William Ingles
Born1729
Dublin, Ireland
Died1782(1782-00-00) (aged 52–53)
Ingles Ferry
Occupation(s)Farmer, ferry operator
SpouseMary Draper Ingles
ChildrenThomas Ingles, George, Mary, Susanna, Rhoda, John
Parent
  • Thomas Inglis (father)
RelativesMatthew (brother), John (brother)
Military service
AllegianceColony of Virginia
Years of service1756, 1763–1782
RankColonel
UnitVirginia Regiment
Battles/warsSandy Creek Expedition (French and Indian War), Battle of Point Pleasant (Lord Dunmore's War)

William Ingles (1729 – September, 1782), also spelled Inglis, Ingliss, Engels, or English, was a colonist and soldier in colonial Virginia. He participated in the Sandy Creek Expedition and was a signatory of the Fincastle Resolutions. He was eventually promoted to colonel in the Virginia Regiment. His wife, Mary Draper Ingles, was captured by Shawnee warriors and held captive for months before escaping and walking several hundred miles to her settlement. William's sons, Thomas and George, were also held captive, although William was able to ransom his son Thomas in 1768. William Ingles established Ingles Ferry in southwestern Virginia.[1]

Birth, family and early life

William Ingles was born in Dublin, Ireland (some sources say London, England) in 1729, to Thomas Inglis.[2]: 101  Historian John P. Hale, a descendant, reports that William had two brothers, Matthew and John. John was killed by Indians at Fort Vause in 1756. One source says that Matthew eventually became a sailor, never married and died at sea,[3]: 87  while Matthew's nephew John Ingles wrote that, after escaping from Indian captivity, he died at Ingles Ferry.[4]

William's father Thomas was a wealthy merchant who owned a large, importing wholesale business and traded abroad with his own ships.[1]: 11  He was born and raised in London and lived in Dublin between 1730 and 1740.[5] Records show that Thomas and his sons were apparently imprisoned after a political dispute, but by the fall of 1744 all of them had crossed the Atlantic and journeyed to Augusta County, Virginia. Thomas's brothers John and William came with him to Virginia.[6]

In November, 1746, "Thomas English" and "William English" are listed as members of a road construction crew in Augusta County, on the road "from the Ridge above Tobias Bright’s that parts the waters of New River from the branches of Roan Oak to the lower ford of Catabo Creek."[7]: 131 [8]: 6  In 1749, William Ingles went to Burke's Garden to build a house with his uncle, John Ingles.[3]: 87  On 16 March 1750, Ingles' home was visited by Dr. Thomas Walker at the very start of Walker's trip west into what is now Kentucky. Walker wrote in his journal: "16th March 1750. We kept up...to William Englishes (Ingles). He lives on a small Branch and was not much hurt by the Fresh (spring floods)."[9] In March, 1753, Thomas Ingles and his son William were listed in the Augusta County court records as workers on a road construction crew.[7]: 441 

Draper's Meadow massacre, 1755

William Ingles was among the founders of Draper's Meadow (present day Blacksburg, Virginia) in 1748. The Ingles and the Draper families established the settlement with Colonel James Patton.[10]: 13  William built and operated Ingles Mill, one of the first mills in western Virginia, at Draper's Meadow in 1750, when he was only 21 years old.[11]: 44  He married Mary Draper in 1750,[1]: 16  and their two sons Thomas and George were born in 1751 and 1753. In February, 1754, William purchased 255 acres from James Patton.[10]: 13 [12]: 25 

On 30 July (or 8 July, according to John P. Hale[1] and Letitia Preston Floyd[13]: 79–109 [Note 1]) 1755, Shawnee warriors attacked Drapers Meadow, killing Eleanor Draper and her granddaughter, as well as Colonel James Patton and another neighbor, Caspar Barger. Shawnee warriors captured Mary as well as her two sons, Betty Draper, and a neighbor, Henry Leonard. William Ingles and John Draper were harvesting wheat in the fields until they saw the smoke from the burning cabins, but they arrived too late to help.[16]: 249–250  William was pursued by Indians, but tripped and fell in the forest, and the Shawnee warriors ran past him without seeing him.[4]

Sandy Creek Expedition, 1756

William and John Ingles traveled to Williamsburg to try and persuade the government to launch an attack on Shawnee villages in southern Ohio, where they believed that Mary Draper Ingles was being held prisoner. They returned unsuccessful in late November, when they learned that Mary had escaped and had walked 500 to 600 miles, crossing numerous rivers, creeks, and the Appalachian Mountains to return home. William Ingles then went back to Williamsburg to try to convince Governor Robert Dinwiddie to order an attack on the Shawnee.[17]: 21  Dinwiddie and Colonel George Washington, then commander of the Virginia Regiment, used information provided by Mary Ingles to plan an attack on Lower Shawneetown, a community where Mary Ingles was held captive for about two weeks.[1] It was hoped that this would intimidate the Shawnee and prevent further attacks on English settlements.[18]: 86–88 

In February, 1756, William Ingles joined a force of 220 militia and 130 Cherokee warriors as a lieutenant on the Sandy Creek Expedition to attack Lower Shawneetown in Ohio.[2]: 101 [19]: 69  On 13 March they were forced to turn back due to bad weather and lack of food. The expedition was a total failure, but it provided valuable experience for William and launched his military career.[18]

Attack on Fort Vause, 1756

William and Mary left their homestead in Draper's Meadow and moved to Fort Vause in June 1756, but Mary persuaded her husband to move again, this time to Robert Ewing's Fort near the Peaks of Otter, close to present day Montvale, Virginia.[20][21] On 25 June, the same day that William and Mary left Fort Vause, 25 French soldiers and 205 Miami, Ottawa and Shawnee warriors under the command of François-Marie Picoté de Belestre attacked the fort.[3]: 511  William's brother John Ingles is credited with shooting a scout from a tree, and then sounding the alarm that the fort was about to be attacked. He was killed and his wife Mary and their children were taken prisoner.[22]: 401  William's brother Matthew Ingles fought hand-to-hand until his rifle broke, then with a frying pan handle, killing two of his attackers. He was taken prisoner by the Shawnee, but years later was released or escaped.[4] He died at Ingles Ferry, "a few months after his return."[23]: 115 [18]: 443–447 [24]: 93–94 

Rescue of Thomas Ingles

William and Mary lived briefly in Bedford County, Virginia, before moving to a site on the New River where in 1756, William purchased 900 acres of land that had been part of the German Schwarzenau Brethren community known as Dunkard's Bottom, Virginia.[25] He and Mary established a farm and assisted in the construction of a small fort there, probably no more than a blockhouse, which was later named Fort Frederick.[26] They had four more children: Mary, Susanna (b. 1759), Rhoda (b. 1762), and John (1766-1836).[27] In 1773 they sold their Draper's Meadow property to William Preston.[28]: 51, 70 

William made several trips to Ohio to negotiate for the release of his sons George and Thomas, still in captivity among the Shawnee.[29] George's whereabouts were never determined, and he is believed to have died in captivity.[30]: 360–1  One source reports that William met a man named Baker who had been held captive by the Shawnee at Lower Shawneetown, and had known Thomas and his adoptive father.[18]: 86–88  William hired Baker to find Thomas (now living on the upper Scioto River) and bring him back to Ingles Ferry. Baker was able to pay a ransom of $150 and bring Thomas back to Bedford County, but Thomas ran away and returned to his Shawnee family.[18] In 1768, William Ingles and Baker traveled together to Lower Shawneetown and persuaded Thomas, now 17, to return with them to Virginia. After thirteen years among the Shawnee, Thomas had become fully acculturated and spoke only Shawnee, so William sent him for several years of "rehabilitation" and education under Dr. Thomas Walker at Castle Hill, Virginia.[18]

Thomas Ingles later served as a lieutenant under Colonel William Christian in Lord Dunmore's War (1773-1774) against the Shawnee.[31]: 51–52  He married Eleanore Grills in 1775 and settled in Burke's Garden, Virginia. In 1782, his wife and three children were kidnapped by Indians. Thomas came to rescue them and in the ensuing altercation, the two older children were killed. Eleanore was tomahawked but survived.[32] Thomas rescued her and their youngest daughter.[33][18]: 446 

The original Ingles Ferry Tavern, still standing near Radford, Virginia

Ingles Ferry

As early as 1760, William Ingles was making money ferrying troops across the New River during the Anglo-Cherokee War.[34]: 74  In 1762 he established Ingles Ferry,[35] and, realizing the value of the ferry, purchased the land from Dr. Thomas Walker.[1]: 109  During the first few years of its existence, Indians frequently attacked the farm and ferry,[36]: 84–93 [1]: 7–8  and Ingles constructed a small stockaded blockhouse, which he named Fort Hope, to protect his family and neighbors.[37]: 3  In 1766 he applied for a license to operate an ordinary (tavern) there.[38]: 99–101  Construction of the Ingles Ferry Hill Tavern and blacksmith shop on the Pulaski County side of the river was completed in 1772.[39] Ingles was in charge of improving and maintaining the road leading to and from Ingles Ferry,[40] known at the time as Ingles Ferry Road or English Ferry Road.[11]: 36  It later became a main thoroughfare and was part of as the Great Wagon Road and the Wilderness Road. By 1780, William Ingles owned 907 acres, 67 cattle,[41] and ten slaves, who ran his ferry, worked in his mills or in domestic capacities.[11]: 69  The 1782 Montgomery County, Virginia Personal Property Tax List shows that he was assessed for taxes on 10 slaves, 51 horses and 67 cattle.[42]

Log cabin next to the New River, near present-day Radford, Virginia, where William Ingles and his wife Mary lived out their lives. Photo c.1890

On 8 May 1779, Lord Henry Hamilton, a British prisoner of war, was being escorted under guard to Williamsburg and spent the night at the home of William and Mary Ingles. In his journal, Hamilton described the Ingles' home:

8th. In the Evening crossed over in a ferry the new river or great Canhawa, and were kindly and hospitably received at the house of Colonel Ingles-- here we rested for an entire day...The Scenery about this house was romantic to a degree, the river very beautyfull, the hills well wooded, the low grounds well improved & well stocked, I thought...Mrs. Ingles had in her early years been carryed off with another young Woman by the Savages...however terror and distress had left so deep an impression on her mind that she appear'd absorbed in a deep melancholy, and left the management of household concerns, & the reception of Strangers to her lovely daughter.[43]

Following William Ingles' death in 1782, his son Thomas Ingles took over the operation of Ingles Ferry.[11]: 75 [44]: 51 

William Ingles was appointed constable in 1750[7]: 436  and judge for Augusta County in 1769.[7]: 158  He was a county sheriff in 1773,[17]: 361  and served as a judge for Fincastle County, Virginia, in 1777. He presided over the first Fincastle County court, held at the Lead Mines (now Austinville, Virginia) on 6 January, 1778.[18]: 225 

Military career

Woodcut showing the Battle of Point Pleasant

In 1760, Ingles was at Ingles Ferry when he was informed that a party of eight or ten Indians who had raided settlements in Bedford and Halifax were camped six miles away, with several women and children prisoners and horses loaded with stolen goods. Ingles assembled a group of sixteen or eighteen men and attacked the Indians' camp at dawn, killing seven of them, retrieving the goods and rescuing the captives.[23]: 163 

Ingles served in the Virginia Militia and commanded a unit of Virginia Rangers in 1763. On 13 September he reported to his commanding officer, William Preston, about a skirmish between Indians and his militiamen, who "all behaved like good soldiers." Several Indians were killed and the colonists captured thirty horses. Ingles sent Preston a shot pouch taken from one of the Indians as a "small trophee of our Victory." Ingles requested permission to continue serving at Fort Hope, even though powder and shot were in short supply.[45]: 56 [28]: 15  In October 1763, Ingles was called to pursue a group of fifty (probably Shawnee) warriors who had attacked settlements at Roanoke and Catawba and were heading back to Ohio with three prisoners. Ingles' company of twenty men attacked them and killed several of the warriors before the Indians fled, abandoning their captives.[17]: 34–35 [4]: 17–18 

On 10 October 1774, Ingles and his son Thomas participated in the Battle of Point Pleasant,[46] William as a major and commissary[19]: 69  under Colonel William Fleming,[47]: 22  Thomas as a lieutenant under Colonel William Christian.[17] On 6 October, William Ingles was setting up camp, and wrote jokingly to Preston that, as they had not seen any of the enemy, "we encamped on the forks of the river and looked on our Selves in Safe Possession of a fine Encampment and thought our Selves a terror to all the Indian Tribes on the Ohio and thus Luld in safety." On the battlefield, Ingles admired the courage of the Indians who "disputed the Ground with the Greatest Obstinancy, often Runing up to the Very Muzels of our Guns." He recalled seeing "many a brave fellow Waltirring in his Gore,"[2]: 257–58  and reported after the battle that they scalped twenty Indians on the field.[28]: 84–85  In 1777 he was made colonel of the militia in Montgomery County, Virginia,[19]

Fincastle Resolutions, 1775

On January 20, 1775, William Ingles was one of the 15 signatories of the Fincastle Resolutions, addressed to Virginia's delegation at the First Continental Congress, which expressed support for Congress's resistance to the Intolerable Acts, issued in 1774 by the British Parliament.[48][49]

A reconstruction of William Ingles' home at Ingles Ferry, built on the foundations of his original home

Land dispute

For many years Ingles attempted to patent his claim to his lands along the New River, the Holston River in Burke's Garden, Virginia,[3]: 86, 120  and along the Bluestone River, but he had great difficulty obtaining ownership rights. He did obtain patents for 1000 acres in Abbs Valley in 1774[50] and for 1000 acres on the Elkhorn Creek in 1780.[51]

In 1781, Ingles filed a lawsuit claiming that surveys conducted by Patton's son-in-law John Buchanan were illegal, as Buchanan was not licensed by the College of William and Mary, which conducted licensing examinations to certify surveyors. Buchanan's surveys of Ingles' lands would have been rendered null and void if it was revealed that he was unlicensed. Comparisons of Buchanan's and Preston's survey measurements with modern-day measurements show that both Preston and Buchanan underreported the acreage that they surveyed for James Patton, in order to reduce the amount of quitrent Patton owed.[52]: 18  It seems likely that Buchanan and Preston used a fraudulent Gunter's chain that was forty percent longer than the legally standardized chain, in order to complete their surveys.[53] The same year, Ingles submitted a petition to the state legislature complaining about the surveying and land speculation practices of his former friend and military comrade William Preston.[54][55]: 48  The lawsuit was as yet unsettled by the date of Ingles' death in 1782.

Other patents were approved in the months following Ingles' death.[56] His son-in-law, Abram Trigg,[1]: 147  supported Ingles' claims and fought a lengthy legal battle on his behalf.[54]

Trial, 1780

1814 map of Virginia showing "Inglish Fer[ry]" in the lower left quadrant.

In August and September, 1780, 55 men were brought to trial over their alleged Loyalist activities. William Ingles was accused of being one of the leaders of a Tory plot.[57][19]: 69  A committee headed by Ingles' friend William Preston found most of the accused men guilty. Some were imprisoned in the Augusta County Jail or had their property confiscated, and a few were whipped.[58]: 109–110  Preston ordered many of them to pay fines of £100 or join the Continental Army.[59] William Ingles was charged with treason and ordered to put up a bond of £100,000,[60]: 257–58  a massive sum of money for that time. It is unknown if Ingles actually put up a bond or not, but he was not convicted. Soon after this, he resigned from the military, citing "physical infirmity".[54][61]: 129–133 

Death, 1782

William Ingles died in 1782 (after the date of his will, 5 September) at age 53.[18] Records indicate that he bequeathed some of his land to his youngest daughter, Rhoda,[3]: 120  some to his daughter Susanna and her husband, Abram Trigg, and some to Abram's brother Daniel Trigg. Another portion went to Colonel William Christian, executor of Ingles' estate.[1]: 144  A copy of his will found at the Virginia Probate Archives dictates: "Son Thomas a tract of land 1000 [acres] on the Blue Stone, known by the name of Absolem's Valley, and a slave."[62] Ingles willed the Ingles Ferry, including land on both sides of the New River, to his son John Ingles.[37]: 3 

William Ingles is buried in the Westview Cemetery, Radford, Virginia.[6]

Memorialization

Ingles Ferry was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969, and the Ingles Bottom Archeological Sites in 1978.[63] The original Ingles Ferry Tavern and a reconstruction of the Ingles home where William ingles died, with a stable and a family cemetery, can be seen at the Ingles Ferry historic Site in Pulaski County, Virginia.[64][65]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Evidence supports the July 30 date, as documents confirm that Colonel James Patton, who was killed in the massacre, was in Williamsburg on July 8.[14]: 89  An article in the Virginia Gazette published on 8 August 1755, announced Colonel James Patton's death at Draper's Meadow on "the last day of July."[10]: 19  Preston's Register gives the date unequivocally as 30 July.[15]: 154–55 

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Hale, John P., Trans-Allegheny Pioneers (West Virginia and Ohio): Historical Sketches of the First White Settlers West of the Alleghenies, 1748 and After (1886), Heritage Books, reprint, 2009.
  2. 1 2 3 Reuben Gold Thwaites, Louise Phelps Kellogg, eds. Documentary History of Dunmore's War, 1774: Compiled from the Draper Manuscripts in the Library of the Wisconsin Historical Society and Published at the Charge of the Wisconsin Society of the Sons of the American Revolution. Wisconsin Historical Society, 1905.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Chalkley, L., Lockwood, M. S., Chalkley, L., Chronicles of the Scotch-Irish settlement in Virginia: extracted from the original court records of Augusta County, 1745-1800. Vol. 2. Rosslyn, VA: The Commonwealth Printing Co.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Ingles, John (1824). The Narrative of Col. John Ingles Relating to Mary Ingles and the Escape from Big Bone Lick (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-13. Retrieved 2023-09-20.
  5. ↑ Connelley, William Elsey., Coulter, Ellis Merton. History of Kentucky, American Historical Society, 1922.
  6. 1 2 "About the Ingles Family", Virginia History Exchange
  7. 1 2 3 4 Chalkley, L., Lockwood, M. S., Chalkley, L. Chronicles of the Scotch-Irish settlement in Virginia: extracted from the original court records of Augusta County, 1745-1800. Vol. 1. Rosslyn, VA: The Commonwealth Printing Co.
  8. ↑ Nathaniel Mason Pawlett, Ann Brush Miller, Kenneth Madison Clark, and Thomas Llewellyn Samuel, Augusta County Road Orders, 1745-1769, Virginia Transportation Research Council, Virginia Department of Transportation and the University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, June 1998
  9. ↑ "Doctor Thomas Walker's Journal 1750," in Lewis Preston, Annals of Southwest Virginia 1769-1800, vol. 1, Abingdon, Virginia, 1929: 8-26.
  10. 1 2 3 Ryan S. Mays, "The Draper's Meadows Settlement (1746-1756)", Part II, The Smithfield Review, Volume 19, 2015.
  11. 1 2 3 4 "Montgomery County Reconnaissance Level Survey", Vol. 1, July 1986, Historic Sites Survey: Virginia Division of Historic Landmarks.
  12. ↑ Ryan S. Mays, "The Draper's Meadows Settlement (1746-1756)", Part I, The Smithfield Review, Volume 18, 2014.
  13. ↑ Floyd, Letitia Preston, "Memoirs of Letitia Preston Floyd, written Feb. 22, 1843 to her son Benjamin Rush Floyd", transcribed from the original by Jim Glanville and Ryan Mays; in Smithfield Review, vol. 20, 2016.
  14. ↑ Richard Osborn, "William Preston and the American Revolution", Journal of Backcountry Studies, vol. 3, no. 1, July 2010.
  15. ↑ "A Register of the Persons Who Have Been Either Killed, Wounded, or Taken Prisoners by the Enemy, in Augusta County, as also such as Have Made Their Escape", in The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. II, June 1895, published by the Virginia Historical Society, Richmond, Virginia.
  16. ↑ Thrapp, Dan L. Encyclopedia of Frontier Biography. A.H. Clark Company, 1988.
  17. 1 2 3 4 Johnston, David Emmons. A History of Middle New River Settlements and Contiguous Territory, Huntington, WV: Standard Ptg. & Publishing Company, 1906.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Pendleton, William Cecil. History of Tazewell County and Southwest Virginia: 1748-1920, W. C. Hill Printing Company, 1920; pp 443-447.
  19. 1 2 3 4 Simpson-Poffenbarger, Livia Nye. The Battle of Point Pleasant: A Battle of the Revolution, October 10th 1774: Biographical Sketches of the Men who Participated. State Gazette, 1909.
  20. ↑ Pete Payette, "Robert Ewing's Fort," in North American Forts, Southwestern Virginia, American Forts Network, 2009
  21. ↑ Bernard Fisher, "Colonial Fort Marker," Historical Marker Database, May 30, 2011
  22. ↑ Joseph A. Waddell, "Indian Wars in Augusta County," in The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Volume 2, Philip Alexander Bruce, William Glover Stanard, editors. Virginia Historical Society, 1894
  23. 1 2 Waddell, Joseph Addison. Annals of Augusta County, Virginia, from 1726 to 1871. Virginia Historical Society, Staunton VA: C. R. Caldwell, 1902.
  24. ↑ Hale, John P. Trans-Allegheny Pioneers (West Virginia and Ohio): Historical Sketches of the First White Settlers West of the Alleghenies, 1748 and After. 1886, reprinted 2002.
  25. ↑ Bernard Fisher, "Dunkard's Bottom" Historical Marker near Dublin, Virginia, in Pulaski County. Historical Marker database, April 5 2011
  26. ↑ Lawrence J. Fleenor, Jr. "Ford, Fort and Bridge at the Wilderness Trail Crossing of the New River: Fort Frederick / Dunkard's Bottom." Daniel Boone Wilderness Trail Association, November 13, 2014
  27. ↑ Kleber, John E. (1992). "Mary Draper Ingles". The Kentucky Encyclopedia. ISBN 0813128838.
  28. 1 2 3 Richard Osborn,R "William Preston and the American Revolution". Journal of Backcountry Studies, vol. 3, no. 1, July 2010.
  29. ↑ "Thomas Ingles," Bluestone National Park Service, US National Park Service, February 8, 2021
  30. ↑ Ian K. Steele, Setting All the Captives Free: Capture, Adjustment, and Recollection in Allegheny Country, Vol. 71 of McGill-Queen's Native and Northern Series; McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP, 2013. ISBN 0773589899
  31. ↑ Woods, Edgar. Albemarle County in Virginia: Giving Some Account of what it was by Nature, of what it was Made by Man, and of Some of the Men who Made it. Michie Company, printers, 1901.
  32. ↑ Peyton, John Lewis (1882). History of Augusta County, Virginia. Samuel M. Yost & Son. pp. 212–14.
  33. ↑ Inglis, Thomas Jr. (1854). Data for a Memoir of Thomas Ingles of Augusta Kentucky (PDF). Manuscript held at the Boone County Public Library.
  34. ↑ Jim Page and Sherry Joines Wyatt, "The Nigh and Best Way": The Early Development of Roads in Montgomery County", The Smithfield Review, Volume 21, 2017.
  35. ↑ Ingels History
  36. ↑ History of the Great Kanawha Valley (West Virginia): With Family History and Biographical Sketches: a Statement of Its Natural Resources, Industrial Growth and Commercial Advantages. Westminster, Md: Heritage Books, 2007
  37. 1 2 Junius R. Fishburne, "Nomination form, Ingles Bottom Archaeological Sites," Virginia Department of Historic Resources, June 15, 1976
  38. ↑ Smith, Conway Howard. Colonial Days in the Land that Became Pulaski County. Pulaski County Library Board, 1975.
  39. ↑ Ingles Ferry, Virginia Department of Historic Resources, June 2, 2022.
  40. ↑ Ann Brush Miller, Betty E. Spillman and Shirley P. Thomas, "Historic Roads of Virginia: FincastleCounty Road Orders, 1773-1776", New River Historical Society, 2007.
  41. ↑ Richard Osborn, "William Preston and the Revolutionary Settlement", Journal of Backcountry Studies, vol. 3, no. 2, July, 2010.
  42. ↑ 1782 Montgomery County, Virginia Personal Property Tax List
  43. ↑ "Henry Hamilton's Journal: A Prisoner of War, March 8 to June 16, 1779", Indiana Historical Bureau website.
  44. ↑ Kegley, Frederick Bittle., Kegley, Mary B. Early Adventurers on the Western Waters: The New River of Virginia in pioneer days, 1745-1800. Green Publishers, 1980.
  45. ↑ The Preston and Virginia Papers Draper Collection of Manuscripts, Publications of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Calendar Series, Volume I; Madison, WI, 1915
  46. ↑ John D. Sinks, "Proving Service at the Battle of Point Pleasant for Sons of the American Revolution", National Society, Sons of the American Revolution, 28 July 2015.
  47. ↑ Winkler, John F. Point Pleasant 1774: Prelude to the American Revolution. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2014.
  48. ↑ Hannah Austin, "Roots of Declaration of Independence in the 1775 Fincastle Resolutions", The Fincastle Herald & Botetourt County News, April 3, 2018.
  49. ↑ Glanville, Jim. "The Fincastle Resolutions". The Smithfield Review, XIV:80 2010, pp 69-119.
  50. ↑ Land grant 5 July 1774. "1000 acres in Abbs Valley on the waters of Blue Stone Creek." Ingles, William, grantee; Virginia Colonial Land Office, Library of Virginia, Digital Archives & Manuscript Collections.
  51. ↑ Land grant 25 June 1780. "1000 acres on the waters of Elkhorn Creek". Ingles, William, grantee; Virginia Land Office Registry, Library of Virginia, Digital Archives & Manuscript Collections.
  52. ↑ Ryan S. Mays, "The Draper's Meadows Settlement (1746-1756) Part II", Smithfield Review, vol 19, 2015.
  53. ↑ W. Dale Carter, "Wolf Hill Patent: Was Thomas Walker a Crook?", Sullivan County Department of Archives and Tourism, 2004.
  54. 1 2 3 Tillson, Albert H. Gentry and Common Folk: Political Culture on a Virginia Frontier 1740–1789, Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2021 (1991).
  55. ↑ George A. Rawlyk, Robert McCluer Calhoon, Timothy M. Barnes, eds, Loyalists and Community in North America, Greenwood Press, 1994.
  56. ↑ Land grant 10 November 1782. "400 acres on the east side of Woods River below the mouth of Middle River", Ingles, William, grantee; Virginia Land Office Registry, Library of Virginia, Digital Archives & Manuscript Collections.
  57. ↑ Albert H. Tillson, Jr., "The Localist Roots of Backcountry Loyalism: An Examination of Popular Political Culture in Virginia's New River Valley". The Journal of Southern History, Vol. 54, No. 3, August 1988, pp. 387–404.
  58. ↑ David George Malgee, "A Frontier Biography: William Campbell of King's Mountain", Master's thesis, History Department, University of Richmond, August, 1983.
  59. ↑ Richard Osborne, "William Preston - Revolutionary (1779-1780)", The Smithfield Review, XII:2008, pp 5–33.
  60. ↑ Collections of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin. HardPress. 1917. ISBN 978-0-461-55231-7.
  61. ↑ Wilson, Howard McKnight. Great Valley Patriots: Western Virginia in the Struggle for Liberty. Augusta County Historical Society, Staunton, Virginia. McClure Press, 1976.
  62. ↑ "William Inglis", Montgomery County, Virginia, November 1782; Virginia, U.S., Wills and Probate Records, 1652-1900
  63. ↑ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
  64. ↑ Ingles Ferry Historic Landmark, Virginia Department of Historic Resources.
  65. ↑ Jason McGarvey, "Historic Ingles Ferry Farm Permanently Protected". The Virginia Outdoors Foundation. August 29, 2009.
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