Ecuadorian drug war
Part of the war on drugs

Military situation of the 2024 conflict:
  Controlled by Ecuadorian Armed Forces
  Controlled by drug cartels
Date27 January 2018–present
(5 years, 11 months, 2 weeks and 5 days)
Location
Ecuador
Status Ongoing
Belligerents

Ecuador Government of Ecuador

Armed civilians
Counter-terrorist PMCs

Supported by:

Organized crime groups

Other groups
Commanders and leaders
Units involved
159,250 military
46,727 police		 Unknown
Casualties and losses
14,218 fatalities

The Ecuadorian drug war (Spanish: Guerra contra el narcotráfico en Ecuador, lit. 'War against drug trafficking in Ecuator') is an internal conflict in Ecuador waged by the Ecuadorian security forces against criminal groups since the beginning of 2018. The conflict is divided into two parts, the first is the Ecuadorian government against satellite groups of the Jalisco New Generation Cartel and Sinaloa Cartel, and the second is the confrontation between said satellite groups for dominance and hegemony.[1]

The geographic location of the Republic of Ecuador as a strategic transit route for drugs from Colombia and Peru into Mexico and later the United States and Europe was always a concern, but it was with the evolution of the Colombian internal armed conflict and the remainders of the guerrilla forces of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia that Ecuador became more involved. The first major incident was an attack against law enforcement in San Lorenzo, which unleashed a wave of violence on the northern coast of the country. The main suspect in the attack was a FARC-EP dissident led by Ecuadorian drug traffickers.[1]

At the end of 2019, the presence of European mafias in Ecuador was first documented, the main one being the Albanian mafia. In 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the crisis became latent with the entry of illegal weapons from Peru, one of the main sources of arms to armed gangs in Ecuador. Earlier in 2019, a prison crisis broke out in Guayaquil due to the city's prisons becoming important links of communication and confrontations between the armed groups. Later that same year the crisis spread to other prisons nationwide and violence reached the streets again in 2022.[2]

In January 2024, the conflict reached a critical point when armed conflict broke out in Ecuador between the armed forces and several organized crime groups.[3]

Background

Migration of the drug business

Since 2000, Colombia has fought a war on drugs with policy focused on the eradication of drug cultivation in the south of the country, specifically the departments of Putumayo and Nariño, which border Ecuador.[4] Before then, illegal Colombian merchandise would pass through Ecuador using the coastline and jungle routes.[1] When the drug traffickers were pressured by the Colombian government, they decided to migrate to other territories in neighbouring countries where they already had a sporadic presence, their main destinations were Ecuador and Peru.[1]

By 2017, the United Nations Verification Mission in Colombia warned that the core of illicit crops in Colombia was increasingly approaching Ecuadorian territory, with 35% being located just ten kilometres from the Colombian-Ecuadorian border that year.[1]

In 2021, BBC News described this migration as the "balloon effect" affecting the provinces of Esmeraldas and Sucumbíos, as well as neighbouring Colombia.[1]

Closure of the US Manta base and politicization of the intelligence service

According to InSight Crime, the closure of the base serving the United States Armed Forces in Manta during the Rafael Correa government in 2009 was a key factor in the increase in criminal actions by armed groups since the American presence reportedly served as a deterrent so foreign gangs were expected to have increased influence in the drug business in Ecuador. The United States Air Force had also helped in the tracking and surveillance of the corridors used to transport merchandise. Likewise, InSight Crime reported that since 2013, violent crimes and seizures related to drug trafficking had skyrocketed from the previous year.[5]

That same year, the National Intelligence Directorate was closed in favour of the National Intelligence Secretariat, which, according to analysts, caused Ecuadorian intelligence to be politicized and become an instrument of the government in power to monitor its opponents at the expense of national security, since the Armed Forces of Ecuador saw their specialized intelligence capabilities limited, followed by a reduction in investment in the sector. That, together with the eviction of the Americans was said to cause the impoverishment of Ecuadorian military capabilities which followed.[4]

Demobilization of the FARC-EP

The demobilization of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia – People's Army (FARC-EP) did not end all its military actions as its dissidents went from being an ideologized guerrilla into criminal gangs with heterogeneous objectives, entering Ecuador in alliances with local groups, Mexican Mafias and cartels.

The FARC-EP dissidents in Ecuador were the first to have links with criminal groups from Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro and Serbia. The Sinaloa Cartel arrived in 2003 in a discreet manner and the Jalisco New Generation Cartel in 2016, but both were limited to covert operations and forging local alliances.[1]

Belligerents

Gangs and armed groups

It has been reported that Los Choneros, who are allies and representatives of the Sinaloa Cartel, participate in the insurgency; while Los Lobos, Los Lagartos, Los Chone Killers and Los Tiguerones are from the Jalisco New Generation Cartel (CJNG).[1][2] The FARC-EP dissidents are concentrated mostly in north-eastern Ecuador, with the Oliver Sinisterra Front having its own interests and the Urías Rondón Mobile Column being affiliated with the CJNG.[2]

Many of those arrested and imprisoned for the 2018 San Lorenzo attack expanded their knowledge to make weapons and homemade bombs in the Esmeraldas prisons.[2]

The Foundation for Peace and Reconciliation–Pares of Colombia notified that the National Liberation Army (ELN) also operates in Ecuadorian territory, including the following gangs of diverse origin: La Empresa, Gente del Orden, Guerrillas Unidas del Pacífico, Los Negritos, Los Mexicanos, Nuevo Grupo, Peasant Resistance, Steven Gonzáles Front and illegal mining.[4]

Response from Ecuadorian authorities

The conflict itself broke out during the Lenín Moreno government, the Ecuadorian president defined the 2018 San Lorenzo attack as "The first terrorist attack in Ecuador", declaring a state of exception in the Province of Esmeraldas.[6] Moreno in the context of the prison massacres openly said that these events were related to drug trafficking.[7]

In the Government of Guillermo Lasso, the president also declared a state of emergency for the attacks in Guayaquil in August 2022 and offered a reward of $10,000 for anyone who collaborates with the search for the material and intellectual authors of the attack. For the attacks in November of the same year, Lasso suggested that human rights organizations defend the attackers.[8]

Armed confrontations

Attacks on the northern border of Ecuador in 2018

In 2018 there were attacks Ecuadorian northern border.[9]

Ecuador security crisis of 2021–2024

Ecuador's internal armed conflict of 2024

The internal armed conflict in Ecuador broke out on January 9, 2024.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Cómo Ecuador pasó de ser país de tránsito a un centro de distribución de la droga en América Latina (y qué papel tienen los carteles mexicanos)". BBC (in Spanish). 11 October 2021. Retrieved 12 November 2022.
  2. 1 2 3 4 "El narcoterrorismo en Ecuador ha crecido en silencio desde 2018". Primicias.ec. (in Spanish). 16 August 2022. Retrieved 12 November 2022.
  3. ↑ Phillips, Tom (2024-01-11). "Ecuador's biggest city 'a desert' as state tries to restore order after gang violence". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
  4. 1 2 3 "Un Ecuador incierto en una guerra heredada". Nueva Sociedad (in Spanish). 17 May 2018. Retrieved 12 November 2022.
  5. ↑ "Crímenes Violentos en Quito son Consecuencia del Auge del Narcotráfico". InSight Crime. 27 March 2017. Retrieved 2023-04-21.
  6. ↑ ""El primer atentado terrorista en Ecuador": el presidente Lenín Moreno decreta estado de excepción por explosión que dejó 14 policías heridos". BBC (in Spanish). 28 January 2018. Retrieved 12 November 2022.
  7. ↑ "Lenín Moreno relaciona matanzas en cárceles con narcotráfico". BBC (in Spanish). 24 November 2022. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
  8. ↑ "Lasso no está para excusas: Ecuador está en llamas". France24 (in Spanish). 7 November 2022. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
  9. ↑ "Ecuador y el terror que viene del norte – DW – 18/04/2018". dw.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 January 2024.
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