US Highway 31 marker

US Highway 31

US 31 highlighted in red
Route information
Maintained by MDOT
Length355.179 mi[1] (571.605 km)
ExistedNovember 11, 1926 (1926-11-11)[2]–present
Tourist
routes
Major junctions
South end US 31 near Niles
Major intersections
North end I-75 near Mackinaw City
Location
CountryUnited States
StateMichigan
CountiesBerrien, Van Buren, Allegan, Ottawa, Muskegon, Oceana, Mason, Manistee, Benzie, Grand Traverse, Antrim, Charlevoix, Emmet, Cheboygan
Highway system
← M-30→
Bus. US 31

US Highway 31 (US 31) is a part of the United States Numbered Highway System that runs from Alabama to the Lower Peninsula of the US state of Michigan. In Michigan, it is a state trunkline highway that runs from the Indiana–Michigan state line at Bertrand Township north to its terminus at Interstate 75 (I-75) south of Mackinaw City. Along its 355.2-mile-long (571.6 km) route, US 31 follows the Michigan section of the St. Joseph Valley Parkway as well as other freeways and divided highways northward to Ludington. North of there, the trunkline is a rural undivided highway through the Northern Michigan tourist destinations of Traverse City and Petoskey before terminating south of Mackinaw City. Along its route, US 31 has been dedicated in memory of a few different organizations, and sections of it carry the Lake Michigan Circle Tour (LMCT) moniker. Four bridges used by the highway have been recognized for their historic character as well.

The first highways along the route of the modern US 31 corridor were the West Michigan Pike, an auto trail from 1913, and later a pair of state trunklines (the original M-11 and M-58) in 1919. These state highways were redesignated US 31 on November 11, 1926, when the US Highway System was approved. Since then, the highway has been realigned in places. The highway crossed the Straits of Mackinac by ferry for about a decade in the 1920s and 1930s before the Mackinac Bridge was built, connecting to US 2 north of St. Ignace. Later, sections were converted into freeways starting in the 1950s. These segments opened through the subsequent decades with the last one opening in 2022. Future plans by the Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT) include a bypass of Grand Haven.

Route description

Between Lake Michigan Beach and the northern terminus south of Mackinaw City, most of US 31 forms a portion of the Lake Michigan Circle Tour (LMCT) except where the various business loops run between the main highway and Lake Michigan. Additionally, much of the highway from the Indiana–Michigan state line to Ludington is built to freeway standards, with a notable exception being between Holland and Ferrysburg.[3][4] The remainder of US 31 is a two- or four-lane highway with some sections in cities comprising five lanes.[5] The entire length of the highway is listed on the National Highway System,[6] a network of roads important to the US's economy, defense, and mobility.[7]

St. Joseph Valley Parkway and I-196

US 31 and the St. Joseph Valley Parkway crosses into Michigan from Indiana southwest of Niles and parallels the St. Joseph River as the two run northward through southwest Michigan. The freeway passes through farmland before crossing US 12 at the first of a set of three interchanges located between Niles on the east and Buchanan on the west. US 31 crosses the river north of the interchange with Niles–Buchanan Road. North of the Walton Road interchange, the freeway turns northwesterly to recross the St. Joseph River near Lake Chapin south of Berrien Springs. The parkway curves around the west side of town before crossing the river for a third time. As US 31 continues northward parallel to the river, it enters the eastern fringes of the Benton Harbor–St. Joseph area.[3][5] The freeway continues north of Napier Avenue and curves to the northwest to an interchange with Business Loop I-94 (BL I-94) and I-94, merging onto the latter. I-94/US 31 runs concurrently on a northeasterly course before meeting the southern end of I-196 in Benton Township.[4]

At this trumpet interchange, I-196/US 31 runs north from I-94 and passes to the west of the Point O'Woods Golf & Country Club. It continues northward in rural Berrien County through farm fields. The trunkline turns northwesterly near the Lake Michigan Hills Golf Course and crosses the Paw Paw River. Past the river, the freeway turns northeasterly and runs roughly parallel to the Lake Michigan shoreline several miles inland. At the community of Lake Michigan Beach, I-196/US 31 meets the northern terminus of M-63 at exit 7, and the LMCT joins the freeway for the first time. North of this interchange, the freeway parallels a county road (A-2, the Blue Star Highway) that is the former route of US 31.[3][5]

Photograph
Crossing the Black River bridge near South Haven on I-196/US 31

Further north, I-196/US 31 crosses into Van Buren County and assumes the Gerald R. Ford Freeway name. The inland side of the freeway is forested while the lakeward side is predominantly either forest or fields. As it approaches South Haven, the freeway passes near the Palisades Nuclear Generating Station and Van Buren State Park. North of the power plant and park, the freeway turns farther inland to bypass the city of South Haven. There is an interchange on the south side of town that provides access to BL I-196 and M-140. The freeway crosses over M-43 without an interchange and then intersects the other end of the business loop about two miles (3.2 km) later. It crosses the Black River near the Van Buren–Allegan county line.[3][5]

In Allegan County, I-196/US 31 passes a pair of golf courses and continues northward through farm fields. Near the community of Glenn, A-2 crosses over the freeway and runs parallel to it on the east. The two roads trade places again when I-196/US 31 turns northeasterly on the south side of the twin cities of Saugatuck and Douglas. The freeway crosses over a section of Kalamazoo Lake, a wider section of the Kalamazoo River that flows between the two towns. A-2 crosses back to the eastern side of the freeway north of Saugatuck, and I-196/US 31 continues north-northeasterly toward Holland.[3][5]

On the south side of Holland, US 31 and I-196 separate as the Interstate turns northeasterly around the city to continue to Grand Rapids. US 31 follows the BL I-196 freeway northward into Holland around the north side of the West Michigan Regional Airport. The business loop has an interchange for A-2 (Blue Star Highway) and Washington Avenue before the freeway ends in the southern reaches of Holland. The trunkline then runs as a divided highway northward, bypassing downtown Holland to the east and intersecting M-40. Northeast of downtown Holland, BL I-196 leaves US 31 and the LMCT at an interchange to follow an expressway along the route of Chicago Drive while US 31 turns northwesterly on its own expressway alignment.[3][5]

West Michigan

Northwest of Holland, the highway runs as a four-lane expressway and divided highway parallel, but inland from, the Lake Michigan shoreline. This section of US 31 runs through a mix of farm fields and forests as it runs to the community of Agnew. There, US 31 intersects the western end of M-45 (Lake Michigan Drive) before continuing into the southern end of Grand Haven. In that city, the highway follows a four-lane boulevard with a grass median. On the northern edge of the city of Grand Haven, US 31 crosses the Grand River[3][5] on a bascule bridge that opens about 450–500 times per year.[8] North of the structure, US 31 transitions into a freeway at the interchange with the western end of M-104 in Ferrysburg. This freeway continues northward through the suburban edges of the Muskegon area and meets the western end of I-96 near the Muskegon County Airport in Norton Shores.[3][5]

At this interchange with I-96, US 31 has its southernmost business loop as Business US 31 (Bus. US 31) runs westerly and northward into downtown Muskegon. The main freeway continues through the suburban eastern edge of the city through several interchanges, including one with M-46 (Apple Avenue). Just south of the Muskegon River, the business loop merges back into the main freeway. US 31 crosses the river and turns northwesterly through forests. The freeway passes to the east of Michigan's Adventure, an amusement park, and crosses the White River near the communities of Whitehall and Montague; a business loop curves off to the west to connect the two communities with the freeway.[3][5] In this area, US 31 runs through the southern portion of the Manistee National Forest as well.[9]

Photograph looking southbound
US 31 freeway near Rothbury

As the freeway continues northward, US 31 intersects the western end of M-20 in New Era in Oceana County. The landscape in this area is dominated by forest land as the trunkline crosses the Hart-Montague Trail State Park, a linear state park that follows a bike trail in the area. North of the trail crossing, US 31 has a business spur for Hart that runs east into that town; north of this interchange, the freeway crosses the Pentwater River near the community of Pentwater.[3][5]

North of Pentwater, US 31 crosses into Mason County and passes Bass Lake and the Ludington Pumped Storage Power Plant, which uses a reservoir next to the freeway to generate electricity. Just north of that reservoir, the freeway turns to the northeast and Ludington's business spur runs off to the northwest. US 31 curves around the east side of Ludington, crossing the Pere Marquette River. Due east of downtown, the freeway ends and US 31 turns east to merge with US 10. The concurrent highways follow a four-lane roadway to Scottville. On the west side of that town, US 31 separates from US 10, turning northward to bypass Scottville.[3][5]

Northwest Michigan

Photograph
US 31 entering Manistee

US 31 runs due north through Northwest Michigan forest land bypassing Freesoil to the west. Northwest of that town, the highway crosses the Big Sable River before entering Manistee County. Across the county line, the trunkline runs northwesterly parallel to Manistee Lake as US 31 enters Manistee. The highway follows Cypress Street to a drawbridge over the Manistee River and then Cleveland Street on the northern side. As the trunkline rounds the northern shore of Manistee Lake, it passes the SS City of Milwaukee,[3][5] a car ferry preserved as a museum.[10] From there, the highway runs northeasterly, intersecting the western end of M-55 (Caberfae Highway). Next to the Little River Casino, the highway intersects the southern end of M-22 (Orchard Highway), and the LMCT separates from US 31.[3][5]

The highway continues on a northeasterly course running inland along Chippewa Highway to the community of Bear Lake. US 31 rounds the east side of the community's namesake body of water on Lake Street and exits town on Pleasanton Highway. The trunkline continues northward and northeasterly through Pleasanton and crosses into Benzie County. Over the county line, it follows Benzie Highway northward to an intersection with M-115 (Cadillac Highway). The two merge and run north into Benzonia, following Michigan Avenue in town. Near the south shore of Crystal Lake, M-115 turns westward toward Frankfort and US 31 follows Michigan Avenue into Beulah, running around the eastern end of the lake. Near the eastern end of Platte Lake, US 31 turns to run easterly into Honor before crossing into Grand Traverse County.[3][5]

Across the county line, US 31 continues eastward, passing north of the community of Interlochen, intersecting the former M-137, which connected to Interlochen State Park. The highway then angles northeasterly north of Duck Lake and south of Silver Lake. A few miles farther east, US 31 meets M-37 at a location known as Chums Corners. The two highways join and run northward through the unincorporated community. It passes Turtle Creek Stadium, the home stadium for the Traverse City Pit Spitters, a minor-league baseball team. From there, US 31/M-37 runs downhill into Garfield Township. In this area, the highway passes through a cluster of retail stores and car dealerships near the Grand Traverse Mall. North of the intersection with 14th Street, the trunkline follows Division Street into Traverse City. From there it runs to the east of Grand Traverse Commons, the former Traverse City State Hospital, before US 31/M-37 meets Grandview Parkway next to the West Arm of the Grand Traverse Bay.[3][5]

Photograph
Grandview Parkway (US 31/M-37/M-72) in Traverse City

At that intersection, the trunkline meets the northern end of M-22, which is running concurrently with M-72 along the parkway. As US 31/M-37 turns east to run along the bay north of downtown, the highway merges with M-72 and picks up the LMCT again. Grandview Parkway runs between the Boardman River and the bay. Near the mouth of the river, US 31/M-37/M-72 turns to follow Front Street along the remainder of the bay's shoreline. At Garfield Avenue, M-37 turns northward to run up the Old Mission Peninsula, and US 31/M-72 continues across the base of the peninsula to the East Arm of the Grand Traverse Bay. The highway runs north of the Cherry Capital Airport near the east arm as it angles southeasterly to Traverse City State Park. East of the park, the trunkline exits suburban Traverse City and rounds the bay to run northward along its eastern shore. In the community of Acme, M-72 turns eastward while US 31 continues north past the Grand Traverse Resort.[3][5]

About nine miles (14 km) north of Acme, US 31 crosses into Antrim County as it runs between Elk Lake and the Grand Traverse Bay. Between towns, the landscape is mostly agricultural lands with mixed patches of forest. A few miles north of the county line, the trunkline passes through Elk Rapids and crosses a channel connecting the Spencer Bay portion of Elk Lake to Lake Michigan. North of this crossing, US 31 continues northeasterly, running on an isthmus between Torch Lake and Grand Traverse Bay. The highway passes through Eastport at the northern end of Torch Lake and intersects the western end of M-88. Further north, US 31 runs through Atwood and crosses into Charlevoix County.[3][5]

North to the Straits Area

Photograph showing US 31
Passing through Bay View

As US 31 curves around to the northeast and east in Charlevoix County, it follows a section of the Lake Michigan shoreline that is not considered to be part of any bay. The highway continues through Northern Michigan agricultural areas to the southeast of Charlevoix. Once it enters the city, the trunkline intersects the northern end of M-66 and follows a series of city streets to a drawbridge over the channel that connects Lake Charlevoix to Lake Michigan. South of the structure it is Bridge Street, and north of the bridge it is Michigan Avenue. The highway turns eastward to exit town on Petoskey Avenue and follow the Lake Michigan shoreline. Near the community of Bay Shore, US 31 crosses into Emmet County. The trunkline continues past the Bay Harbor development on Charlevoix Avenue into the city of Petoskey.[3][5]

Once in Petoskey, US 31 intersects the northern end of US 131 (Spring Street) and turns northward along Spring Street through downtown. The highway curves around to follow Mitchell Street to cross the Bear River and then follow Bay View Road. US 31 runs along the Little Traverse Bay through the eastern end of Petoskey and into Bay View. From there, it intersects the southern end of M-119 and passes through a pair of small towns, Conway and Oden, that border inland lakes like Round Lake and various bays of Crooked Lake.[3][5]

Photograph
US 31 in Alanson

North of Oden, US 31 runs through Ponshewaing before entering the village of Alanson. There the highway intersects the western end of M-68 and runs parallel to the Crooked River, part of the Inland Waterway. North of town, US 31 runs through the town of Brutus before entering Pellston. The highway runs past the Pellston Regional Airport and continues due north to Levering. From there, US 31 turns northwesterly and then northeasterly on Mackinaw Highway to round Lake Paradise in the community of Carp Lake. North of the lake, US 31 follows a limited-access highway into Cheboygan County. Less than 1⁄2 mile (0.80 km) east of the county line, US 31 connects to I-75 in a partial interchange. At this interchange, northbound traffic defaults onto northbound I-75 and US 31 terminates.[3][5]

History

Predecessor highways

Map
Map of the pre-statehood Indian trails

The first major overland transportation corridors in the future state of Michigan were the Indian trails.[11] Only one of these followed part of the path of US 31; the Mackinac Trail roughly paralleled the route of US 31 from Petoskey northward.[12]

In the age of the auto trail, the roads that later formed US 31 through Michigan were given a few different highway names. The West Michigan Lake Shore Highway Association was founded on January 10, 1912, and the group reorganized on May 30, 1913, as the West Michigan Pike Association. Their auto trail was marked by a series of concrete markers eight feet (2.4 m) tall along the 400-mile-long (640 km) roadway from the Indiana state line northward to Mackinaw City.[13]

The highway was also a part of the Western Mainline of the Dixie Highway in Michigan, another auto trail that was built starting in 1915.[14] In 1916, the northern junction between the West Michigan Pike and the East Michigan Pike, which served as the connection for the two mainlines of the Dixie Highway in Michigan in Mackinaw City, was marked with a stone monument at the junction of Central Avenue and Huron Street.[15] By the middle of 1921, the trail used about 413 miles (665 km) of roadways along its western branch parallel to Lake Michigan.[16] Michigan led all other states in the Dixie Highway Association by 1922 at improvements to its sections of the roadway.[17]

The State Trunkline Highway System was created on May 13, 1913, by an act of the Michigan Legislature; at the time, one of the system's divisions corresponded to US 31. Division 5 followed a course from Niles northward to Mackinaw City.[18] In 1919, the Michigan State Highway Department (MSHD)[lower-alpha 1] signposted the highway system for the first time,[21] and the future US 31 corridor was assigned two numbers. From the state line north through Niles to St. Joseph, it carried the original M-58 designation and from there northward it was the original M-11.[22]

US Highway System era

The American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO) approved the United States Numbered Highway System on November 11, 1926,[2] and the MSHD designated US 31 in Michigan according to AASHO's plan to run northward from the Indiana state line and along the Lake Michigan shoreline to Mackinaw City. A section in the Benton Harbor–St. Joseph area overlapped US 12 and the modern concurrency with US 10 was also in place.[23] By the end of the next year, the highway was extended across the Straits of Mackinac on the state car ferries to connect to US 2 in the Upper Peninsula north of St. Ignace.[24] In 1930, Muskegon was bypassed; the new highway east of downtown was numbered US 31A.[25][26]

Map
US 31 running in the Upper Peninsula in 1936

By the end of 1936, the last section of US 31 in the state was paved near Charlevoix, making the entire highway in Michigan a hard-surfaced road.[27][28] Early the next year, the route of US 2 was realigned to run into St. Ignace; after the change, US 2 and US 31 ran concurrently.[28][29] Later that year, a set of curves were straightened out south of Ludington and the routes of US 31 and a US 31A between Saugatuck and Holland were switched, and US 31 was realigned to bypass downtown Ludington.[29][30]

In 1938, the southern end of US 31 was given a second designation when US 33 was extended into the state from Indiana to terminate in St. Joseph.[31] Later that year, the US 31A in the Holland area was decommissioned.[32] The next year, the US 31 concurrency was removed from US 2 in the Upper Peninsula and the former highway no longer crossed the Straits of Mackinac, terminating instead in Mackinaw City.[33][34] By the early 1940, the Muskegon Bypass was given the US 31 designation, and the route downtown was redesignated US 31A.[35]

During World War II, a bypass of downtown South Haven was built; the former route of US 31 through the heart of the city was designated Bus. US 31 at that time.[36][37] After the war, the route of US 31 north of Charlevoix was realigned to follow the shoreline; this section opened by the middle of 1949.[38][39] The route of the highway between Holland and West Olive was changed to run on a more angular course northwesterly in 1950.[40][41] A few years later, a bypass to the south and east of Holland opened and the former route through down was redesignated as a business loop in 1954.[42][43]

Freeway era

On November 1, 1957, the Mackinac Bridge opened to traffic. For the opening of the bridge, the highways coming into Mackinaw City from the south were realigned to connect to it; US 31 terminated at the southern approach to the Mackinac Bridge.[44][45] In November 1960, sections of I-75's freeway opened from Indian River north to the southern Mackinac Bridge approaches,[46] and US 31 was rerouted to follow segments of that freeway from the current northern terminus south of Mackinaw City northward. By the end of the decade, another freeway segment opened along the Muskegon Bypass as well.[47] The next year, US 33 was extended northward along US 31 from St. Joseph for about 10 miles (16 km).[48]

In 1962, a section of freeway along US 31 was opened between I-94 and the Berrien–Van Buren county line. This section was originally designated as part of I-96/US 31; the former route near the lakeshore became just US 33.[49][50] The MSHD petitioned federal highway officials to switch the Interstate designations west of Grand Rapids, reversing the I-96 and I-196 numbers to their current configurations.[51] After the designation switch was approved in 1963,[52] an additional 35 miles (56 km) was opened from the northern end of the freeway near Benton Harbor to Holland as I-196/US 31.[53] The freeway was also extended northward from Muskegon to the Muskegon–Oceana county line north of Montague in 1963.[50][54]

When I-196 was completed between Holland and Grandville in 1974,[55] the BL I-196 designation was applied along US 31 and Bus. US 31.[lower-alpha 2][57][58] The next year, the US 31 freeway was extended northward into Oceana County to New Era.[58][59] In 1976, this freeway was lengthened further to Hart.[59][60] The section of I-196/US 31 in all but Berrien County was dedicated as the "Gerald R. Ford Freeway" in July 1978.[61] Also that year, the US 31 freeway was extended to the southern side of Pentwater.[62][63]

Photograph looking southbound at the Bus. US 31 interchange for Pentwater
During the 1970s and 1980s, US 31 was converted into a freeway spawning business routes along the former route of the highway.

At the end of the 1970s and into the early 1990s, US 31 gained additional freeway segments on both ends of the highway. The first section of the St. Joseph Valley Parkway was completed in 1979 and ran from the Indiana state line north to US 12.[63][64] The freeway was extended northward from Pentwater to the Oceana–Mason county line in 1980.[64][65] Construction of the Niles Bypass was finished in 1987, bringing the parkway north to Walton Road northwest of Niles. Bus. US 31 was created along the former routing in Niles.[66][67] The northern freeway was extended further into Mason County in two stages. In 1989, it was expanded to the south side of Ludington.[68][69] The next year, Ludington was bypassed, completing the freeway to its current northern end at US 10 east of town.[69][70] One more bypass, this time a non-freeway routing to the west of Scottville, opened in 1991.[70][71] The Berrien Springs Bypass was completed in late 1992.[72] Since then, MDOT built a 9.5-mile (15.3 km) freeway segment north from Berrien Springs to Napier Avenue that was opened on August 27, 2003, at a cost of $97 million (equivalent to $149 million in 2022[73]).[74][75] The last change to the routing of US 31 occurred in August 2004 when the route of Bus. US 31 in Holland was turned back to local control;[56] BL I-196 was rerouted to follow US 31 around downtown instead of following the former business loop through it.[76]

Starting in 1996, Traverse City-area residents and tourists requested a freeway bypass the city. These residents decided to not build the highway. In 2001, The idea was revived, but MDOT abandoned these plans in June of that year.[77]

Completion of the St. Joseph Valley Parkway

Close-up photograph
Mitchell's satyr butterfly, which has habitat near US 31

The MSHD started studies for a freeway routing of US 31 from the state line northward to I-94 in 1967. The first section northward to Niles was approved in 1972, and the remainder of the route was approved in 1981.[78] Since then, MDOT re-evaluated the St. Joseph Valley Parkway extension east of Benton Harbor, due to environmental, economic, and historical site issues. One of the environmental concerns that was studied relates to the habitat of an endangered species, the Mitchell's satyr butterfly, which has its habitat in the area of the proposed freeway.[79] The 40-acre (16 ha) habitat is home to the second-largest population of the rare butterfly.[80] The freeway between Niles and Benton Harbor was planned as a series of five segments when approved in 1981.[78] Since that approval, the butterfly was discovered in the Blue Creek Fen in the late 1980s,[81] and it was listed as an endangered species in 1992. This listing stalled MDOT's planning and construction of the fifth freeway segment north of Berrien Springs.[72] The United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) issued an opinion two years later that the project would jeopardize the species.[81] MDOT was given permission to modify the previously approved freeway to cross the Blue Creek on longer bridges; the USFWS also required that any construction be done from elevated platforms,[82] among other restrictions.[80] In the interim, MDOT proceeded with construction of the southern portion of the last freeway segment, completing it northward from Berrien Springs to the Napier Avenue interchange in August 2003.[74]

A revised environmental impact study to account for the butterfly's habitat in the northern area of the freeway was approved in 2004.[81] The study compared the original routing for this extension that involved connecting directly to I-196 at I-94 with an alternate route that involved an indirect connection via the BL I-94 interchange near Benton Harbor, converting it to be to a cloverleaf interchange, and adding additional lanes to the resulting I-94 concurrency.[83] The study recommended using a version of the alternate connection to avoid the Blue Creek Fen, both to save money and decrease impact to the Mitchell's satyr.[84] At the time the freeway segment opened in 2003, MDOT expected the remaining segment would not take much longer to complete,[79] but since then, funding has not been available.[85] MDOT did not include construction of the extension for this reason in the department's 2014–18 highway projects plan released in 2013, although most of the design work and land acquisition had been completed.[86] Until the missing freeway segment was built, US 31 followed a stretch of Napier Avenue, which was upgraded in conjunction with the St. Joseph Valley Parkway opening to that point, westward to I-94.[79] MDOT's 2017–21 plan draft released in July 2016 split the remaining work into three phases. The department listed funding for only the first two of these three phases, with construction anticipated to start in 2021.[87]

On December 6, 2018, MDOT announced that a $20 million discretionary grant had been received to complete the final phase of construction, building the last two miles (3.2 km) of freeway required to connect US 31 to I-94.[88] In 2020, work began on the final link of the St. Joseph Valley Parkway to connect the US 31 freeway to I-94 east of Benton Harbor. The project cost $121.5 million dollars and involved relocating the interchange with the eastern terminus of BL I-94 and reconstructing 3.5 miles (5.6 km) of I-94 in the area.[89] Work on that interchange started in September 2020.[90] US 31 was rerouted to follow its new freeway section for 1.8 miles (2.9 km) from the previous end of the freeway at Napier Avenue that opened in 2003 to I-94 at BL I-94, where US 31 then followed I-94 to the I-196 interchange as before.[89] This new routing opened on November 9, 2022.[4]

Future

As of 2014, travelers had to use either US 31 through Grand Haven or 68th Avenue through Eastmanville to cross the Grand River in Ottawa County. A new highway, part of a long-range plan to build a US 31 bypass of Grand Haven,[91] provides a river crossing almost equidistant between the two, greatly reducing drive times between areas north and south of the river. A drive from Nunica to Robinson is a 20-mile (32 km) trip; the new highway provides a route closer to seven miles (11 km) in length. Called M-231, this highway is a scaled-down bypass of US 31 through Grand Haven, even though it will not physically connect to US 31.[92][lower-alpha 3] By January 4, 2013, MDOT had completed work for this highway, including a bridge over North Cedar Drive, additional ramps at the I-96 and M-104 interchange, and reconstruction and widening of M-104 near I-96. The department had also completed a reconfiguration of the intersection between M-104 and Cleveland Drive and widening the bridge that carries M-104 over I-96. The expected date of completion for M-231 was set for sometime in 2016 pending funding availability. MDOT planned to build 1.4 miles (2.3 km) of the new highway starting in 2013, including the bridges over the Grand River and Little Robinson Creek.[94] The 2005 SAFETEA-LU transportation bill provided funding earmarked[95] for the project by US Representative Pete Hoekstra from Holland as well as matching funds from the state's Michigan Jobs Today program. The total cost of the project was expected to be near $150 million.[91] On October 30, 2015, the highway opened to traffic.[96]

Memorial designations and tourist routes

Lake Michigan Circle Tour marker
Pure Michigan Byway marker
Markers for the Lake Michigan Circle Tour and a Pure Michigan Byway

The sections of the route of US 31 in Michigan has been dedicated several times to various organizations. The route of US 33 in the state, which at the time was concurrent with US 31, was dedicated as the Blue & Gray Trail in 1938 to honor veterans of the American Civil War.[97] The Blue Star Memorial Highway designation was applied to the highway to honor those serving in the military. The designation was dedicated on October 10, 1948, by the State Highway Commissioner Charles Ziegler.[98]

In 1917, the Upper Peninsula Development Bureau created a tourist route that is a predecessor of the modern Great Lakes Circle Tours (GLCT). The Great Lakes Automobile Route was a series of roads on both the Upper and Lower peninsulas of Michigan. It included US 31 between Manistee and the Benton Harbor–St. Joseph area. The concept did not last a year; the American entry into World War I and a lack of focus on a single route consigned the idea into obscurity.[99] The idea of a tourist route around the Great Lakes was revived in 1986 as a pet project of Michigan First Lady Paula Blanchard. MDOT and its counterparts in Wisconsin, Minnesota and Ontario created the GLCT scheme which includes the LMCT that follows US 31 from Lake Michigan Beach northward to Manistee and from Traverse City north to the terminus near Mackinaw City excluding locations where business loops run closer to the lake at South Haven, Muskegon, and Whitehall–Montague.[3][100]

A group of area residents initiated an effort to have the former West Michigan Pike designated what is now called a Pure Michigan Byway. The designation would prioritize the area for historic preservation grants.[101] A Preserve America grant funded a survey from June 2007 through September 2010, the results of which were a set of reports through the Michigan State Historic Preservation Office on the historical nature of the West Michigan Pike. In 2011, the group was in the process of securing resolutions from municipalities along the highway in support of the designation.[102] According to officials working on the byway, it can take up to seven years to complete the process.[103] The initial proposals had the byway continuing to Mackinaw City,[103] but as approved in 2016, it runs from New Buffalo on I-94 to Ludington, following US 31 except between business loops at South Haven, Muskegon, Whitehall–Montague and Pentwater.[104] The byway designation was moved out of the village of Pentwater in May 2023 when that business loop was removed from the highway system.

Historic bridges

Aerial photograph
Bridge over the Island Lake Outlet, Charlevoix

MDOT maintains a listing of the historic bridges in the state; along US 31, the department has listed four structures.[105] In downtown Charlevoix, the US-31–Island Lake Outlet Bridge carries the highway over a channel dredged between Lake Michigan and Round Lake that also connects to Lake Charlevoix. Built from 1947 through 1949, it is the fifth bridge at the location. It is a double-leaf bascule bridge.[106] In Petoskey, the highway crosses Bear Creek on a concrete girder bridge built in 1930. At 265 feet (81 m) in length, it is the fourth longest such bridge in Michigan.[107] In Manistee, the Manistee River is spanned by a double-leaf bascule bridge built in 1933.[108] North of Hart in Pentwater Township, the 270-foot-long (82 m) US 31–Pentwater River Bridge is a long-span steel bridge that crosses the Pentwater River.[109] It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 20, 1999. It carries Oceana Drive along a former routing of US 31.[110]

Major intersections

CountyLocationmi[1]kmExitDestinationsNotes
BerrienBertrand Township0.0000.000
 US 31 south (St. Joseph Valley Parkway) – South Bend, Indianapolis		Indiana state line
3.2875.2903 US 12 – Niles, Sturgis, New Buffalo
4.8527.8095Niles–Buchanan Road
6.77710.9077Walton RoadFormer Bus. US 31
Oronoko Township12.98720.90113Snow Road
15.47424.90315 M-139 – Benton Harbor, Berrien SpringsSigned northbound as exits 15A (south) and 15B (north)
Berrien Township18.08029.09718Tabor Road – Eau Claire
Sodus Township21.93835.30622Pipestone Road – Eau ClaireIndirect access to Pipestone Road via Sodus Parkway
Benton Township24.44139.33424Napier Avenue
26.88443.26627
 I-94 west – Chicago

 BL I-94 west – Benton Harbor		Southern end of I-94 concurrency; eastern terminus of BL I-94; signed as exit 33 southbound
28.654–
28.677		46.114–
46.151		34
 I-94 east – Detroit

 I-196 north – Holland, Grand Rapids		Northern end of I-94 concurrency; southern end of I-196 concurrency
29.72847.8431Red Arrow Highway
Hagar Township32.35452.0694Coloma, RiversideConnects to Coloma Road
35.45357.0567
 M-63 south (Hagar Shore Road) / LMCT – Benton Harbor, St. Joseph		Southern end of LMCT concurrency; northern terminus of M-63; LMCT, Benton Harbor and St. Joseph not signed northbound; Hagar Shore Road not signed southbound
Van BurenCovert Township41.30166.46813CovertConnects to 32nd Avenue
South Haven Township46.24974.43118

 BL I-196 north / LMCT to M-43 – South Haven, Bangor

 M-140 south – Watervliet		Northern end of LMCT concurrency; northern terminus of M-140, southern terminus of BL I-196; northbound signage omits Watervliet; signed only as M-140 – Watervliet southbound
South Haven49.06078.95420


 BL I-196 south to M-43 / LMCT (Phoenix Street) – South Haven, Bangor		Southern end of LMCT concurrency; signed only as Phoenix Street northbound; northern terminus of BL I-196; signed as exits 20A (east) and 20B (west) northbound
AlleganCasco Township50.64381.50222North Shore Drive
54.98688.49126109th Avenue – Pullman
Ganges Township58.24793.73930 A-2 – Glenn, GangesGanges signed northbound only
Ganges–Saugatuck township line62.599100.74334
 M-89 east – Fennville		Western terminus of M-89
Saugatuck Township64.788104.26636 A-2 – Douglas, Saugatuck, GangesDouglas and Saugatuck signed northbound only; Ganges signed southbound only
Laketown Township69.602112.01441 A-2 (Blue Star Highway) – Saugatuck, DouglasBlue Star Highway signed northbound only; Saugatuck and Douglas signed southbound only
73.172117.75944
 I-196 east (G.R. Ford Freeway) – Grand Rapids

 BL I-196 east – Holland		Northern end of I-196 concurrency; southern end of BL I-196 concurrency; northbound exit and southbound entrance
Holland75.185–
75.462		120.999–
121.444		47
 A-2 south (Blue Star Highway)
Washington Avenue – Holland		Former Bus. US 31; signed as exits 47A (A-2) and 47B (Washington Avenue); northern terminus of A-2
76.054122.397Northern end of freeway
76.585123.252
 M-40 south – Allegan		Northern terminus of M-40
OttawaHolland Township79.364–
79.378		127.724–
127.747		—
 BL I-196 east (Chicago Drive)		Northern end of BL I-196 concurrency; interchange
79.973128.704—Lakewood BoulevardInterchange
Grand Haven Township92.570148.977
 M-45 east (Lake Michigan Drive) – Grand Rapids		Western terminus of M-45
Ferrysburg100.215161.280104A
 M-104 east – Spring Lake		Northbound entrance via unsigned Connector 104 and exit 104B; southern end of freeway; western terminus of M-104
100.480161.707104BFerrysburgSouthbound entrance via exit 104A; connects to Third Street (unsigned Connector 104)
Ferrysburg–Spring Lake Township line101.622163.545105Van Wagoner Street
MuskegonNorton Shores104.150167.613107Pontaluna Road – Fruitport
105.661170.045109Sternberg Road – FruitportSigned as exits 109A (east) and 109B (west)
106.907–
107.021		172.050–
172.234		110
 I-96 east – Grand Rapids


 Bus. US 31 north / LMCT – Muskegon
Airline Road – Norton Shores		Northern end of LMCT concurrency; signed as exits 110A (I-96 east) both directions; 110B signed as Bus. US 31 northbound and Airline Road southbound; western terminus of I-96; I-96 exit 1; exit 110A connects to Hile Road northbound
Muskegon–Norton Shores–Fruitport Township tripoint109.230175.789112
 B-72 east (Sherman Boulevard) – Muskegon, Rockford		Western terminus of B-72
Muskegon–Muskegon Township line110.230177.398113Laketon Avenue – Muskegon
111.246179.033114 M-46 – Muskegon, Cedar Springs
Muskegon Township112.853181.619116

 Bus. US 31 south / LMCT – Muskegon		Southern end of LMCT concurrency; signed northbound as North Muskegon; northern terminus of Bus. US 31
North Muskegon115.335185.614118 M-120 – Fremont
Dalton Township117.926189.784121
 B-23 north (Russell Road) – Lakewood Club		Access to Michigan's Adventure, Owasippe Scout Reservation, and Blue Lake Fine Arts Camp; southern terminus of B-23
Fruitland–Whitehall township line122.874197.747126White Lake Drive – Lakewood Club
Whitehall Township125.423201.849128

 Bus. US 31 north / LMCT – Whitehall		Northern end of LMCT concurrency; southern terminus of Bus. US 31
Montague Township128.127206.200131

 Bus. US 31 south / LMCT – Montague


 B-86 east


 B-15 north		Southern end of LMCT concurrency; northern terminus of Bus. US 31, southern terminus of B-15, and western terminus of B-86
OceanaGrant Township133.365214.630136Winston Road – Rothbury
Grant–Shelby township line137.169220.752140
 M-20 east (Stony Lake Road) – New Era		Western terminus of M-20
Shelby Township140.841226.662144Shelby Road – Shelby
Hart146.471235.722149
 Bus. US 31 – Hart		Southern terminus of Bus. US 31
Weare Township151.616244.002154Monroe Road – PentwaterFormer Bus. US 31
Weare–Pentwater township line155.764250.678158Oceana Drive – PentwaterFormer Bus. US 31
MasonPere Marquette Township163.528263.173166

 Bus. US 31 north (Pere Marquette Highway) – Ludington		Southern terminus of Bus. US 31
Amber Township166.890268.583170
 US 10 west – Ludington		Western end of US 10 concurrency; signed as exits 170A (east) and 170B (west); northern end of freeway
171.502276.006
 US 10 east – Scottville, Reed City		Eastern end of US 10 concurrency
ManisteeManistee Township194.732313.391
 M-55 east – Cadillac		Western terminus of M-55
197.814318.351
 M-22 north / LMCT – Onekama, Frankfort		Northern end of LMCT concurrency
BenzieJoyfield Township221.557356.561
 M-115 east – Mesick		Southern end of M-115 concurrency
Benzonia223.832360.223
 M-115 west – Frankfort		Northern end of M-115 concurrency
Grand TraverseInterlochen242.625390.467South Long Lake Road – Interlochen State ParkFormer northern terminus of M-137
Chums Corners248.357399.692
 M-37 south – Grand Rapids		Southern end of M-37 concurrency
Traverse City255.295410.857

 M-22 north / M-72 west (Grandview Parkway) / LMCT – Empire, Northport		Western end of M-72 concurrency; southern end of LMCT concurrency; northern terminus of M-22
257.280414.052
 M-37 north		Northern end of M-37 concurrency
Acme262.962423.196
 M-72 east – Kalkaska, Grayling		Eastern end of M-72 concurrency
AntrimTorch Lake Township288.289463.956
 M-88 east – Mancelona		Western terminus of M-88
Banks Township293.786472.803
 C-48 east (Atwood Road) – Ellsworth		Western terminus of C-48
CharlevoixCharlevoix304.237489.622
 C-65 south (Marion Center Road) – Ellsworth		Northern terminus of C-65
304.438489.945
 M-66 south – East Jordan		Northern terminus of M-66
Charlevoix Township307.438494.774
 C-56 east (Boyne City Road)		Western terminus of C-56
EmmetPetoskey321.463517.345
 US 131 south – Kalkaska, Cadillac		Northern terminus of US 131
322.189518.513
 C-58 east (Mitchell Road, Wolverine Road)

 C-81 south		Western terminus of C-58 and northern terminus of C-81
Bear Creek Township324.849522.794
 M-119 north (Harbor–Petoskey Road) – Harbor Springs		Southern terminus of M-119
Alanson333.107536.084
 M-68 east – Indian River		Western terminus of M-68
Pellston340.523548.019
 C-64 east (Robinson Road)		Western terminus of C-64
Levering346.235–
346.485		557.211–
557.614		 C-66 (Levering Road) – Cheboygan, Cross VillageShort concurrency with C-66
CheboyganMackinaw Township354.346–
355.179		570.265–
571.605

 I-75 north / LMCT north – Mackinac Bridge		Northern terminus of US 31; northern end of LMCT concurrency; southbound exit and northbound entrance; exit 336 on I-75
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The Michigan State Highway Department was reorganized into the Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation on August 23, 1973.[19] The name was shortened to its current form in 1978.[20]
  2. ↑ BL I-196 diverged from US 31 to follow Bus. 31 through downtown on Washington, Michigan and Pine avenues plus the one-way pairing of 8th and 9th streets and Chicago Drive until 2004.[56]
  3. ↑ The final environmental impact study (FEIS) for the US 31 Holland to Grand Haven project only approved the M-231 highway as a two-lane limited access road because the additional lanes for a full freeway were judged to be unnecessary during the 20-year timespan covered by the FEIS. The study did consider alternatives that would have involved relocating US 31 to the new corridor without the intermediate M-231 stage.[93]

References

  1. 1 2 Michigan Department of Transportation (2021). Next Generation PR Finder (Map). Michigan Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 3, 2023.
  2. 1 2 McNichol, Dan (2006). The Roads that Built America. New York: Sterling. p. 74. ISBN 1-4027-3468-9. OCLC 63377558.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Michigan Department of Transportation (2023). Michigan: Official 2023 Michigan Transportation Map (PDF) (Map). c. 1:975,000. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. §§ E10–N7.
  4. 1 2 3 Springgate, Jack (November 9, 2022). "New US 31 Route Opens to Warm Receptions". 16 News Now. South Bend, Indiana: WNDU-TV. Retrieved November 10, 2022.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Google (February 2, 2023). "Overview Map of US 31 in Michigan" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved February 2, 2023.
  6. ↑ Michigan Department of Transportation (April 23, 2006). National Highway System, Michigan (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 4, 2012. Retrieved October 7, 2008.
  7. ↑ Natzke, Stefan; Neathery, Mike & Adderley, Kevin (June 26, 2013). "What is the National Highway System?". National Highway System. Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved July 1, 2013.
  8. ↑ Michigan Department of Transportation. "Fascinating Facts about the Grand Haven Bascule Bridge" (PDF). Michigan Department of Transportation. Retrieved November 13, 2013.
  9. ↑ Rand McNally (2013). "Michigan" (Map). The Road Atlas (2013 Walmart ed.). 1:1,267,200. Chicago: Rand McNally. pp. 50–51. §§ G8–T4. ISBN 0-528-00626-6. OCLC 773666955.
  10. ↑ State of Michigan. "SS City of Milwaukee (Car Ferry)". Michigan Places. State of Michigan. Retrieved November 13, 2013.
  11. ↑ Morrison, Roger L. (Autumn 1937). "The History and Development of Michigan Highways". Michigan Alumnus Quarterly Review. Vol. 39, no. 54. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Bureau of Alumni Relations. pp. 59–73. OCLC 698029175.
  12. ↑ Mason, Philip P. (1959). Michigan Highways From Indian Trails to Expressways. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Braun-Brumfield. p. 18. OCLC 23314983.
  13. ↑ Barnett, LeRoy (2004). A Drive Down Memory Lane: The Named State and Federal Highways of Michigan. Allegan Forest, Michigan: The Priscilla Press. p. 237. ISBN 1-886167-24-9. OCLC 57425393.
  14. ↑ Wilkerson, Lyn (2012). American Auto Trail: Michigan's U.S. Highway 31 (Kindle, 2nd ed.). Caddo Publications USA. loc. 44. ASIN B002AVU93U.
  15. ↑ Ayala, Michael (July 8, 2010). "Dixie Highway Monument Will Soon Be Rebuilt". The St. Ignace News. Archived from the original on March 5, 2014. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
  16. ↑ "Mileage of Dixie Highway in Michigan". Michigan Roads and Forests. Vol. 19, no. 7. June 1, 1921. p. 7. OCLC 10093020 – via Google Books.
  17. ↑ "Michigan Leads in Dixie Highway Improvement". Michigan Roads and Forests. Vol. 19, no. 18. June 8, 1922. p. 5. OCLC 10093020 – via Google Books.
  18. ↑ Michigan Legislature (1915) [enacted May 13, 1913]. "Chapter 91: State Reward Trunk Line Highways". In Shields, Edmund C.; Black, Cyrenius P. & Broomfield, Archibald (eds.). The Compiled Laws of the State of Michigan. Vol. 1. Lansing, Michigan: Wynkoop, Hallenbeck, Crawford. pp. 1868–72. OCLC 44724558 – via Google Books.
  19. ↑ Kulsea, Bill & Shawver, Tom (1980). Making Michigan Move: A History of Michigan Highways and the Michigan Department of Transportation. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. p. 27. OCLC 8169232. Retrieved January 18, 2021 – via Wikisource.
  20. ↑ Kulsea & Shawver (1980), pp. 30–31.
  21. ↑ "Michigan May Do Well Following Wisconsin's Road Marking System". The Grand Rapids Press. September 20, 1919. p. 10. OCLC 9975013.
  22. ↑ Michigan State Highway Department (July 1, 1919). State of Michigan (Map). Scale not given. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. Lower Peninsula sheet. OCLC 15607244. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
  23. ↑ Bureau of Public Roads & American Association of State Highway Officials (November 11, 1926). United States System of Highways Adopted for Uniform Marking by the American Association of State Highway Officials (Map). 1:7,000,000. Washington, DC: United States Geological Survey. OCLC 32889555. Retrieved November 7, 2013 – via Wikimedia Commons.
  24. ↑ Michigan State Highway Department (December 1, 1927). Official Highway Service Map (Map). [c. 1:810,000]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. OCLC 12701195, 79754957.
  25. ↑ Michigan State Highway Department & H.M. Gousha (January 1, 1930). Official Highway Service Map (Map). Scale not given. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. Musekgon inset. OCLC 12701195, 79754957.
  26. ↑ Michigan State Highway Department & H.M. Gousha (July 1, 1930). Official Highway Service Map (Map). Scale not given. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. Musekgon inset. OCLC 12701195, 79754957.
  27. ↑ Michigan State Highway Department & Rand McNally (June 1, 1936). Official Michigan Highway Map (Map). [c. 1:850,000]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § F9. OCLC 12701143.
  28. 1 2 Michigan State Highway Department & Rand McNally (December 15, 1936). Official Michigan Highway Map (Map) (Winter ed.). [c. 1:850,000]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. §§ F9, D10. OCLC 12701143, 317396365. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
  29. 1 2 Michigan State Highway Department & Rand McNally (May 15, 1937). Official Michigan Highway Map (Map) (Summer ed.). [c. 1:850,000]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. §§ D10, I7, L8. OCLC 12701143. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
  30. ↑ Michigan State Highway Department & Rand McNally (December 1, 1937). Official Michigan Highway Map (Map) (Winter ed.). [c. 1:850,000]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. §§ I7, L8. OCLC 12701143. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
  31. ↑ Michigan State Highway Department & Rand McNally (May 1, 1938). Official Michigan Highway Map (Map) (Spring ed.). [c. 1:850,000]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. §§ N7–N8. OCLC 12701143. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
  32. ↑ Michigan State Highway Department & Rand McNally (December 1, 1938). Official Michigan Highway Map (Map) (Winter ed.). [c. 1:850,000]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § L8. OCLC 12701143. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
  33. ↑ Michigan State Highway Department & Rand McNally (April 15, 1939). Official Michigan Highway Map (Map) (Summer ed.). [c. 1:850,000]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § D10. OCLC 12701143.
  34. ↑ Michigan State Highway Department & Rand McNally (December 1, 1939). Official Michigan Highway Map (Map) (Winter ed.). [c. 1:850,000]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § D10. OCLC 12701143. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
  35. ↑ Michigan State Highway Department & Rand McNally (April 15, 1940). Official Michigan Highway Map (Map) (Spring ed.). Scale not given. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. Muskegon inset. OCLC 12701143.
  36. ↑ Michigan State Highway Department & Rand McNally (June 1, 1942). Official Michigan Highway Map (Map) (Summer ed.). [c. 1:850,000]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § M8. OCLC 12701143.
  37. ↑ Michigan State Highway Department (October 1, 1945). Official Highway Map of Michigan (Map). [c. 1:918,720]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § M8. OCLC 554645076.
  38. ↑ Michigan State Highway Department (July 1, 1948). Official Highway Map (Map). [c. 1:918,720]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § E9. OCLC 12701120. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
  39. ↑ Michigan State Highway Department (July 1, 1949). Michigan Official Highway Map (Map). [c. 1:918,720]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § E9. OCLC 12701120.
  40. ↑ Michigan State Highway Department (April 15, 1950). Michigan Official Highway Map (Map). [c. 1:918,720]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § L8. OCLC 12701120.
  41. ↑ Michigan State Highway Department (July 1, 1951). Official Highway Map (Map). [c. 1:918,720]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § L8. OCLC 12701120. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
  42. ↑ Michigan State Highway Department (April 15, 1954). Michigan Water Wonderland: Official Highway Map (Map). [c. 1:918,720]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § L8. OCLC 12701120. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
  43. ↑ Michigan State Highway Department (October 1, 1954). Official Highway Map (Map). [c. 1:918,720]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § L8. OCLC 12701120.
  44. ↑ Kulsea & Shawver (1980), p. 22.
  45. ↑ Michigan State Highway Department (1958). Official Highway Map (Map). [c. 1:918,720]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § E10. OCLC 12701120, 51856742. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center. (Includes all changes through July 1, 1958)
  46. ↑ "Michigan to Open 35 More Miles of Freeway". The Blade. Toledo, Ohio. Associated Press. November 8, 1960. p. 19. OCLC 12962717 – via Google News.
  47. ↑ Michigan State Highway Department (1960). Official Highway Map (Map). [c. 1:918,720]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. §§ E10, N7, K8. OCLC 12701120, 81552576. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center. (Includes all changes through July 1, 1960)
  48. ↑ "Route 31 to Become Route 33". The News-Palladium. Benton Harbor, Michigan. November 5, 1960. §2, p. 17. OCLC 10117334. Retrieved July 18, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
  49. ↑ Michigan State Highway Department (1962). Official Highway Map (Map). [c. 1:918,720]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. §§ K7–L8, M7. OCLC 12701120, 173191490. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
  50. 1 2 Michigan State Highway Department (1963). Official Highway Map (Map). [c. 1:918,720]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. §§ M7–L8. OCLC 12701120. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
  51. ↑ "Would Shift Route Number: Mackie Seeks Int. 96 Designation for Grand Rapids–Muskegon Stretch". The Grand Rapids Press. May 1, 1963. p. 32. OCLC 9975013.
  52. ↑ "New Numbers Seen for Road". The Holland Evening Sentinel. United Press International. October 23, 1963. p. 4. ISSN 1050-4044. OCLC 13440201. Retrieved April 12, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
  53. ↑ Mackie, John C. (December 26, 1963). "John Mackie Lists Many Achievements During 1963". The Holland Evening Sentinel. United Press International. p. 22. ISSN 1050-4044. OCLC 13440201. Retrieved May 17, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
  54. ↑ Michigan State Highway Department (1964). Official Highway Map (Map). [c. 1:918,720]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § K8. OCLC 12701120, 81213707. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
  55. ↑ "Ford Will Miss I-196 Dedication". The News-Palladium. Benton Harbor, Michigan. Associated Press. November 30, 1974. p. 10. OCLC 10117334. Retrieved July 12, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
  56. 1 2 Ingraham, Lesa (August 5, 2004). "Council Hopes Local Control Will Improve Streets" (PDF). Holland Sentinel. Retrieved November 16, 2013 – via Michigan Highways.
  57. ↑ Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation (1974). Michigan, Great Lake State: Official Transportation Map (Map). c. 1:918,720. Lansing: Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation. § L8. OCLC 12701177, 83138602. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
  58. 1 2 Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation (1975). Michigan, Great Lake State: Official Transportation Map (Map). c. 1:918,720. Lansing: Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation. §§ J8, L8. OCLC 12701177, 320798754. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
  59. 1 2 Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation (1976). Michigan, Great Lake State: Official Transportation Map (Map) (1976–1977 ed.). c. 1:918,720. Lansing: Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation. § J8. OCLC 12701177. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
  60. ↑ Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation (1977). Michigan, Great Lake State: Official Transportation Map (Map) (1976–1977 ed.). c. 1:918,720. Lansing: Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation. § J8. OCLC 12701177.
  61. ↑ Shawver, Tom (July–August 2000). "The Inside Story: The Ford Freeway Funnies" (PDF). Michigan History. Vol. 86, no. 4. Lansing: Michigan Department of State. pp. 8–9. ISSN 0026-2196. OCLC 220951644. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 26, 2003. Retrieved July 11, 2012.
  62. ↑ Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation (1978). Michigan, Great Lake State: Official Transportation Map (Map) (1978–1979 ed.). c. 1:918,720. Lansing: Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation. § J8. OCLC 12701177.
  63. 1 2 Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation (1979). Michigan, Great Lake State: Official Transportation Map (Map) (1978–1979 ed.). c. 1:918,720. Lansing: Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation. §§ J8, N7. OCLC 12701177. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
  64. 1 2 Michigan Department of Transportation (1980). Michigan, Great Lake State: Official Transportation Map (Map) (1980–1981 ed.). c. 1:918,720. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. §§ J8, N7. OCLC 12701177, 606211521.
  65. ↑ Michigan Department of Transportation (1981). Michigan, Great Lake State: Official Transportation Map (Map) (1980–1981 ed.). c. 1:918,720. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. § J8. OCLC 12701177, 606211521. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
  66. ↑ Michigan Department of Transportation (1987). Yes Michigan: Official Transportation Map (Map). c. 1:918,720. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. § N7. OCLC 12701177. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
  67. ↑ Michigan Department of Transportation (1988). Yes Michigan: Department of Transportation Map (Map). c. 1:918,720. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. § N7. OCLC 42778335. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
  68. ↑ Michigan Department of Transportation (1989). Celebrate the Great Lakes, Yes Michigan: Michigan Department of Transportation Map (Map). c. 1:918,720. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. § I8. OCLC 42778335. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
  69. 1 2 Michigan Department of Transportation (1990). Celebrate the Great Lakes, Yes Michigan: Michigan Department of Transportation Map (Map). c. 1:918,720. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. § I8. OCLC 42778335. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
  70. 1 2 Michigan Department of Transportation (1991). Celebrate the Great Lakes, Yes Michigan: Michigan Department of Transportation Map (Map). c. 1:918,720. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. § I8. OCLC 42778335. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
  71. ↑ Michigan Department of Transportation (1992). Celebrate the Great Lakes, Yes Michigan: Michigan Department of Transportation Map (Map). c. 1:918,720. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. § I8. OCLC 42778335, 318947496. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
  72. 1 2 "Michigan Butterfly Snarls US 31 Traffic". Science Notebook. Milwaukee Journal. March 14, 1993. p. J2. ISSN 1052-4452. OCLC 298956108 – via Google News.
  73. ↑ Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023). "What Was the U.S. GDP Then?". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved November 30, 2023. United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the Measuring Worth series.
  74. 1 2 Aiken, Scott (August 24, 2003). "Better Late than Never: US 31 Freeway Finally Reaches Twin Cities". The Herald-Palladium. St. Joseph, Michigan. pp. 1A, 6A. OCLC 34793533. Retrieved July 13, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
  75. ↑ Martin, Julie A. (August 27, 2003). "US 31 in Berrien County Opens Today!" (Press release). Michigan Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on December 25, 2011. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
  76. ↑ Michigan Department of Transportation (2005). Michigan, One Hundred Years of Michigan Transportation: Official Department of Transportation Map (Map). c. 1:975,000. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. § L8. OCLC 42778335, 71041619.
  77. ↑ Thayer, Kelly & Smith, Ken (August 24, 2001). "Citizens Defeat the Traverse City Bypass: Institute and Partners Plan August 25 Celebration on VASA Trail" (Press release). Michigan Land Use Institute. Retrieved April 2, 2016.
  78. 1 2 Project Planning Division (April 2004). "Section 1.0 Summary of the 1981 Final Environmental Impact Statement for the US  31 Freeway in Berrien County" (PDF). Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement to the 1981 Final Environmental Impact Statement, Proposed US 31 Freeway Connection to I-94. Michigan Department of Transportation. p. 1‑1. Retrieved December 8, 2013.
  79. 1 2 3 Aiken, Scott (October 20, 2013). "When, Oh When, Will 31 Be Done? MDOT Says Linking the Freeway to I-94 East of Benton Harbor Is Years Away". The Herald-Palladium. Benton Harbor, Michigan. Archived from the original on October 24, 2013. Retrieved November 13, 2013.
  80. 1 2 Greenberg, Joel (2004). A Natural History of the Chicago Region. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 302–3. ISBN 978-0-226-30649-0. OCLC 48803715 – via Google Books.
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  82. ↑ "Bridge OK Could Save a Butterfly". Chicago Tribune. Knight-Ridder. April 24, 1994. Archived from the original on December 13, 2013. Retrieved December 8, 2013.
  83. ↑ Project Planning Division (April 2004). "Section 3.0 Alternatives Considered" (PDF). Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement to the 1981 Final Environmental Impact Statement, Proposed US 31 Freeway Connection to I-94 (Report). Michigan Department of Transportation. Figure 3.1, p. 3‑3. Retrieved December 8, 2013.
  84. ↑ Project Planning Division (April 2004). "Executive Summary" (PDF). Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement to the 1981 Final Environmental Impact Statement, Proposed US 31 Freeway Connection to I-94. Michigan Department of Transportation. p. iii. Retrieved December 8, 2013.
  85. ↑ Haroldson, Tom (September 4, 2013). "MDOT Officials Concerned Funding Issues Can Delay, Kill Needed Projects". Kalamazoo Gazette. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved September 5, 2013.
  86. ↑ Lersten, Andrew (September 5, 2013). "Don't Hold Your Breath". The Herald-Palladium. St. Joseph, Michigan. Archived from the original on April 2, 2014. Retrieved September 5, 2013.
  87. ↑ Matuzak, John (July 6, 2016). "Back from the Dead". The Herald-Palladium. St. Joseph, Michigan. Retrieved July 6, 2016.
  88. ↑ Swiercz, Greg (December 6, 2018). "Funding Secured to Complete US 31 Connection to I-94 in Berrien County". South Bend Tribune. Retrieved December 7, 2018.
  89. 1 2 Swidwa, Julie (November 5, 2022). "Final Leg of US 31 Freeway in Berrien County to Open Next Week". The Herald Palladium. St. Joseph, Michigan. Retrieved November 9, 2022.
  90. ↑ Westaby, Robb (September 28, 2020). "After Nearly 20 Years, US 31 Freeway Will Get Connected to I-94". Grand Rapids, Michigan: WXMI-TV. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
  91. 1 2 Council, Elizabeth (November 9, 2006). "MDOT Unveils Early Plans for M-231, the New US 31 Bypass". Grand Haven Tribune. Archived from the original on February 5, 2007. Retrieved November 27, 2006.
  92. ↑ Reimink, Troy (September 19, 2012). "Long-Awaited Bridge Work Begins yet this Year on M-231 near Grand Haven". The Grand Rapids Press. OCLC 9975013. Archived from the original on October 17, 2011. Retrieved July 19, 2012.
  93. ↑ Project Planning Division (2010). US 31 Holland to Grand Haven Final Environmental Impact Study (PDF). Michigan Department of Transportation. pp. 1‑12–1‑13. Retrieved December 8, 2013.
  94. ↑ Richard, John (January 4, 2013). "Work Progresses on the New M-231 Route in Ottawa County" (Press release). Michigan Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on January 16, 2013. Retrieved January 11, 2013.
  95. ↑ Grand Region (2006). "2007–2011 Five-Year Transportation Program: Expanding the System" (PDF). Michigan Department of Transportation. pp. 124–5. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 3, 2006. Retrieved November 27, 2006.
  96. ↑ Brenzing, Bob & Cunningham, Darren (October 30, 2015). "M-231 Is Now Open for Traffic". Grand Rapids, Michigan: WXMI-TV. Archived from the original on February 8, 2017. Retrieved March 24, 2018.
  97. ↑ Barnett (2004), pp. 31–2.
  98. ↑ Barnett (2004), pp. 32–3.
  99. ↑ Barnett (2004), p. 96.
  100. ↑ Davis, R. Matt (May 1, 1986). "Signs to Mark Lake Circle Tour". The Daily Mining Gazette. Houghton, Michigan. p. 16. OCLC 9940134.
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  102. ↑ Kloosterman, Stephen (December 8, 2011). "Get Your Kicks ... on the West Michigan Pike". Holland Sentinel. Archived from the original on May 26, 2014. Retrieved April 13, 2014.
  103. 1 2 "Will Old US 31 Become a Michigan Heritage Route?". The Muskegon Chronicle. Chronicle News Service. March 31, 2008. Archived from the original on April 15, 2014. Retrieved April 13, 2014.
  104. ↑ Witt, Jeremy (July 22, 2016). "State's Newest Michigan Byway to be Designated on Monday". West Michigan Tourist Association. Retrieved July 23, 2016.
  105. ↑ Michigan Department of Transportation. "Historic Bridges". Michigan's Historic Bridges. Michigan Department of Transportation. Retrieved September 6, 2012.
  106. ↑ Michigan Department of Transportation. "US 31–Island Lake Outlet". Michigan's Historic Bridges. Michigan Department of Transportation. Retrieved September 6, 2012.
  107. ↑ Hyde, Charles K. (1993). Historic Highway Bridges of Michigan. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. p. 133. ISBN 0-8143-2448-7. OCLC 27011079. Retrieved September 7, 2019 – via Archive.org.
  108. ↑ Hyde (1993), p. 101.
  109. ↑ Michigan Department of Transportation. "US 31–Pentwater River". Michigan's Historic Bridges. Michigan Department of Transportation. Retrieved September 6, 2012.
  110. ↑ Michigan State Housing Development Authority. "US 31 (Old)–Pentwater River Bridge". Historic Sites Online. Michigan State Housing Development Authority. Archived from the original on December 24, 2012. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
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