Virosidum
Virosidum is located in North Yorkshire
Virosidum
 Bainbridge fort within North Yorkshire
Alternative name(s)Virosidum
Known also asBainbridge Roman Fort
Foundedc. AD 90
Place in the Roman world
ProvinceBritannia
Stationed military units
— Cohorts —
Cohors VI Nerviorum
Location
Coordinates54°18′22″N 2°05′49″W / 54.306°N 2.097°W / 54.306; -2.097
TownBainbridge
CountyNorth Yorkshire
CountryEngland
Reference
UK-OSNG referenceSD93769015
Site notes
ConditionRuined

Virosidum was a Roman fort and settlement situated near to the modern town of Bainbridge, North Yorkshire, England.[1] The site is a Scheduled monument.[2]

Location

The fort occupies a strategic position on the summit of Brough Hill, between the confluence of the River Bain and River Ure. It has views across Wensleydale and may have been placed to control a pass through the Pennines between Stainmore and the Ilkley/Aire gap.[2]

History of the fort

While the fort may have had an earlier phase, the visible remains date to AD 90–105. It initially had an earth and timber rampart which was rebuilt in stone around AD 190.[2]

The visible outline of the defences of the fort contains an area of 1.16 Hectares (2.8 acres).[3] The fort platform survives to a height of 3.9 m and it is surrounded by a single ditch on the north, east and south sides, with a series of five ditches on the west. An annexe to the fort measures 99 m x 73 m.[1]

The site was abandoned between c.120 and c.160.[3] The fort interior was rebuilt in the early third century by the Cohors VI Nerviorum.[4] Rebuilding across the whole site took place in the late fourth century, with pottery evidence suggesting a late abandonment.[2]

Discovery and excavation

In William Camden's 1586 Britannia the fort is referred to under the name Bracchium and this name persisted in early editions of the Ordnance Survey maps. The fort was first excavated by John Kirk and R. G. Collingwood in 1925–6, then by John Percival Droop for Liverpool University in 1928-9 and 1931. Under lease to Leeds University, further excavations were directed by William V. Wade in 1950-3 and by Brian Hartley annually from 1956 to 1969.[1]

Finds

Five individual inscriptions have been discovered from the fort; three of these were dedicated by the Cohors VI Nerviorum, and a further two are dedicated to individual units.[5] The small finds from the 1956-1969 excavations and a small number of those from the 1920s excavations were deposited with the Yorkshire Museum (ID - YORYM: 2016.201).[6] Two of the inscriptions are owned by the University of Leeds and in October 2022 they were placed on public display for the first time in the university's Michael Sadler building.[7] The larger inscription records the reconstruction of four barrack blocks at the fort in AD 205 by the Prefect Lucius Vinicius Pius during the governorship of Gaius Valerius Pudens.[8]

Post-Roman Bainbridge

There is no clear evidence of continuity into the fifth century at the fort. However, a pair of post-Roman burials were discovered in the principia. One is of an adult aged 36–45 years old and the other of a woman aged 46+ years. Radiocarbon dating of the skeletal remains dated them to the ninth or tenth centuries AD. Isotope analysis of the strontium and oxygen values of their teeth found that the woman was probably local to the Yorkshire region but that the other skeleton was from a western coastal part of Britain or continental Europe. These burials may be consistent with structural changes to the western wall of the principia and the aedes that suggest it was used as a church.[9]

References

  1. 1 2 3 Historic England. "Monument No. 7329". Research records (formerly PastScape). Retrieved 1 November 2019.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Historic England. "Bainbridge Roman fort and annexe (1017920)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 1 November 2019.
  3. 1 2 Paul Bidwell; Nick Hogson (2009). "Bainbridge, North Yorks.". The Roman Army in Northern England. Arbeia Society. pp. 108–111. ISBN 978-0905-974-880.
  4. ↑ "RIB 722. Imperial dedication to Septimius Severus, Caracalla, and Geta". Roman Inscriptions of Britain. Retrieved 1 November 2019.
  5. ↑ "Brough-by-Bainbridge". Roman Inscriptions of Britain. Retrieved 1 November 2019.
  6. ↑ Parker, Adam (July 2019). "Information: Bainbridge Roman Fort". Lucerna: The Newsletter of the Roman Finds Group. 57: 22.
  7. ↑ "One of longest Roman inscriptions ever dug up in UK goes on display for first time in 1,700 years". Yorkshire Post. 18 October 2022. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
  8. ↑ "RIB 3215. Imperial dedication to Septimius Severus, Caracalla, and Geta". Roman Inscriptions of Britain online. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
  9. ↑ Bidwell, Paul (2012). "The Roman Fort at Bainbridge, Wensleydale: Excavations by B.R. Hartley on the Principia and a Summary Account of Other Excavations and Surveys". Britannia. 43: 45–113. doi:10.1017/S0068113X12000438.
  • A.S. Esmonde Cleary, DARMC, R. Talbert, Scott Vanderbilt, R. Warner, Sean Gillies, Jeffrey Becker, and Tom Elliott (2017). "Virosidum: a Pleiades place resource". Pleiades: A Gazetteer of Past Places. Retrieved 1 November 2019.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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