1890–91 United States Senate elections

Dates vary by state
29 of the 88 seats in the United States Senate (as well as special elections) 45 seats needed for a majority
Majority party Minority party   Leader George F. Edmunds[lower-alpha 1] (retired) Arthur Pue Gorman[lower-alpha 2] Party Republican Democratic Leader since March 4, 1885 March 4, 1889 Leader's seat Vermont Maryland Seats before 38 37 Seats won 12 14 Seats after 47 39 Seat change 9 2 Seats up 16 12   Third party Fourth party   Party Populist Independent Seats before 0 0 Seats won 1 1 Seats after 1 1 Seat change 1 1 Seats up 0 0
Results of the elections:      Democratic gain      Democratic hold      Republican gain      Republican hold      Populist gain      Independent gain      Legislature failed to elect
Majority Party before election Republican Elected Majority Party Republican

The 1890–91 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states. As these U.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1890 and 1891, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to legislative deadlock.^[1] In these elections, terms were up for the senators in Class 3.

The Republican Party lost four seats, though still retaining a slim majority. That majority was increased, however, upon the admission of two more states with Republican senators.

Results summary

Senate party division, 52nd Congress (1891–1893)

• Majority party: Republican (47)
• Minority party: Democratic (39)
• Other parties: Populist (2)
• Total seats: 88

Change in Senate composition

Race summaries

Elections during the 51st Congress

In these elections, the winners were seated during 1890 or in 1891 before March 4; ordered by election date.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
	Senator	Party	Electoral history
Montana (Class 1)	New state			Montana admitted to the Union November 8, 1889. First senator elected January 1, 1890.[2] His election was challenged based on the legitimacy of the nascent state legislature. The Senate resolved the dispute in his favor April 16, 1890, and he was seated that day.[3] Republican gain.	▌Y Wilbur F. Sanders (Republican) ▌William A. Clark (Democratic)
Montana (Class 2)				Montana admitted to the Union November 8, 1889. Second senator elected January 2, 1890.[2] His election was challenged based on the legitimacy of the nascent state legislature. The Senate resolved the dispute in his favor April 16, 1890, and he was seated that day.[3] Republican gain.	▌Y Thomas C. Power (Republican) ▌Martin Maginnis (Democratic)
Kentucky (Class 2)	James B. Beck	Democratic	1876 1882 1888	Incumbent died May 3, 1890. Winner elected May 26, 1890. Democratic hold.	▌Y John G. Carlisle (Democratic) [data missing]
Wyoming (Class 2)	New state			Wyoming admitted to the Union July 10, 1890. First senator elected November 15, 1890. Republican gain.	▌Y Joseph M. Carey (Republican) 39 votes[4] ▌ George W. Baxter (Democratic) 7 votes[4]
Wyoming (Class 1)				Wyoming admitted to the Union July 10, 1890. First senator elected November 18, 1890. Republican gain.	▌Y Francis E. Warren (Republican) 29 votes[4] ▌ Henry A. Coffeen (Democratic) 9 votes[4] ▌ M. C. Brown 7 votes[4] ▌ John McCormick 3 votes[4] ▌ H. R. Mann 1 vote[4]
Idaho (Class 2)	New state			Idaho admitted to the Union July 3, 1890. First senator elected December 18, 1890. Republican gain.	▌Y George L. Shoup (Republican) [data missing]
Idaho (Class 3)				Idaho admitted to the Union July 3, 1890. First senator elected December 18, 1890. Republican gain.	▌Y William J. McConnell (Republican) [data missing]

Races leading to the 52nd Congress

In these regular elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1891; ordered by state.

All of the elections involved the Class 3 seats.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
	Senator	Party	Electoral history
Alabama	James L. Pugh	Democratic	1880 (special) 1884	Incumbent re-elected in 1890.	▌Y James L. Pugh (Democratic) [data missing]
Arkansas	James K. Jones	Democratic	1885	Incumbent re-elected in 1891.	▌Y James K. Jones (Democratic) [data missing]
California	Leland Stanford	Republican	1885	Incumbent re-elected in 1891.	▌Y Leland Stanford (Republican) [data missing]
Colorado	Henry M. Teller	Republican	1885	Incumbent re-elected in 1891.	▌Y Henry M. Teller (Republican) [data missing]
Connecticut	Orville H. Platt	Republican	1879 1885	Incumbent re-elected in 1891.	▌Y Orville H. Platt (Republican) [data missing]
Florida	Wilkinson Call	Democratic	1879 1885	Legislature failed to elect. Democratic loss.	None.
Georgia	Joseph E. Brown	Democratic	1880 (special) 1885	Incumbent retired due to illness. Winner elected on an unknown date. Democratic hold.	▌Y John B. Gordon (Democratic) [data missing]
Idaho	William J. McConnell	Republican	1890	McConnell was elected only to finish the term, see above, and thereafter retired. Winner elected December 18, 1890. Republican hold.	▌Y Fred Dubois (Republican) [data missing]
Illinois	Charles B. Farwell	Republican	1887	Incumbent not renominated by the Republican caucus.[5] Winner elected on March 11, 1891, after 154 ballots.[6] Democratic gain.	▌Y John M. Palmer 102 votes (Democratic)[6] ▌ Cicero Lindly (Republican) 100 votes[6] ▌Alson Streeter (Farmers' Alliance) 1 vote[6]
Indiana	Daniel W. Voorhees	Democratic	1877 (Appointed) 1879 (special) 1885	Incumbent re-elected in 1891.	▌Y Daniel W. Voorhees (Democratic) [data missing]
Iowa	William B. Allison	Republican	1872 1878 1884	Incumbent re-elected March 5, 1890.[7]	▌Y William B. Allison (Republican) 79 votes ▌Samuel L. Bestow (Democratic) 63 votes[8] ▌William Larrabee (Republican) 8 votes[7]
Kansas	John Ingalls	Republican	1873 1879 1885	Incumbent lost re-election. Winner elected in 1891. Populist gain.	▌ Y William A. Peffer (Populist) ▌John Ingalls (Republican) [data missing]
Kentucky	Joseph C. S. Blackburn	Democratic	1884	Incumbent re-elected in 1890.	▌Y Joseph C. S. Blackburn (Democratic) [data missing]
Louisiana	James B. Eustis	Democratic	1890 or 1891	Incumbent lost re-election. Winner elected in 1891. Democratic hold.	▌Y Edward Douglass White (Democratic) [data missing]
Maryland	Ephraim Wilson	Democratic	1884	Incumbent re-elected in 1890, but died February 24, 1891, before the beginning of the next term. Seat remained vacant until November 19, 1891. Democratic loss.	▌Y Ephraim Wilson (Democratic) [data missing]
Missouri	George G. Vest	Democratic	1879 1885	Incumbent re-elected in 1891.	▌Y George G. Vest (Democratic) [data missing]
Nevada	John P. Jones	Republican	1879 1885	Incumbent re-elected in 1891.	▌Y John P. Jones (Republican) [data missing]
New Hampshire	Henry W. Blair	Republican	1879 1885 (Appointed) 1885 (special)	Incumbent lost renomination. Winner elected in 1891. Republican hold.	▌Y Jacob Gallinger (Republican) [data missing]
New York	William M. Evarts	Republican	1885	Incumbent lost re-election. Winner elected January 21, 1891. Democratic gain.	Y David B. Hill (Democratic) 81 votes ▌William M. Evarts (Republican) 79 votes
North Carolina	Zebulon B. Vance	Democratic	1879 1884	Incumbent re-elected in 1890.	▌Y Zebulon B. Vance (Democratic)
North Dakota	Gilbert A. Pierce	Republican	1889	Incumbent lost re-election. Winner elected in 1891. Republican hold.	▌Y Henry C. Hansbrough (Republican) ▌Gilbert A. Pierce (Republican) [data missing]
Ohio	Henry B. Payne	Democratic	1884	Incumbent retired. Winner elected January 15, 1890[9] Democratic hold.	▌Y Calvin S. Brice (Democratic) [data missing]
Oregon	John H. Mitchell	Republican	1885	Incumbent re-elected in 1890.	▌Y John H. Mitchell (Republican) [data missing]
Pennsylvania	J. Donald Cameron	Republican	1877 (special) 1879 1885	Incumbent re-elected January 20, 1891.	▌Y J. Donald Cameron (Republican) 144 votes ▌Chauncey F. Black (Democratic) 94 votes Others 12 votes, see below
South Carolina	Wade Hampton III	Democratic	1884	Incumbent lost re-election. re-elected in 1890. Democratic hold.	▌Y John L. M. Irby (Democratic) ▌Wade Hampton III (Democratic) [data missing]
South Dakota	Gideon C. Moody	Republican	1889	Incumbent lost re-election. Winner elected February 16, 1891.[10] Independent gain. Winner later became a Populist.	▌Y James H. Kyle (Independent) 75 votes ▌Bartlett Tripp (Democratic) 8 votes ▌Norman B. Campbell (Unknown) 1 vote[10][11]
Vermont	Justin S. Morrill	Republican	1866 1872 1878 1884	Incumbent re-elected in 1890.	▌Y Justin S. Morrill (Republican) [data missing]
Washington	Watson C. Squire	Republican	1889	Incumbent re-elected in 1891.	▌Y Watson C. Squire (Republican) [data missing]
Wisconsin	John C. Spooner	Republican	1885	Incumbent lost re-election. Winner elected January 28, 1891. Democratic gain.	▌Y William F. Vilas (Democratic) 61.7% ▌John C. Spooner (Republican) 33.8% Null vote 4.5%

Idaho

Senator George Shoup
(class 2)

Idaho class 3 senator

William J. McConnell
(December 18, 1890 – March 3, 1891)

Fred Dubois
(March 4, 1891 – March 3, 1897)

In July 1890, Idaho became a state. In November, Fred Dubois helped engineer a plan for the Idaho Legislature to effectively elect three people to the U.S. Senate: Governor George Shoup to the class 2 seat up for election in 1894, state constitutional convention member William J. McConnell to serve for the remainder of the Fifty-first United States Congress, ending in March 1891, and Dubois himself to succeed McConnell and serve a full six-year term in the class 3 seat beginning in March 1891.

Maryland

1890 United States Senate election in Maryland

January 1890
80 members of the Maryland General Assembly
Candidate Ephraim King Wilson II Party Democratic Legislative vote - Percentage -%  %

Ephraim King Wilson II was re-elected by an unknown margin of votes, for the Class 3 seat.^[14]

New York

Senator David B. Hill

The New York election was held January 20 and 21, 1891, by the New York State Legislature.

Republican William M. Evarts had been elected to this seat in 1885, and his term would expire on March 3, 1891.

At the State election in November 1889, 19 Republicans and 13 Democrats were elected for a two-year term (1890-1891) in the State Senate. At the State election in November 1890, 68 Democrats and 60 Republicans were elected for the session of 1891 to the Assembly. The 114th New York State Legislature met from January 6 to April 30, 1891, at Albany, New York.

The Democratic caucus met on January 19, 74 State legislators attended, and State Senator John C. Jacobs presided. Governor David B. Hill was nominated by acclamation.

The Republican caucus met immediately after the Democratic caucus ended, Assemblyman James W. Husted presided. They re-nominated the incumbent U.S. Senator William M. Evarts unanimously.

On January 20, both Houses of the State legislature took ballots separately. The incumbent U.S. Senator Evarts was the choice of the State Senate, Governor Hill the choice of the Assembly. On January 21, both Houses met in joint session, and comparing nominations, found that they disagreed and proceeded to a joint ballot. Governor Hill was elected by a majority of 2, every member of the Legislature being present.

House	Democratic		Republican
State Senate (32 members)	David B. Hill	13	Y William M. Evarts	19
State Assembly (128 members)	Y David B. Hill	65	William M. Evarts	58
Joint ballot (160 members)	Y David B. Hill	81	William M. Evarts	79

The seat became vacant on March 4, 1891. David B. Hill remained in office as Governor of New York until December 31, 1891, and took his seat only on January 7, 1892, missing actually only one month of session. There were no special sessions during the 52nd United States Congress and the regular session began only on December 7, 1891. Hill served a single term, and remained in the U.S. Senate until March 3, 1897. In January 1897, Hill was defeated for re-election by Republican Thomas C. Platt who had been a U.S. Senator briefly in 1881.

Pennsylvania

Senator J. Donald Cameron

The Pennsylvania election was held on January 20, 1891. J. Donald Cameron was re-elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.^[15]

The Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, convened on January 20, 1891. Incumbent Republican J. Donald Cameron, who was elected in an 1877 special election and re-elected in 1879 and 1885, was a successful candidate for re-election to another term. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:

See also

• 1890 United States elections
  • 1890 United States House of Representatives elections
• 51st United States Congress
• 52nd United States Congress

Notes

References

Further reading

• Byrd, Robert C. (October 1, 1993). Wolff, Wendy (ed.). The Senate, 1789-1989: Historical Statistics, 1789-1992. United States Senate Historical Office (volume 4 Bicentennial ed.). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. ISBN 9780160632563.
• Clark, Dan Elbert (1913). History of Senatorial Elections in Iowa. Iowa City, Iowa.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Cox, Harold (January 31, 2007). "Pennsylvania Election Statistics: 1682-2006". The Wilkes University Election Statistics Project. Wilkes University.
• Taft, George S.; Furber, George P.; Buck, George M.; Webb, Charles A.; Pierce, Herbert R. (1913). Compilation of Senate Election Cases from 1789 to 1913. U.S. Senate Committee on Privileges and Elections. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
• Taylor, William Alexander; Taylor, Aubrey Clarence (1899). Ohio statesmen and annals of progress: from the year 1788 to the year 1900. State of Ohio.
• Members of the 52nd United States Congress
• "EXIT DAVID BENNETT HILL" (PDF). The New York Times. January 20, 1891., The headline expresses the erroneous belief that Hill, after his election, would resign the governorship and go to Washington, D.C.
• "HILL'S FRIENDS NERVOUS" (PDF). The New York Times. January 21, 1891.
• "HILL'S MAJORITY OF TWO" (PDF). The New York Times. January 22, 1891.
• "Party Division in the Senate, 1789-Present". via Senate.gov.