 | |
| Type | Private |
|---|---|
| Industry | Film, television |
| Founded | London, United Kingdom (July 2002) |
| Headquarters | London |
Key people | James Richardson (co founder) Allan Niblo (co founder) Jane Moore (CEO) |
| Parent | Federation Studios |
| Divisions | Protagonist Pictures (joint venture with Film4 Productions and Ingenious Media)[1] |
| Website | vertigofilms |
Vertigo Films is a British television and film production company based in London, England. Vertigo Films has been responsible for the production and distribution of Bronson, StreetDance 3D, and Monsters. It now focuses solely on the production of television series, with subsidiary company Vertigo Releasing taking over film distribution.
History
Vertigo Films was created in July 2002, by producers Allan Niblo (producer of Human Traffic and South West 9) and James Richardson (producer of Kiss Kiss (Bang Bang)).[2]
Director Nick Love (screenwriter and, prior to company formation, director of Goodbye Charlie Bright and The Football Factory) and distributor Rupert Preston (distributor of Chopper, Chasing Amy and Bride of Chucky, among others) joined a year later,[3] while entrepreneur Rob Morgan began investment in November 2004.[4]
The company was formed for the express purpose of distributing and producing two films, The Football Factory and It's All Gone Pete Tong. Vertigo Films's film releases were distributed on home video by Entertainment One.[5] Vertigo Films teamed up with Film4 and Ingenious Media in January 2008, to form a sales company called Protagonist Pictures.[6] They also own a post production company in Berlin called The Post Republic.[7]
Having built up one of the most successful feature film businesses in the United Kingdom, encompassing production, distribution, sales and post production, the company is now solely concentrating on television production.[8] Film distribution is currently handled by Vertigo Releasing, launched in 2014, for the sole purpose of acquiring films for release.[9]
Its first two shows, Britannia and Bulletproof, were commissioned by Sky, with both programmes renewed for a second series.[10][11]
In May 2021 Bulletproof was cancelled by Sky following extensive allegations [12][13] of on-set bullying and sexual misconduct against actor and executive producer Noel Clarke.[14]
Filmography
Television shows
| Title | Broadcast date | Executive Producers | Broadcaster | Seasons | Episodes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Britannia | 18 January 2018 | Jez Butterworth, Tom Butterworth, James Richardson | Sky Atlantic | 2 | 19 |
| Bulletproof | 15 May 2018 | Noel Clarke, Ashley Walters, Nick Love, Allan Niblo | Sky One | 3 | 17 |
| A Town Called Malice | 16 March 2023 | Paul Gilbert, Jane Moore, Peter Welter Soler | Sky Max | 1 | 8 |
Released films
| Film | Release date | Director | Production company(s) | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| The Football Factory | 14 May 2004 | Nick Love | Rockstar Games[15] | Production, Distribution |
| A Good Woman | 13 May 2005 | Mike Barker | Beyond Films[16] | Distribution |
| It's All Gone Pete Tong | 27 May 2005 | Michael Dowse | True West Films / Redbus Film Distribution[17][18] | Production |
| Clean | 1 July 2005 | Olivier Assayas | UK Film Council / Arte France Cinéma / Canal+ / Téléfilm Canada | Distribution |
| The Business | 2 September 2005 | Nick Love | Monkey Productions S.L. / Powder Films / Pathé | Production |
| Pusher II | 16 September 2005 | Nicolas Winding Refn | Billy's People / Nordisk Film[19] | Distribution |
| Stoned | 18 November 2005 | Stephen Woolley | Number 9 Films / Finola Dwyer Productions | Distribution |
| Pusher 3 | 9 June 2006 | Nicolas Winding Refn | Det Danske Filminstitut / Nordisk Film / TV2 Danmark / NWR Film Productions | Distribution |
| Dirty Sanchez: The Movie | 22 September 2006 | Jim Hickey | MTV Europe[20] | Production |
| London to Brighton | 1 December 2006 | Paul Andrew Williams | Steel Mill Pictures / Wellington Films / LTB Films Limited | Distribution |
| Outlaw | 9 March 2007 | Nick Love | Pathé / Ingenious Film Partners | Production, Distribution |
| Joe Strummer: The Future Is Unwritten | 18 May 2007 | Julien Temple | Parallel Film Productions / FilmFour / Nitrate Films | Distribution |
| Sparkle | 17 August 2007 | Tom Hunsinger | Isle of Man Film / Magic Light Pictures | Distribution |
| WΔZ | 20 August 2007 | Tom Shankland | UK Film Council / Ingenious Film Partners[21] | Production, Distribution |
| Shotgun Stories | 19 October 2007 | Jeff Nichols | A Lucky Old Sun Production / Muskat Filmed Properties / Upload Films[22] | Distribution |
| In the Shadow of the Moon | 2 November 2007 | David Sington | Discovery Films / FilmFour / Passion Pictures | Distribution |
| Shrooms | 23 November 2007 | Paddy Breathnach | Capitol Films / Ingenious Film Partners / Nepenthe Film | Distribution |
| Outpost | 16 May 2008 | Steve Barker | Black Camel Pictures / Regent Capital | Distribution |
| In Search of a Midnight Kiss | 13 June 2008 | Alex Holdridge | Midnight Kiss Productions | Distribution |
| The Escapist | 20 June 2008 | Rupert Wyatt | Picture Farm / Parallel Film Productions | Distribution |
| Faintheart | 20 September 2008 | Vito Rocco | MySpace / Screen West Midlands / Slingshot Productions | Distribution, Production |
| Summer | 5 December 2008 | Kenneth Glenaan | UK Film Council / EM Media | Distribution |
| The Children | 5 December 2008 | Tom Shankland | Aramid Entertainment / Barnsnape Films / BBC Films | Production |
| Dogging: A Love Story | 25 January 2009 | Simon Ellis | Production | |
| Bronson | 13 March 2009 | Nicolas Winding Refn | Aramid Entertainment / Str8jacket Creations / EM Media / Perfume Films | Distribution, Production |
| French Film | 15 May 2009 | Jackie Oudney | Slingshot Productions / APT Films / IWC Media / Met Film Production | Distribution |
| Doghouse | 12 June 2009 | Jake West | Carnaby International | Distribution |
| Chiko | 21 August 2009 | Özgür Yildirim | Corazón International / Norddeutscher Rundfunk | Distribution |
| The Firm | 18 September 2009 | Nick Love | Warner Bros. | Production |
| The Cove | 23 October 2009 | Louie Psihoyos | Diamond Docs / Fish Films / Oceanic Preservation Society / Participant Media / Quickfire Films | Distribution |
| 1 Day | 6 November 2009 | Penny Woolcock | Blast! Films / Screen West Midlands | Distribution |
| Humpday | 18 December 2009 | Lynn Shelton | Seashel Pictures | Distribution |
| Monsters | 13 March 2010 | Gareth Edwards | Protagonist Pictures | Production, Distribution |
| Boogie Woogie | 16 April 2010 | Duncan Ward | The Works International / S Films / Constance Media / Muse Productions | Distribution |
| Valhalla Rising | 30 April 2010 | Nicolas Winding Refn | Nimbus Film / One Eye Production | Distribution |
| StreetDance 3D | 21 May 2010 | Max Giwa and Dania Pasquini | BBC Films | Production, Distribution |
| Ajami | 18 June 2010[23] | Scandar Copti and Yaron Shani | Inosan Productions / Twenty Twenty Vision Filmproduction | Distribution |
| Jackboots on Whitehall | 8 October 2010 | McHenry Brothers | Entertainment Motion Pictures / Swipe Films / uFilm | Distribution |
| Outcast | 10 December 2010 | Colm McCarthy | Bankside Films | Distribution |
| Wake Wood | 25 March 2011 | David Keating | Hammer Film Productions / Spitfire Pictures / Fantastic Films | Distribution |
| Point Blank | 10 June 2011 | Fred Cavayé | LGM Films / Gaumont / TF1 Films / K.R. Productions | Distribution |
| Horrid Henry: The Movie | 29 July 2011 | Nick Moore | Novel Entertainment / UK Film Council / Prescience | Production, Distribution |
| A Night in the Woods | 29 August 2011 | Richard Parry | Production | |
| Tucker & Dale vs. Evil | 23 September 2011 | Eli Craig | Reliance Big Pictures / Loubyloo Productions | Distribution |
| Retreat | 14 October 2011 | Carl Tibbetts | Ripple World Pictures | Distribution |
| StreetDance 2 | 30 March 2012 | Michael Dowse | BBC Films | Production, Distribution |
| The Facility | 23 June 2012 | Ian Clark | Incendiary Pictures | Production |
| What If | 25 June 2012 | Max Giwa and Dania Pasquini | Production, Distribution | |
| Top Cat: The Movie[24] | 1 June 2012 | Alberto Mar | Ánima Estudios / Illusion Studios / Lightning Entertainment International | Distribution |
| The Sweeney | 12 September 2012 | Nick Love | Embargo Films / Exponential Films | Production |
| Pusher | 12 October 2012 | Luis Prieto | Embargo Films | Production, Distribution |
| Spring Breakers | 5 April 2013 | Harmony Korine | Muse Productions / Iconoclast / MJZ | Distribution |
| All Stars | 3 May 2013 | Ben Gregor | Production, Distribution | |
| Hammer of the Gods | 30 May 2013 | Farren Blackburn | TV Puls | Production |
| A Haunted House[25] | 19 June 2013 | Michael Tiddes | Open Road Films / IM Global / Baby Way Productions | Distribution |
| Spike Island | 21 June 2013 | Mat Whitecross | Bankside Films / Fiesta Productions | Distribution |
| Hawking | 20 September 2013 | Stephen Finnigan | Darlow Smithson Productions | Distribution |
| Powder Room | 6 December 2013 | M.J. Delaney | DJ Films | Distribution |
| Walking on Sunshine | 27 June 2014 | Max Giwa and Dania Pasquini | IM Global | Production, Distribution |
| Pudsey: The Movie | 13 July 2014 | Nick Moore | Syco Entertainment | Production, Distribution |
| The Unbeatables | 15 August 2014 | Juan José Campanella | Antena 3 Films | Distribution |
| The Last Showing | 22 August 2014 | Phil Hawkins | The Philm Company / Little Fish Films | Distribution |
| Monsters: Dark Continent | 9 October 2014 | Tom Green | Between the Eyes / International Traders | Production, Distribution |
| Moomins on the Riviera | 22 May 2015 | Xavier Picard | Handle Productions / Pictak Cie | Distribution |
| Sword of Vengeance | 29 May 2015 | Jim Weedon | Production, Distribution | |
| Maggie | 24 July 2015 | Henry Hobson | Lionsgate / Grindstone Entertainment Group / Gold Star Films | Distribution |
| The Diary of a Teenage Girl | 7 August 2015 | Marielle Heller | Caviar / Cold Iron Pictures | Distribution |
| Bill | 18 September 2015 | Richard Bracewell | Punk Cinema / Cowboy Films / BBC Films | Distribution |
| Black Souls | 30 October 2015 | Francesco Munzi | Cinemaundici / Rai Cinema | Distribution |
| Welcome to Me | 25 March 2016 | Shira Piven | Bron Studios / Gary Sanchez Productions | Distribution |
| The Sweeney: Paris | 15 April 2016 | Benjamin Rocher | SND Films | Production |
| Ratchet & Clank | 28 April 2016 | Kevin Munroe and Jericca Cleland | Rainmaker Entertainment | Distribution |
| Kill Command | 13 May 2016 | Steven Gomez | Production, Distribution | |
| Learning to Drive | 10 June 2016 | Isabel Coixet | Distribution | |
| American Hero | 19 June 2016 | Nick Love | Production, Distribution | |
| Baskin | 24 June 2016 | Can Evrenol | XYZ Films | Distribution |
| 400 Days | 19 August 2016 | Matt Osterman | Content Media / New Artists Alliance | Distribution |
| Black | 19 August 2016 | Adil El Arbi and Bilall Fallah | Distribution | |
| Hunt for the Wilderpeople | 16 September 2016 | Taika Waititi | Piki Films / Defender Films / Curious Film | Distribution |
| 31 | 23 September 2016 | Rob Zombie | PalmStar Media / Protagonist Pictures | Distribution |
| Under the Shadow | 30 September 2016 | Babak Anvari | Distribution | |
| Ethel & Ernest | 28 October 2016 | Roger Mainwood | BBC / BFI / Film Fund Luxembourg / Ffilm Cymru Wales | Distribution |
| 100 Streets | 11 November 2016 | James O'Hanlon | Distribution | |
| Indignation | 18 November 2016 | James Schamus | Likely Story / RT Features | Distribution |
| Chi-Raq | 2 December 2016 | Spike Lee | Amazon Studios / 40 Acres and a Mule Filmworks | Distribution |
| Snowden | 9 December 2016 | Oliver Stone | Endgame Entertainment | Distribution |
| The Young Offenders | 13 January 2017 | Peter Foott | Screen Ireland | Distribution |
| iBoy | 27 January 2017 | Adam Randall | XYZ Films / Netflix | Distribution |
| The Time of Their Lives | 10 March 2017 | Roger Goldby | Bright Pictures | Distribution |
| Another Mother's Son | 24 March 2017 | Christopher Menaul | Bill Kenwright Films | Distribution |
| The Belko Experiment | 21 April 2017 | Greg McLean | BH Tilt / Orion Pictures / The Safran Company | Distribution |
| Jawbone | 12 May 2017 | Thomas Napper | EMU Films / Revolution Films | Distribution |
| The Secret Scripture | 19 May 2017 | Jim Sheridan | Distribution | |
| Dough | 2 June 2017 | John Goldschmidt | Distribution | |
| The Last Word | 7 July 2017 | Mark Pellington | Myriad Pictures | Distribution |
| Wish Upon | 28 July 2017 | John R. Leonetti | Broad Green Pictures | Distribution |
| Final Portrait | 18 August 2017 | Stanley Tucci | Distribution | |
| Stratton | 1 September 2017 | Simon West | Distribution | |
| Goon: Last of the Enforcers | 8 September 2017 | Jay Baruchel | Distribution | |
| Killing Ground | 29 September 2017 | Damien Power | Distribution | |
| Boy | 13 October 2017 | Taika Waititi | Distribution | |
| Base | 27 October 2017 | Richard Parry | Infinite Wisdom Studios | Production |
| The Dinner | 8 December 2017 | Oren Moverman | Distribution | |
| Menashe | 8 December 2017 | Joshua Z. Weinstein | Distribution | |
| The Prince of Nothingwood | 15 December 2017 | Sonia Kronlund | Distribution | |
| Brad's Status | 5 January 2018 | Mike White | Amazon Studios / Plan B Entertainment / Sidney Kimmel Entertainment | Distribution |
| Mom and Dad | 9 March 2018 | Brian Taylor | The Fyzz Facility / XYZ Films | Distribution |
| Mark Felt: The Man Who Brought Down the White House | 23 March 2018 | Peter Landesman | Scott Free Productions | Distribution |
| Death Wish | 6 April 2018 | Eli Roth | Distribution | |
| The Strangers: Prey at Night | 4 May 2018 | Johannes Roberts | thefyzz | Distribution |
| Every Day | 4 May 2018 | Michael Sucsy | Likely Story / Orion Pictures | Distribution |
| Revenge | 11 May 2018 | Coralie Fargeat | Distribution | |
| Overboard | 22 June 2018 | Rob Greenberg | Distribution | |
| The Bookshop | 29 June 2018 | Isabel Coixet | Distribution | |
| Swimming with Men | 6 July 2018 | Oliver Parker | Distribution | |
| The Escape | 3 August 2018 | Dominic Savage | Shoebox Films | Distribution |
| The Domestics | 10 August 2018 | Mike P. Nelson | Distribution | |
| The Miseducation of Cameron Post | 7 September 2018 | Desiree Akhavan | Distribution | |
| The Intent 2: The Come Up | 21 September 2018 | Femi Oyeniran | Distribution | |
| Fahrenheit 11/9 | 19 October 2018 | Michael Moore | Dog Eat Dog Films | Distribution |
| Hell Fest | 16 November 2018 | Gregory Plotkin | Valhalla Motion Pictures | Distribution |
| Anna and the Apocalypse | 30 November 2018 | John McPhail | Distribution | |
| Piercing | 22 February 2019 | Nicolas Pesce | Distribution | |
| The Hole in the Ground | 1 March 2019 | Lee Cronin | Distribution | |
| The Prodigy | 15 March 2019 | Nicholas McCarthy | XYZ Films / Orion Pictures | Distribution |
| Five Feet Apart | 22 March 2019 | Justin Baldoni | Distribution | |
| Motherhood | 29 March 2019 | Marianna Palka | Distribution | |
| Bel Canto | 26 April 2019 | Paul Weitz | Distribution | |
| Destination Wedding | 10 May 2019 | Victor Levin | thefyzz | Distribution |
| Thunder Road | 31 May 2019 | Jim Cummings | Distribution | |
| The Hummingbird Project | 14 June 2019 | Kim Nguyen | Distribution | |
| Child's Play | 21 June 2019 | Lars Klevberg | Bron Studios / Orion Pictures | Distribution |
| Tell It to the Bees | 19 July 2019 | Annabel Jankel | Distribution | |
| Mrs Lowry & Son | 30 August 2019 | Adrian Noble | Distribution | |
| Corpus Christi | 18 October 2019 | Jan Komasa | Distribution | |
| After the Wedding | 1 November 2019 | Bart Freundlich | Ingenious Media | Distribution |
| The Nightingale | 29 November 2019 | Jennifer Kent | Bron Studios | Distribution |
| The Assistant | 31 January 2020 | Kitty Green | Cinereach | Distribution |
| Villain | 28 February 2020 | Philip Barantini | Distribution | |
| Vivarium | 27 March 2020 | Lorcan Finnegan | XYZ Films | Distribution |
| The Wretched | 8 May 2020 | Brett and Drew T. Pierce | Distribution | |
| Resistance | 19 June 2020 | Jonathan Jakubowicz | Distribution | |
| Saint Frances | 4 July 2020 | Alex Thompson | Distribution | |
| 100% Wolf | 31 July 2020 | Alexs Stadermann | Distribution | |
| The Vigil | 31 July 2020 | Keith Thomas | Distribution | |
| Gretel & Hansel | 3 August 2020 | Oz Perkins | Bron Studios / Orion Pictures | Distribution |
| Pinocchio | 7 August 2020 | Matteo Garrone | Archimede / Rai Cinema | Distribution |
| Sputnik | 14 August 2020 | Egor Abramenko | Art Pictures Studio | Distribution |
| Miss Juneteenth | 18 September 2020 | Channing Godfrey Peoples | Distribution | |
| Becky | 28 September 2020 | Jonathan Milott & Cary Murnion | Distribution | |
| I Am Woman | 9 October 2020 | Unjoo Moon | Distribution | |
| Host | 4 December 2020 | Rob Savage | Distribution | |
| The Racer | 18 December 2020 | Kieron J. Walsh | Distribution | |
| Sound of Metal | 29 January 2021 | Darius Marder | Distribution | |
| Minamata | 12 February 2021 | Andrew Levitas | Distribution | |
| Crimes of the Future | 9 September 2022 | David Cronenberg | Neon / Metropolitan Filmexport / Argonauts Productions S.A. / Serendipity Point Films / Davis Films / Telefilm Canada / Ingenious Media / Bell Media / CBC / Ekome / Natixis Coficiné | Distribution |
Awards
- Best Canadian Feature – Toronto International Film Festival – 2004
- Best Feature – US Comedy Arts Festival – 2005
- Best Actor (Paul Kaye) – US Comedy Arts Festival – 2005
- Grand Jury Award – Gen Art Film Festival – 2005
- Audience Award – Gen Art Film Festival – 2005
- Best British Columbian Film – Vancouver Film Critics Circle – 2005
- Best Male Performer' (Mike Wilmot) – Canadian Comedy Awards – 2005
- Best Overall Sound – Leo Awards – 2005
- Best Sound Editing – Leo Awards – 2005
- Best Feature-Length Drama – Leo Awards – 2005
- Best Actress (Maggie Cheung) – Cannes Film Festival – 2004
- Best Achievement in Production – British Independent Film Awards – 2006
- Golden Hitchcock (Paul Andrew Williams) – Dinard Festival of British Cinema – 2006
- New Director's Award (Paul Andrew Williams) – Edinburgh International Film Festival – 2006
- Most Promising Newcomer (Paul Andrew Williams) – Evening Standard British Film Awards – 2007
- Best Feature Film – Foyle Film Festival – 2006
- Jury Prize (UK Feature) – Raindance Film Festival – 2006
- New American Cinema Award – Seattle International Film Festival – 2007
- Best Actor Tom Hardy – British Independent Film Awards – 2009
- Best Film – Sydney Film Festival – 2009
- Best International Film – Saturn Award —2011
- Best First Film – Austin Film Critics Association – 2010
- Best Achievement in Production – British Independent Film Awards – 2010
- Best Director – British Independent Film Awards – 2010
- Best Technical Achievement Gareth Edwards For visual effects – British Independent Film Awards – 2010
- Best Technical/Artistic Achievement Gareth Edwards For the Cinematography, Production Design and Visual Effects – Evening Standard British Film Awards – 2010
- Breakthrough British Filmmaker for Gareth Edwards – London Film Critics' Circle – 2011
- Top Independent Films – National Board of Review of Motion Pictures – 2010
References
- ↑ "Film4, Ingenious, Vertigo form film sales company". The Hollywood Reporter. 14 January 2008. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
- ↑ "Allan Niblo: Executive Profile & Biography - Bloomberg". www.bloomberg.com. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
- ↑ "ABOUT :: VERTIGO FILMS //". music.vertigofilms.com. Retrieved 30 December 2018.
- ↑ "MR ROBERT LLEWELYN MORGAN director information. Free director information. Director id 913708792". Company Check. Retrieved 30 December 2018.
- ↑ "BBC - UK MOVIES - Vertigo Films Interview". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 26 June 2007.
- ↑ "Film4, Ingenious, Vertigo form film sales company". The Hollywood Reporter. 14 January 2008. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
- ↑ E, Joshua (5 March 2010). "Media in the Film Industry: The History and Role of Vertigo Films". Media in the Film Industry. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
- ↑ "About". Vertigo Films. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
- ↑ "About - Vertigo Releasing". Vertigo Releasing. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
- ↑ White, Peter (19 June 2018). "Sky One Renews Buddy Cop Drama 'Bulletproof' For Second Season". Deadline. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
- ↑ "The Dead Man says 'hello' in this first look at the second series of BRITANNIA, the unique Sky Original Production which returns this Autumn to Sky Atlantic and TV streaming service NOW TV".
- ↑ Kale, Sirin; Osborne, Lucy (29 April 2021). "'Sexual predator': Actor Noel Clarke accused of groping, harassment and bullying by 20 women". The Guardian.
- ↑ Kale, Sirin; Gentleman, Amelia; Osborne, Lucy (27 May 2021). "After Noel Clarke: Can the UK film and TV industry bring an end to on-set bullying?". The Guardian.
- ↑ "Noel Clarke: Bulletproof cancelled by Sky after misconduct allegations against actor".
- ↑ Elley, Derek (14 May 2004). "The Football Factory". Variety. Retrieved 29 December 2018.
- ↑ "A Good Woman (2006) - International Box Office Results - Box Office Mojo". www.boxofficemojo.com. Retrieved 29 December 2018.
- ↑ Minns, Adam. "It's all gone UK, US for Pete Tong". Screen. Retrieved 29 December 2018.
- ↑ "Who is the real Frankie Wilde? | OMM | The Observer". www.theguardian.com. Retrieved 29 December 2018.
- ↑ McNally, Matt (12 September 2005). "BBC - Movies - review - Pusher II: With Blood On My Hands". BBC. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
- ↑ Mitchell, Wendy. "Pathe, MTV, Vertigo Start Dirty Sanchez Film". ScreenDaily. Retrieved 30 December 2018.
- ↑ Elley, Derek (21 August 2007). "WAZ". Variety. Retrieved 30 December 2018.
- ↑ "notcoming.com | Shotgun Stories". notcoming.com. Retrieved 30 December 2018.
- ↑ Heron, Ambrose (1 June 2010). "UK Cinema Releases: June 2010". FILMdetail. Retrieved 30 December 2018.
- ↑ "Top Cat: The Movie to hit UK cinemas in 3D, Vertigo films confirms | Metro News". Metro. 24 January 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
- ↑ Dark Angel (2 June 2013). "Realm of Horror – News and Blog: A Haunted House – Poster and trailer". Retrieved 27 January 2016.
External links
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.