess. E Turnera subulata Sm. (Turneraceae)". Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia. 17 (3): 396–413. doi:10.1590/S0102-695X2007000300016.
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