The United States first took part in Greco-Roman wrestling competition at the Olympics in 1912. The United States first appearance at the World Championships in Greco-Roman was in 1961. Greco-Roman wrestling was held at the first modern Olympics in 1896 and the first World Championships in Greco-Roman was in 1904.

Olympics and World Championships[lower-alpha 1]

1896

YearTeam Unlimited Weight
1896DNC Did not compete  

1904

YearTeam75 kgUnlimited Weight
 1904DNCDid not compete  Did not compete  

1905

YearTeam68 kg80 kgUnlimited Weight
 1905DNCDid not competeDid not compete  Did not compete

1906–1907

YearTeam75 kg85 kgUnlimited Weight
1906DNCDid not competeDid not competeDid not compete
1907DNCDid not competeDid not competeDid not compete

1908–1909

YearTeam66 kg73 kg93 kgUnlimited Weight
1908DNCDid not competeDid not competeDid not competeDid not compete
YearTeam75 kgUnlimited Weight
1908DNCDid not competeDid not compete
1909DNCDid not competeDid not compete

1910

YearTeam60 kg70 kg85 kgUnlimited Weight
 1910DNCDid not competeDid not competeDid not competeDid not compete

1911

YearTeam60 kg67 kg73 kg83 kgUnlimited Weight
 1911DNCDid not competeDid not competeDid not competeDid not competeDid not compete

1912

YearTeam 60 kg67.5 kg75 kg82.5 kgUnlimited Weight
1912 DNPLysohn, William (DNP) No CompetitorNo Competitor No Competitor No Competitor
Retzer, George (DNP) 

1913

YearTeam67.5 kg75 kg82.5 kgUnlimited Weight
 1913DNCDid not competeDid not competeDid not competeDid not compete

1920

YearTeam 60 kg67.5 kg75 kg82.5 kgUnlimited Weight
1920DNP Brian, Adrian (DNP)Metropoulos, George (DNP)  Szymanski, Henry (DNP)  Maichle, Frank (DNP)Weyand, Alexander (4th)
Gallery, Daniel (DNP)Swigart, Oral (DNP)Zanoline, Paul (DNP)Pendleton, Nat (DNP)Willkie, Edward (5th)
YearTeam 60 kg67.5 kg75 kg82.5 kgUnlimited Weight
 1920DNCDid not competeDid not competeDid not competeDid not competeDid not compete

1921–1928

YearTeam 58 kg62 kg67.5 kg75 kg82.5 kgUnlimited Weight
1921DNCDid not competeDid not competeDid not competeDid not compete  Did not competeDid not compete
1922DNCDid not competeDid not competeDid not competeDid not compete  Did not competeDid not compete
1924DNCDid not competeDid not competeDid not competeDid not compete  Did not competeDid not compete
1928DNCDid not competeDid not competeDid not competeDid not compete  Did not competeDid not compete

1932–1936

YearTeam 56 kg61 kg66 kg72 kg79 kg87 kgUnlimited Weight
1932DNCDid not competeDid not competeDid not competeDid not compete  Did not competeDid not competeDid not compete
1936DNCDid not competeDid not competeDid not competeDid not compete  Did not competeDid not competeDid not compete

1948–1968

YearTeam 52 kg57 kg62 kg (−1961), 63 kg (1962–1968)67 kg (−1961), 70 kg (1962–1968)73 kg (−1961), 78 kg (1962–1968)79 kg (−1961), 87 kg (1962–1968)87 kg (−1961), 97 kg (1962–1968)Unlimited Weight
1948DNCDid not competeDid not competeDid not competeDid not compete  Did not competeDid not compete  Did not competeDid not compete
 1949N/ANo Championships Held
1950DNCDid not competeDid not competeDid not competeDid not compete  Did not competeDid not compete  Did not competeDid not compete
 1951N/ANo Championships Held
1952DNCDid not competeDid not competeDid not competeDid not compete  Did not competeDid not compete  Did not competeDid not compete
1953DNCDid not competeDid not competeDid not competeDid not compete  Did not competeDid not compete  Did not competeDid not compete
 1954N/ANo Championships Held
1955DNCDid not competeDid not competeDid not competeDid not compete  Did not competeDid not compete  Did not competeDid not compete
195612thWilson, Richard (DNP)  Townley, Kent (DNP)  Rice, Alan (DNP)Evans, Jay (DNP) Holt, James (5th)  Peckham, James (7th) Thomas, Dale (5th)Lewis, Dale (DNP)
 1957N/ANo Championships Held
1958DNCDid not competeDid not competeDid not competeDid not compete  Did not competeDid not compete  Did not competeDid not compete
 1959N/ANo Championships Held
1960DNP Wilson, Richard (DNP) Lauchle, Larry (DNP) Allen, Lee (8th) Northrup, Ben (DNP) Fivian, Fritz (DNP)Camilleri, Russell (8th)George, Howard (DNP)Lewis, Dale (DNP)
196110th Wilson, Richard (5th)Gomes, Joseph (DNP)Finley, Ron (DNP)Northrup, Ben (4th)Weick, Bill (DNP)Camilleri, Russell (DNP) Brand, Daniel (5th)    Lovell, Patrick (6th)
196210th  Wilson, Richard (DNP)Molino, Carmen (DNP) Grubbs, Lee (DNP)Burke, James (3rd) Williams, Rudy (5th) Camilleri, Russell (DNP) Lovell, Patrick (6th) Wilson, Hallow (5th)
196312thFitch, Andrew (DNP) Molino, Carmen (DNP)  Douglas, Bobby (DNP)Northrup, Ben (DNP) Fitzgerald, Dennis (DNP)  Baughman, Wayne (DNP) Ferguson, James (DNP)Raschke, James (3rd)
196412th  Wilson, Richard (4th)   Fitch, Andrew (DNP) Finley, Ron (4th) Burke, James (DNP)Camilleri, Russell (7th)Baughman, Wayne (7th) Lovell, Patrick (DNP) Pickens, Robert (6th)
1965DNP Sanders, Rick (DNP)No Competitor    Douglas, Bobby (DNP)  Burke, James (DNP)   Camilleri, Russell (DNP)  Baughman, Wayne (DNP) Conine, Gerald (DNP)Kristoff, Larry (DNP)
196615th Hazewinkel, James (6th) Coffee, Charles (DNP) Finley, Ron (6th)  Northrup, Ben (DNP)Camilleri, Russell (DNP)Baughman, Wayne (DNP)Conine, Gerald (DNP)Raschke, James (DNP)
1967 DNP Hazewinkel, David (DNP) Hazewinkel, James (DNP)  Coffee, Charles (DNP) No Competitor  Williams, Rudy (DNP)No Competitor Stensland, Garry (DNP)No Competitor
196814th Tamble, Richard (DNP)  Hazewinkel, David (DNP) Hazewinkel, James (7th) Holzer, Werner (6th) Lyden, Larry (DNP) Baughman, Wayne (5th) Schenk, Henk (DNP)Roop, Robert (DNP)

1969–1996

YearTeam48 kg52 kg57 kg62 kg68 kg74 kg82 kg90 kg100 kg100+ kg (−1984), 130 kg (1985–1996)
196910thNo CompetitorChavez, Art (DNP)Hazewinkel, David (3rd) Hazewinkel, James (4th)Buzzard,Robert (DNP)Lyden, Larry (5th) Wells, Phil (DNP) Deadrich, Buck (6th)No CompetitorNo Competitor
1970 9th Kestel, Dave (DNP)  Davids, William (DNP)Hazewinkel, David (2nd)Hazewinkel, James (DNP) Ali, Abdul Raheem (DNP)   Mihal, Richard (DNP) Robinson, J (4th)  Baughman, Wayne (DNP) Williams, Willie (6th)Taylor, Chris (4th)
197114th Holmes, Wayne (DNP) Kestel, Dave (DNP)  Hazewinkel, David (DNP)Hazewinkel, James (DNP)Alexander, Gary (DNP) Neist, Gary (DNP)Robinson, J (5th) Baughman, Wayne (DNP)  Williams, Willie (DNP)No Competitor
1972DNPHolmes, Wayne (DNP)  Steiger, James (DNP)    Hazewinkel, David (DNP)Hazewinkel, James (DNP)   Buzzard,Robert (DNP)  Neist, Gary (DNP)  Robinson, J (DNP)Baughman, Wayne (DNP) Deadrich, Buck (DNP) Taylor, Chris (DNP)
1973DNP  Kancsar, Karoly (DNP) Thompson, Bruce (DNP) Sade, Joseph (DNP)Alexander, Gary (DNP)Frey, Phil (DNP)  Ali, Abdul Raheem (DNP) Gallego, Mike (DNP)  Williams, Willie (DNP)Duschen, James (DNP) McCrady, Mark (DNP)
197412th  Kancsar, Karoly (6th) Thompson, Bruce (DNP)  Gust, Brian (DNP)Lamphere, Reid (DNP)Marcy, Patrick (DNP) Ali, Abdul Raheem (DNP)Nigos, Joseph (DNP)  Williams, Willie (6th)Galler, Bill (DNP)No Competitor
197514th Kancsar, Karoly (5th) Thompson, Bruce (DNP)  Mello, Dan (DNP)Alexander, Gary (DNP) Marcy, Patrick (DNP)Ali, Abdul Raheem (DNP) Chandler, Dan (DNP)   Williams, Willie (DNP)Rheingans, Brad (DNP) Van Worth, William (6th)
197613th Farina, Michael (8th) Thompson, Bruce (DNP)  Sade, Joseph (DNP)Alexander, Gary (DNP) Marcy, Patrick (DNP)Matthews, John (DNP) Chandler, Dan (DNP)  Johnson, Evan (DNP)Rheingans, Brad (4th)Lee, Pete (5th)
1977  13th Howard, James (DNP) Flemming, Michael (DNP)Gust, Brian (DNP)Lamphere, Reid (DNP) Marcy, Patrick (DNP)Matthews, John (DNP) Chandler, Dan (6th) Hull, Mitch (DNP) Simons, Jeff (4th)Lee, Pete (6th)
1978  10thLeiva, Wilfredo (DNP)  Flemming, Michael (DNP)  Mello, Dan (DNP)Kuzu, Abdurrahim (DNP) Minkel, Tom (DNP) Matthews, John (4th) Chandler, Dan (6th)  Simons, Jeff (DNP)  Rheingans, Brad (6th) Schoene, Craig (DNP)
1979  7th Williams, Greg (5th) Thompson, Bruce (DNP)  Mello, Dan (DNP)Kuzu, Abdurrahim (2nd)Pelci, Gary (DNP)Matthews, John (DNP) Chandler, Dan (5th)  Fraser, Steve (DNP) Rheingans, Brad (3rd)Walker, Bob (3rd)
1980DNCFuller, Mark (DNC)Thompson, Bruce (DNC)Gust, Brian (DNC)Mello, Dan (DNC)Minkel, Tom (DNC)Matthews, John (DNC) Chandler, Dan (DNC)Johnson, Mark (DNC) Rheingans, Brad (DNC)Blatnick Jeff (DNC)
1981  14thFuller, Mark (DNP) Leiva, Wilfredo (DNP) Mello, Dan (DNP)Kuzu, Abdurrahim (6th)Bliss, Scott (DNP) Andre, Jim (DNP) Chandler, Dan (DNP)Houck, Michael (DNP)  Gibson, Greg (4th)  Carlisle, Ron (DNP)
198213th Jones, TJ (DNP) Dorrance, Lew (DNP) Hermann, Rob (DNP) Kuzu, Abdurrahim (DNP)Selmon, John (DNP)Matthews, John (DNP) Press, Tom (DNP) Fraser, Steve (DNP)  Gibson, Greg (DNP)Lee, Pete (6th)
1983  18thFuller, Mark (7th) Clark, Jeff (DNP)Hermann, Rob (DNP) Kuzu, Abdurrahim (DNP)Martinez, Jim (DNP)Andre, Jim (DNP)Chandler, Dan (DNP)Houck, Michael (DNP)Koslowski, Dennis (6th)Lee, Pete (DNP)
19841stFuller, Mark (DNP) Govig, Bert (DNP)Famiano, Frank (5th)Kuzu, Abdurrahim (4th) Martinez, Jim (3rd)    Catalfo, Chris (DNP)   Chandler, Dan (DNP)Fraser, Steve (1st) Gibson, Greg (2nd)Blatnick Jeff (1st)
1985  5th Jones, TJ (5th)Fuller, Mark (DNP)Hermann, Rob (DNP)Wasmund, Dalen (10th)Martinez, Jim (3rd)Oliver, Dale (DNP) Catalfo, Chris (6th)Houck, Michael (1st)  Gibson, Greg (DNP) Koslowski, Dennis (6th)
1986   15thWetzel, Eric (6th)Sheldon, Shawn (DNP)Amado, Anthony (9th) Famiano, Frank (DNP)Martinez, Jim (DNP)   Butler, David (DNP)Gholar, Darrell (6th)Waldroup, Derrick (DNP) Koslowski, Dennis (7th)Koslowski, Duane (4th)
1987  9thDorrance, Lew (10th)  Sheldon, Shawn (15th)Amado, Anthony (4th)Wasmund, Dalen (8th) Martinez, Jim (10th)  Butler, David (DNP)  Catalfo, Chris (9th)    Waldroup, Derrick (11th)Koslowski, Dennis (2nd) Koslowski, Duane (5th)
198812thFuller, Mark (DNP) Sheldon, Shawn (DNP) Amado, Anthony (DNP) Anderson, Ike (6th)   Seras, Andy (DNP)   Butler, David (DNP)   Morgan, John (7th) Foy, Michial (DNP)Koslowski, Dennis (3rd)Koslowski, Dennis (8th)
1989   7thDorrance, Lew (4th)  Fuller, Mark (9th)  Parseghian, Gogi (DNP)  Lee, Buddy (10th)  Seras, Andy (9th)    Butler, David (7th) Morgan, John (5th)Foy, Michial (2nd)Johnson, James (DNP)Pittman, Craig (DNP)
1990  16th  Wetzel, Eric (DNP) Sheldon, Shawn (5th)Hall, Dennis (DNP)  Lee, Buddy (4th) Seras, Andy (6th) Morgan, Gordy (DNP) Morgan, John (6th)  Foy, Michial (DNP)Tironi, Chris (6th) Ghaffari, Matt (6th)
1991  6thFuller, Mark (9th)Sheldon, Shawn (2nd) Famiano, Frank (DNP) Anderson, Ike (DNP)  Seras, Andy (6th)  Butler, David (DNP)   Morgan, John (7th) Couture, Randy (DNP) Koslowski, Dennis (7th) Ghaffari, Matt (2nd)
199210th  Fuller, Mark (11th)    Sheldon, Shawn (4th) Hall, Dennis (8th) Lee, Buddy (6th) Smith, Rodney (3rd)West, Travis (11th)  Henderson, Dan (10th)  Foy, Mike (6th)Koslowski, Dennis (2nd) Ghaffari, Matt (11th)
1993  21stWetzel, Eric (DNP)Sheldon, Shawn (8th)Hall, Dennis (9th) Lewis, Shon (DNP) Seras, Andy (DNP) Morgan, Gordy (8th)  Morgan, Marty (DNP)  Couture, Randy (DNP)Johnson, James (5th)   Ghaffari, Matt (DNP)
19949thMaynard, Mujaahid (10th)Sheldon, Shawn (16th)Hall, Dennis (3rd) Zuniga, David (4th)Seras, Andy (10th) Morgan, Gordy (14th)Henderson, Dan (12th)Foy, Michial (5th)Johnson, James (15th) Ghaffari, Matt (6th)
1995  5th Maynard, Mujaahid (5th)  Sheldon, Shawn (5th)Hall, Dennis (1st)  Zuniga, David (14th) Sims, Heath (11th)  Morgan, Gordy (14th) Morgan, Marty (13th) Couture, Randy (16th)  Oostendorp, John (16th) Ghaffari, Matt (3rd)
1996 9thMaynard, Mujaahid (13th)Paulson, Brandon (2nd)Hall, Dennis (2nd)  Zuniga, David (10th) Smith, Rodney (9th)Morgan, Gordy (9th) Henderson, Dan (12th) Waldroup, Derrick (7th) Gleasman, Jason (12th) Ghaffari, Matt (2nd)

1997–2001

YearTeam54 kg58 kg63 kg69 kg76 kg85 kg97 kg130 kg
1997 18th Lee, Broderick (18th)  Hall, Dennis (6th)Zuniga, David (16th) Saba, Chris (27th)  Lindland, Matt (17th) Henderson, Dan (7th)     Couture, Randy  (9th)  Gardner, Rulon (5th)
1998 8thSheldon, Shawn (14th) Hall, Dennis (20th)Bracken, Kevin (12th) Saba, Chris (15th)  Lindland, Matt (6th)Clark, Quincey (9th)  Klohs, Jason  (18th) Ghaffari, Matt (2nd)
1999 22nd Mays, Steven (24th) Hall, Dennis (28th) Lewis, Shawn (26th) Zuniga, David (26th)  Lindland, Matt (24th)Clark, Quincey (8th) Klohs, Jason  (7th)  Byers, Dremiel (6th)
2000 3rd Mays, Steven (17th) Gruenwald, Jim (6th)Bracken, Kevin (6th)   Sims, Heath (12th)Lindland, Matt (2nd)     Clark, Quincey (19th) Lowney, Garrett (3rd)Gardner, Rulon (1st)
20013rdPaulson, Brandon (2nd) Gruenwald, Jim (10th) Bracken, Kevin (7th)Cooper, Marcel (21st) Sieracki, Keith (11th)Lindland, Matt (2nd)Loukides, Jason (30th)Gardner, Rulon (1st)

2002–2013

YearTeam55 kg60 kg66 kg74 kg84 kg96 kg120 kg
2002 5th Paulson, Brandon (8th)   Gruenwald, Jim (8th)Bracken, Kevin (14th) Dantzler, T. C. (11th)   Vering, Brad (5th) Lowney, Garrett (28th)Byers, Dremiel (1st)
200316thPaulson, Brandon (21st)  Gruenwald, Jim (4th)Bracken, Kevin (17th)   Dantzler, T. C. (21st) Vering, Brad (5th)  Ruiz, Justin (27th)  Gardner, Rulon (10th)
200414thHall, Dennis (14th)Gruenwald, Jim (10th)Wood, Oscar (12th)Did not qualifyVering, Brad (11th) Lowney, Garrett (19th)Gardner, Rulon (3rd)
200512thDurlacher, Lindsey (18th) Warren, Joe (9th) Lester, Justin (24th)  Dantzler, T. C. (28th)    Vering, Brad (29th) Ruiz, Justin (3rd)   Byers, Dremiel (13th)
20063rdDurlacher, Lindsey (3rd)Warren, Joe (1st)Lester, Justin (3rd) Dantzler, T. C. (5th)    Clark, Jake (12th)  Ruiz, Justin (12th)  Byers, Dremiel (9th)
 20071stDurlacher, Lindsey (5th) Betterman, Joe (33rd)Lester, Justin (3rd)  Dantzler, T. C. (22nd)  Vering, Brad (2nd)    Ruiz, Justin (13th)  Byers, Dremiel (3rd)
200816thMango, Spenser (9th)Did not qualify  Deitchler, Jacob (12th)  Dantzler, T. C. (16th)  Vering, Brad (12th) Wheeler, Adam (3rd)  Byers, Dremiel (7th)
200912thMango, Spenser (9th) Davis, Jeremiah (34th)Sahin, Faruk (14th)  Lester, Justin (20th) Betts, Chas (32nd) Johnson, R. C. (23rd)Byers, Dremiel (2nd)
2010 16thMango, Spenser (19th)Davis, Jeremiah (17th) Sahin, Faruk (11th) Fisher, Jake (23rd) Clark, Jake (11th)  Ruiz, Justin (5th) Byers, Dremiel (5th)
2011 21stMango, Spenser (27th) Betterman, Joe (38th)Lester, Justin (5th)  Bisek, Andy (20th)  Haight, Cheney (26th)  Ruiz, Justin (20th) Byers, Dremiel (24th)
201219thMango, Spenser (9th) Coleman, Ellis (14th)  Lester, Justin (8th)   Provisor, Ben (11th)  Betts, Chas (9th)RC Johnson (DNQ)  Byers, Dremiel (9th)
2013 N/AMango, Spenser (5th) Thielke, Jesse (8th) Coleman, Ellis (25th)  Bisek, Andy (17th)  Holm, Jordan (15th)  Williams, Caylor (30th) Smith, Robby (5th)

2014–2017

YearTeam59 kg66 kg71 kg75 kg80 kg85 kg98 kg125 kg
2014 N/AMango, Spenser (5th) Saddoris, Bryce (17th) Lester, Justin (18th)Bisek, Andy (3rd) Rau, Joe (29th) Holm, Jordan (29th) Williams, Caylor (25th) Smith, Robby (9th)
2015 N/AMango, Spenser (13th) Saddoris, Bryce (9th) Lester, Justin (9th)Bisek, Andy (3rd) Martinez, Patrick (9th) Holm, Jordan (27th) Williams, Caylor (15th) Smith, Robby (5th)
2016DNPThielke, Jesse (9th)  Perkins, RaVaughan (DNQ)Gonzalez, Matthew (10th)Bisek, Andy (12th)Martinez, Patrick (26th)Provisor, Ben (12th)  Rau, Joe (DNQ)Smith, Robby (12th)
2017 N/AHafizov, Ildar Coleman, Ellis Smith, PatrickManville, Mason Haight, Cheney Provisor, Ben Hancock, G'Angelo Smith, Robby

2018–

YearTeam55 kg60 kg63 kg67 kg72 kg77 kg82 kg87 kg97 kg130 kg
201817thHazewinkel, Sam (18th)  Roberts, Dalton  (31st) Thielke, Jesse  (14th) Coleman, Ellis (11th) Perkins, Ravaughn (17th)  Bey, Kamal (8th) Speiller, Geordan (24th) Martinez, Patrick (25th) Hancock, G'Angelo (23rd) Coon, Adam (2nd)
201920thNowry, Max (5th)  Hafizov, Ildar  (16th) Mango, Ryan  (7th) Coleman, Ellis (16th) Bunker III, Raymond (12th)  Smith, Patrick (23rd) Stefanowicz, John (23rd) Rau, Josef (16th) Hancock, G'Angelo (15th) Coon, Adam (21st)
 2020DNP Non-Olympic Weight  Hafizov, Ildar  (12th) Non-Olympic Weight Sancho, Alejandro  (10th) Non-Olympic Weight Porter, Jesse (DNC) Non-Olympic Weight  Stefanowicz, John (12th) Hancock, G'Angelo (7th)  Coon, Adam (DNC)
202118thNowry, Max (9th) Roberts, Dalton  (12th) Jones, Samuel  (17th) Omania, Peyton (26th) Smith, Patrick (19th)  Porter, Jesse (23rd) Provisor, Ben (14th) Garcia, Alan (23rd) Hancock, G'Angelo (3rd) Shultz, Colton (14th)
2022Nowry, Max (9th) Hafizov, Ildar  (TBD) Thielke, Jesse  (TBD) Sancho, Alejandro  (TBD) Peak, Benjamin (TBD) Bey, Kamal (TBD)  Provisor, Ben (TBD) Garcia, Alan (TBD) Hancock, G'Angelo (TBD) Shultz, Colton (TBD)

World Cups

Year Result Matches Won Matches Lost Duals Won Duals Lost
1980 3rd No Data Available
1981 No Data Available
1982 6th No Data Available
1983 No Data Available
1984 3rd No Data Available
1985 2nd No Data Available
1986 4th No Data Available
1987 3rd No Data Available
1988 3rd No Data Available
1989 2nd No Data Available
1990 4th No Data Available
1991 3rd No Data Available
1992 2nd No Data Available
1993 5th No Data Available
1994 3rd No Data Available
1995 3rd No Data Available
1996 1st No Data Available
1997 Did not compete
2001 4th No Data Available
2002 3rd No Data Available
2003 5th No Data Available
2004 3rd No Data Available
2005 Did not compete
2006 Did not compete
2007 3rd No Data Available
2008 4th No Data Available
2009 Did not compete
2010 Did not compete
2011 Did not compete
2013 Did not compete
2014 Did not compete
2015 Did not compete
2016 Did not compete
2017 Did not compete
2020 Did not compete
2022 TBD

Team Titles and Results

The tables shows the team results and titles for World Championships, World Cups, and Olympic Games.


Event Champ­ion Runner-up Third Top-5 Apps Top-10 Apps
World Championships1-2617
Olympic Games1-124
World Cups13102021


Multiple-time gold medalists

The tables shows those who have won at least 2 gold medals at the World Championships or Olympic Games. Boldface denotes active wrestlers and highest medal count among all wrestlers (including these who not included in these tables) per type.

Rank Wrestler Weights From To Gold Silver Bronze Total
1Rulon Gardner130 kg200020042-13

Notes

  1. No official team standings are kept for the Olympics.  Some team finishes are approximate.

See also

References

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