Voltziales
Temporal range:
Voltzia heterophylla
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Gymnospermae
Division: Pinophyta
Class: Pinopsida
Order: †Voltziales
Andreanszky 1954
Families

See text

Voltziales is an extinct order of conifers. The group contains the ancestral lineages from which modern conifer groups emerged. Voltzialean conifers are divided into two informal groups, the primitive "walchian conifers" like Walchia, where the ovuliferous cone is composed of radial shoots and the more advanced "voltzian voltziales", also known as "transitional conifers" where the cone is composed of fertile scales with sessile seeds, like those of modern conifers.[1][2][3] Walchian conifers generally grew as small trees. The earliest walchian conifers are known from the Middle Pennsylvanian (Moscovian). The youngest walchian conifers are known from the Late Permian. The earliest "voltzian voltziales" are known from the late Early Permian (Kungurian).[3] Modern conifer lineages emerged from voltzialean ancestors from the Late Permian to Jurassic.[4] Voltzialean conifers outside modern groups such as Krassilovia/Podozamites survived into the Cretaceous, before becoming extinct.[5] The genus Voltzia was named in honour of the French geologist Philippe Louis Voltz.

Taxonomy

References

  1. ↑ Rothwell, Gar W.; Mapes, Gene; Hernandez-Castillo, Genaro R. (August 2005). "Hanskerpia gen. nov. and Phylogenetic Relationships among the Most Ancient Conifers (Voltziales)". Taxon. 54 (3): 733–750. doi:10.2307/25065430. JSTOR 25065430.
  2. ↑ Van Waveren, Isabel M. (2019-03-25). "A morphometric analysis of Tobleria bicuspis, a Voltziales seed cone from the early Permian Jambi palaeoflora, Sumatra (Indonesia)". PhytoKeys (119): 67–95. doi:10.3897/phytokeys.119.29555. ISSN 1314-2003. PMC 6443619. PMID 31015778.
  3. 1 2 Looy, Cindy V.; Duijnstee, Ivo A. P. (March 2020). "Voltzian Conifers of the South Ash Pasture Flora (Guadalupian, Texas): Johniphyllum multinerve gen. et sp. nov., Pseudovoltzia sapflorensis sp. nov., and Wantus acaulis gen. et sp. nov". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 181 (3): 363–385. doi:10.1086/706853. ISSN 1058-5893. S2CID 208592093.
  4. ↑ Leslie, Andrew B.; Beaulieu, Jeremy; Holman, Garth; Campbell, Christopher S.; Mei, Wenbin; Raubeson, Linda R.; Mathews, Sarah (September 2018). "An overview of extant conifer evolution from the perspective of the fossil record". American Journal of Botany. 105 (9): 1531–1544. doi:10.1002/ajb2.1143. PMID 30157290.
  5. ↑ Herrera, Fabiany; Shi, Gongle; Mays, Chris; Ichinnorov, Niiden; Takahashi, Masamichi; Bevitt, Joseph J.; Herendeen, Patrick S.; Crane, Peter R. (2020-01-15). Peppe, Daniel (ed.). "Reconstructing Krassilovia mongolica supports recognition of a new and unusual group of Mesozoic conifers". PLOS ONE. 15 (1): e0226779. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1526779H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0226779. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6961850. PMID 31940374.
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