Zakariyya Kandhlawi
زکریا کاندھلوی
The cover of Zakariyya Kandhlawi's most acclaimed 18-volume work, Awjaz al-Masalik ila Muwatta Malik, written over a thirty-year period
Born(1898-02-03)3 February 1898
Died24 May 1982(1982-05-24) (aged 84)
Resting placeAl-Baqi Cemetery
NationalityIndian
Known forHadith studies
MovementDeobandi movement

Zakariyya Kandhlawi (3 February 1898 – 24 May 1982) was a traditionalist Sunni scholar and an authority in the study of hadith during mid-twentieth-century India. He was also known as Sheikh al-Hadith and was an ideologist of Tablighi Jamaat.[1] He wrote in both Arabic and Urdu, and none of his publications were bound by copyright restrictions.[2] He embarked on his writing journey at the age of 20 while a student. After completing his studies, he became a teacher at Mazahir Uloom in 1917. It was during this period that he collaborated with Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri on Badhl al-Majhud, which was the foundation of his lifelong dedication to the service of Hadith.[3] In total, he wrote 103 works, 57 in Arabic and 46 in Urdu.[3] While he gained recognition for his scholarly contributions, his Fada'il series stands out as a notable achievement. These works have been translated into multiple languages and serve as resources for the Tablighi Jamaat.[2] In addition to his work on hadith and related topics, he explored Islamic jurisprudence, Quranic commentary and proper recitation, examined historical and biographical subjects, advocated ethical and moral practices, and critically analyzed various contemporary groups and movements.

Hadith studies

Arabic

  • Al-Abwab wa al-Tarajim li Sahih al-Bukhari: A book on the chapters and biographies of Sahih al-Bukhari was primarily written during Kandhlawi's teaching career. When he was residing in Medina in 1390 AH, he reviewed everything he had written over the past four decades for the purpose of writing his book. During the review, he added further explanations and improved some of his explanations, inspired by his contemplation. Abdul Hafeez al-Makki assisted him in the review, and during his journey to India, Muhammad Aqil, Muhammad Yunus, Muhammad Salman, and others also provided assistance in the review.[4]
  • Al-Kawakib al-Durri sharh Jami al-Tirmidhi: It is a commentary on Sahih al-Tirmidhi, based on the teachings of Rashid Ahmad Gangohi and recorded by his student, Yahya Kandhlawi. The commentary was later expanded upon by Yahya's son, Zakariyya Kandhlawi, who added extensive footnotes. The initial version, consisting of two volumes, was published in India in 1933 and 1934. A subsequent version, with additional footnotes by Zakariyya Kandhlawi, was published in four volumes.[5]
  • Awjaz al-Masalik ila Muwatta Malik: It is a multi-volume commentary on the Muwatta Imam Malik. This work provides a detailed analysis of the Muwatta, including its narrations, sources, and discussions on the legal rulings derived from the hadith, according to the four schools of thought. It not only covers the sources of the Maliki school but also incorporates evidence from the Hanafi school, making it a significant contribution to the commentary on hadith within the Hanafi school of Islamic jurisprudence.[6]
  • Awliyat al-Qiyamah: In this book, Kandhlawi has compiled Hadiths that begin with the word "awwal" (first). This book reflects his literary taste along with his understanding of the hereafter.[7]
  • Badhl al-Majhud fi Hall Sunan Abi Dawud: It is a detailed commentary on Sunan Abu Dawood, authored by Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri with the assistance of Zakariyya Kandhlawi. It was a ten-year journey. Initially published in five volumes, it was later expanded to a twenty-volume collection.[8]
  • Tabwib Tawil Mukhtalif al-Ahadith: The book Tawil al-Hadith by Ibn Qutaybah is not categorized. Hadiths in this book are presented without any specific arrangement. However, Kandhlawi categorized the Hadiths, and the basis of this categorization is a jurisprudential order. He composed this book on a Friday night in Jumada al-Awwal 1342. He organized this book into ten pages and twenty-one headings.[7]
  • Tabwib Mushkil al-Athar: Al-Tahawi divided his book Mushkil al-Athar into four parts, but he did not arrange this book according to the order of jurisprudential issues. However, Kandhlawi organized the index of this book in the order of jurisprudential issues, making it easier to refer to the Mushkil al-Athar. He mentioned the details of the references for the contents of Badhl al-Majhud fi Hall Sunan Abi Dawud in this book.[9]
  • Takhrij al-Jami': Ibn al-Athir authored his book Jami al-Usul, which includes the five authentic books and the Muwatta Imam Malik. Kandhlawi provided the details of the references for each Hadith included in the Jami al-Usul and facilitated the review of its content.[9]
  • Taqrir Mihkat Sharif: He started composing this book as a summary when he was a student. However, when he was entrusted with the responsibility of teaching the subject Mishkat al-Masabih in 1341 AH, he expanded upon what he had written during his student days by adding comments and completing the writing of this book.[9]
  • Taqrir Nisawi Sharif: He began writing this book in the second spring of 1341 AH. This book is a collection of the following explanations: Explanations by the scholar Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri during his teaching of Al-Sunan al-Sughra. Explanations by the scholar Rashid Ahmad Gangohi during his teaching of Al-Nasai in 1312 AH. These explanations were delivered by the scholar Gangohi, and Yahya Kandhlawi recorded them. There was a specific copy of Al-Nasai in the Mazahir Uloom for the professors. Some of the explanations of Al-Nasai were in booklet form with Yahya Kandhlawi, and the name of the writer is not mentioned in it. Some of the explanations were derived from the book Zahr al-Rabi by Al-Suyuti.[10]
  • Tahlis al-Budhul: When he was assisting his mentor Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri in writing his book Badhl al-Majhud fi Hall Sunan Abi Dawud, he used to write a summary of the daily recordings in his own words in his notebook. He took care to write a summary of Badhl al-Majhud in accordance with the chapters.[11]
  • Jame' al-Riwayat wa al-Ajza': When he read hadith books, he would write explanations and comments in the margins of the pages. It is the Collection of Narrations and Sections. He compiled this book into a thousand pages, hundreds of chapters, and eight volumes.[11]
  • Juz' Innama al-A'mal bil-Niyat: It is about a Hadith, "Actions are Judged by Intentions." This hadith is very important in the circle of Islam because it contains many meanings. He paid attention to explaining this hadith after scientific research. In this book, he mentioned the importance of this hadith based on its chain of narrators, the analysis of its vocabulary, and the statements of the scholars regarding it.[12]
  • Juz' Afzal al-A'mal: In this book, he mentioned the hadiths related to "The Best of Deeds." He saw it appropriate to gather the hadiths that encompass "The Best of Deeds" due to their abundance under this title. He also mentioned the explanations of the scholars for each of these hadiths.[12]
  • Juz' al-Jihad: In this book, he defined the meaning of jihad and explained its conditions, as well as the responsibility of the rulers and caliphs. The book includes the following topics: the conditions for the obligation of jihad, the conditions for the permissibility of jihad, including women's participation in jihad, and the etiquette of jihad.[12]
  • Juz' Takhrij Hadith Aisha Radi Allah Anha: In the six authentic books, there are many narrations about Aisha regarding her correspondence with Lady Burayrah. Muhammad al-Bukhari included 24 hadiths in his Sahih that are related to Aisha's correspondence with Lady Burayrah, and Kandhlawi collected in this book all the narrations that mention the details of Aisha's correspondence.[13]
  • Juz' Riwayat al-Istihadah: This book contains narrations related to the issue of Istihadha (irregular bleeding outside the menstrual period). Scholars are still exerting efforts in this matter, and Kandhlawi collected all the narrations related to the issue of Istihadah.[13]
  • Juz' Salat al-Istisqa': In this book, Kandhlawi mentioned the narrations of Hadith related to the prayer of seeking rain (Salatul Istisqa) and the statements of the four Imams regarding it.[14]
  • Juz' Salat al-Khawf: In this book, Kandhlawi mentioned the narrations of Hadith related to the prayer of fear (Salatul Khawf) and the statements of the four Imams regarding it. He also mentioned the days on which the Prophet performed this prayer during his lifetime.[14]
  • Juz' Salat al-Kusuf: Kandhlawi mentioned in this book the narrations of the Hadith related to the prayer of the eclipse, the statements of the four Imams about it, and the days when the Prophet performed this prayer.[14]
  • Juz' Ma Ja'a fi Sharh Alfaz al-Istia'dhah: It is an explanation of the phrases of seeking refuge in Allah, spanning eighty pages.[15]
  • Juz' Ma Yushkil 'ala al-Jarihain: In the context of Hadith studies, this book is about the act of criticizing or disparaging a narrator's credibility and reliability.[15]
  • Juz' Mukaffarat al-Dhunub: In the narrations, the virtues of certain actions through which Allah forgives human sins are mentioned. These actions are known as expiations for sins. Kandhlawi explains in this book the major sins, minor sins, and the differences between them. He also explains in this book 31 hadiths in which the Prophet mentioned actions through which Allah forgives human sins because of them.[16]
  • Juz' al-Mubhamat fi al-Asanid wa al-Riwayat: In most chains of hadiths and their narrations, ambiguous names are found. Kandhlawi researched historical books and collected these ambiguous names in this book.[17]
  • Hajjat al-Wada wa Umrat al-Nabi: It focuses on the Farewell Pilgrimage of Prophet Muhammad. Written within a short timeframe, the book provides a detailed account of the pilgrimage and its outcomes. It covers various aspects such as rituals, legal rulings, historical events, scientific benefits, and hadith research related to both Hajj and Umrah. The book aims to offer a comprehensive understanding of the subject and serves as a resource for studying and exploring the Farewell Pilgrimage of the Prophet.[18]
  • Hawashi al-Musalsalat: This book includes the three books of Shah Waliullah Dehlawi and the annotations of the Hadith scholar. The names of these three books are: Al-Fadl al-Mubin fi al-Masalat min Hadith al-Nabi Salla Allah 'Alayhi wa Sallam, Al-Durr al-Thamin fi Mubashshirat al-Nabi al-Amin Salla Allah 'Alayhi wa Sallam, Al-Nawadir min Ahadith Sayyid al-Awwal wal-Akhir Salla Allah 'Alayhi wa Sallam. Teachers at the Mazahir Uloom are accustomed to reading these three books among the students at the conclusion of teaching Sahih al-Bukhari.[19]
  • Hawashi Dheel al-Tahdhib: This book includes Al-Tahdhib by Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani and its annotations. Kandhlawi arranged the pages of his book in the same order as Ibn Hajar, making it easy to reference the book.[20]
  • Hawashi wa Ta'liqat Bidh al-Mujahid: They are margins for Badhl al-Majhud fi Hall Sunan Abi Dawud. After the printing of Badhl al-Mazhud, he began writing the margins for it.[21]
  • Dheel al-Taysir: During the composition of Badhl al-Mazhud, Kandhlawi benefited from the book Taysir al-Wusul ila Jame' al-Usul by Ibn al-Dibaj. It is a collection of explanations related to Taysir al-Wusul various books.[21]
  • Shatharat Asma' al-Rijal: Kandhlawi authored this book to resolve discrepancies in the names of Hadith narrators. He clarified in this book the contradictory expressions found in books of narrator names, such as Tahdhib al-Tahdhib, Taqrir al-Tahdhib, Ta'ajil al-Manfa'a, Lisan al-Mizan, Tahdhib al-Kamal, and Mizan al-I'tidal.[22]
  • Shatharat al-Hadith: During the review of books for the compilation of the book Badhl al-Majhud, he would refer to all Hadith books. Whenever he found an explanation that he needed at that moment, he would write it in his personal notebook. He categorized these excerpts under different chapters.[22]
  • Lami al-Darari ala Jami al-Bukhari: It is a commentary on Sahih al-Bukhari, based on the teachings of Rashid Ahmad Gangohi and compiled by Yahya Kandhlawi, with further expansions by his son, Zakariyya Kandhlawi. The commentary aims to provide detailed explanations, discussions, and insights into the various sections, topics, and issues covered in Sahih al-Bukhari. It also incorporates additional research, references to other scholarly works, and defends the Hanafi school of Islamic jurisprudence.[23]
  • Mukhtasasah al-Mushkawwah: Kandhlawi gathered in this book the contents mentioned in Al-Mirqat and other explanations of Mishkat al-Masabih.[24]
  • Mu'jam al-Sahabah al-Lati Akhraj 'Anhum Abu Dawud: In Musnad al-Tayalisi, Abu Dawud al-Tayalisi arranged the narrations according to their ranks. However, this arrangement is easy to review for those who have knowledge of their ranks. Therefore, Kandhlawi decided to arrange their narrations in alphabetical order.[24]
  • Mu'jam al-Musnad lil-Imam Ahmad: Ahmad ibn Hanbal arranged the narrations in his Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal according to the ranks of the Companions. This arrangement is easy to review for those who have complete knowledge of the ranks of the Companions. Kandhlawi arranged the same Musnad in the order of the names of the Companions, making it easy for reference.[25]
  • Mu'jam Rijal Tadhkirat al-Huffaz lil-Dhahabi: This book is in four volumes, and the author of this book mentioned the names of men under a separate index for each volume. The names are arranged in the order of men's titles and their kunyas. Kandhlawi exchanged the same indexes and arranged them in the order of the original men's names.[25]
  • Muqaddimah Kutub al-Hadith: Kandhlawi wrote an introduction to the science of Hadith between 1346 AH and 1356 AH and added it to Awjaz al-Masalik ila Muwatta Malik. After completing this introduction, he continued to write further introductions to each of the Hadith books. These introductions included the characteristics of the Hadith books, detailed biographies of their compilers, and other important information related to those books.[26]
  • Multaqat al-Marqah: Al-Mirqat Al-Mafatih fi Sharh Mishkat Al-Masabih is a book authored by the scholar Ali al-Qari. Kandhlawi began writing his book Maltiqat Al-Mirqat to summarize the contents of the original author's work. He started writing this book on the 29th of Dhu al-Hijjah, 1341 AH.[27]

Urdu

  • Taqareer Kutub-e-Hadith: Kandhlawi first learned the sciences of Hadith from his father, Yahya Kandhlawi, and then from Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri. Whenever he heard explanations of the Prophetic traditions, he would write them down in a notebook. He named this collection of explanations of the Hadith books "Reports on Hadith Books."[28]
  • Fada'il series: It is a collection of nine treatises authored between the years 1930 and 1965, which elucidate the virtues associated with various deeds. The majority of these treatises were composed at the behest of Ilyas Kandhlawi, the founder of Tablighi Jamaat. Subsequently, most of the collective treatises were published under the title Fazail-e-Amaal. The nine treatises encompassed within this series are as follows: (1) The Story of the Companions, (2) Virtues of the Quran, (3) Virtues of Prayer, (4) Virtues of Remembrance (Dhikr), (5) Virtues of Propagation, (6) Virtues of Ramadan, (7) Virtues of Hajj, (8) Virtues of Charity, and (9) Virtues of Sending Blessings upon the Prophet.[29]
  • Fazail-e-Tijarat: He wrote this at the command of his teacher, Ilyas Kandhlawi, on the virtues of trade. During his illness, he drafted the manuscript, but it could not be published and was lost. Later, during his tenure in Medina, he rewrote it with the phrase "Bismillah" (in the name of Allah).[30]
  • Fazail-e-Zaban Arabi: This book discusses the necessity, importance, and virtues of the Arabic language. Its completion took place in Al-Masjid an-Nabawi. In the process of composing the treatise, he faced numerous challenges, and his mind and intellect were greatly influenced. He wrote a letter to Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi from Medina. Through Quranic verses, Prophetic traditions, historical events, and the sayings of the elders, it clearly explains the importance, necessity, and virtues of the Arabic language in this book.[31]
  • Usul-e-Hadith ala Mazhab al-Hanafi: Kandhlawi began writing this book on the fundamentals of Hadith specific to the Hanafi school in the month of Jumada al-Awwal in the year 1342 AH and completed it in two days. However, he continued to write marginal notes on the texts of that book until 1388 AH, according to what was in his mind.[28]

Quranic studies

Arabic

  • Tabwib Ahkam al-Qur'an: Al-Jassas had the honor of arranging the rulings of the Qur'an in his Aḥkām al-Qur'an, according to the order of the Qur'an. This arrangement is solely for noble preservation. However, Kandhlawi altered its arrangement and presented the rulings based on the order of jurisprudential issues in this book.[32]
  • Sharh Jazari: Kandhlawi authored this book, following the request of his teacher Hassan Sha'ir al-Arabi. He resided in Medina while writing this book.[32]

Urdu

  • Tuhfat al-Ikhwan fi Bayan Ahkam: This book is a translation of the book by Hassan Shaar Al-Madani on the science of recitation. When the famous scholar and reciter Hassan Shaar Al-Madani was teaching Quranic recitation to his students, some of them were Indians. Al-Madani did not know the Urdu language, so he asked Kandhlawi to translate his book into Urdu.[33]
  • Hawashi Kalam-e-Pak: Khandlawi didn't have the habit of sleeping during the nights of Ramadan, from sunset till dawn. He used to read the Quran with contemplation and reflection, from Al-Fatiha to Al-Nas. He would write down the anticipated questions and then write on the margins of the pages, referring to the commentaries. In this way, this practice underwent a complete transformation.[34]

Islamic jurisprudence

Arabic

  • Juz' Ikhtilafat al-Salat: It is about Salah. When Khandlawi was teaching Mishkat al-Masabih, he came to know that there are more than 200 issues in which the four juristic schools differ. He marveled at the debates and arguments among the followers of different schools on only these two issues: raising the hands and saying "Ameen" aloud. And then he mentioned in this book the differences in matters of prayer among the four juristic schools.[27]
  • Juz' al-Manat: This book is about Al-Minat, a term used in Hadith studies that refers to the "cause" or "reason" behind a specific ruling or action mentioned in a Hadith. It is an aspect of Hadith analysis in which scholars delve into the contextual factors or underlying reasons that led to the statement or action of the Prophet Muhammad or his companions.[35]
  • Juz' Raf' al-Yadayn: The issue of raising the hands (Raf'ul'yadain) is well known among the general public. Since ancient times, followers of the four juristic schools have debated this issue. In this book, Khandlawi has compiled all the narrations that mention the issue of raising the hands.[35]
  • Shajarat Al-Hidayah wa Nur Al-Anwar wa Dur Al-Mukhtar wa Hissami: Khandlawi has experience in teaching fiqh books such as Al-Hidayah, Nur Al-Anwar, Dur Al-Mukhtar, and Hissami repeatedly. Whenever he prepares for teaching, he writes footnotes and annotations.[36]

Urdu

  • Ikhtilaf al-Ummah: This book explores the differences among the Imams of Islamic jurisprudence and was primarily published in Al-Mazahir, a magazine of Mazahir Uloom.[37]
  • Darhi Ka Wajib: The book was written during his in Medina in 1394 AH. This booklet consists of two chapters. The first chapter contains the blessed guidance and the obligation of growing a beard according to the Prophet. The second chapter discusses the obligation of beards for others besides the Prophet. In this book, the necessity and importance of growing a beard are explained in the light of Quranic verses, Prophetic traditions, the guidance of scholars, their teachings, and their statements. It also includes quotes from modern medicine and ancient medical opinions regarding the obligation of beards.[38]

Historiography

Arabic

  • Abjad al-Waqai': This book includes expeditions, military campaigns, and biographies of prominent men from the history of Islam, as well as important information about non-Muslim Arabs. The contents of this book are arranged alphabetically by Khandlawi.[36]
  • Ahwal al-Qara'a al-Sab'a: Khandlawi authored this book on the sciences of recitation of Quran. During his one-year stay in the city of Medina, this book includes biographies of the seven reciters and their fourteen disciples. In fact, this book is an appendix to the book Ikhwan al-Safa by Hassan Sha'ir, in which he mentioned only the names of the seven reciters and their disciples. However, Khandlawi added detailed information about their conditions.[39]
  • Juz' Amara' al-Madinah al-Munawwarah: Khandlawi saw the need to compile a book to clarify the names of the princes of Al-Madinah in chronological order, in order to facilitate mentioning their names when discussing their events. He organized this book into two tables. In the first table, he mentioned the names of all the princes of Al-Madinah. As for the second table, he listed the names of the Umayyad caliphs and their successors, followed by the Abbasid caliphs of Baghdad, and then the Abbasid caliphs of Egypt. After that, the Ottoman dynasty is mentioned.[39]
  • Juz' al-Mi'raj: It is Khandlawi's research article on the Prophet's Night Journey. He did not arrange the contents of this book in any particular order, but he mentioned a collection of hadiths related to the Prophet's Night Journey along with the statements and opinions of scholars about the Al-Mi'raj.[40]
  • Juz' Unkhat al-Nabi Salla Allah 'Alayhi wa Sallam: In this book, Khandlawi explains in detail the marriages of the wives of Prophet Muhammad. He also mentions some of the disputed marriages and the names of some women who were proposed to but the marriages did not take place. Finally, he mentions the marriage of the Prophet's daughter, Fatima, to Ali.[40]
  • Juz' Tariq al-Madinah al-Munawwarah: In this book, he mentions the names of the four routes from Makkah to Al-Madinah: the Sultan Road, the Subsidiary Road, the Subterranean Road, and the Eastern Road. He explains in detail the famous stations and landmarks along each of these routes.[41]
  • Juz' Ma Qal al-Muhaddithun fi al-Imam al-A'zam: In this book, he compiled all the opinions of the hadith scholars and historians regarding Abu Hanifa, in terms of criticism and praise. He divided this book into two sections: the first section includes what the Hadith Scholars said, and the second section includes what the Historians said.[41]
  • Juz' Wafat al-Nabi Salla Allah 'Alayhi wa Sallam: In this book, the history of the beginning of Prophet Muhammad's illness and death is mentioned, along with his customary visits to the Mothers of the Believers and the arrangement of visits among them. It also provides detailed information about the Prophet Muhammad's arrival to Aisha and the severity of his illness. The book presents events in chronological order, with each incident under a specific heading. References from biographical and historical books are provided for each incident, and a total of eighty-seven headings are used to arrange the incidents.[42]
  • Hawashi al-Ishaa'ah: Khandlawi had a copy of the book Al-Isha'ah fi Ishraat Al-Sa'ah when he was a student. While reading this book, he would place a paper between every two pages and write explanations and annotations on them. He also mentioned the page numbers for each reference in the author's references.[43]
  • Al-Mu'allafat wa al-Mu'allifeen: In this book, Khandlawi has gathered the names of books in the fields of hadith and jurisprudence, along with biographies of their authors and details about the references of these books.[43]
  • Multaqat al-Ruwat 'an al-Marqat: In this book, Khandlawi has compiled the details of the narrators that Ali al-Qari mentioned in his Mirqat al-Masabih fi Sharh Mishkat al-Masabih.[44]
  • Al-Waqai' wa al-Duhur: This book consists of three volumes. The first volume contains the events in the life of Prophet Muhammad, from his migration to Medina until his passing, and these events are arranged in chronological order. The second volume contains the events that took place during the times of the four righteous caliphs, as well as the two Imams, Hasan and Husayn, and Mu'awiya I. The third volume contains significant events that occurred during the eras of the caliphs and rulers of the two noble sanctuaries and in later times. Finally, he added in this book the events that occurred until the year 1388 AH.[45]

Urdu

  • Aap Beati: It is a seven-volume autobiography, initially published in 1970. The book provides a detailed account of his upbringing, education, and interactions with prominent scholars of his era. It explores his spiritual journey and offers insights into the lives and achievements of his predecessors.[46]
  • Akabir Ulama Deoband: This book was written on esteemed scholars of the Deobandi movement. Kandhlawi compiled this book in Jumada al-Thani 1397 in Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah. It encompasses the interests of senior scholars of Deoband in religious matters.[47]
  • Akabir Ka Ramazan: In this book, Kandhlawi elucidated the practices of numerous scholars from the Deobandi movement during Ramadan.[48]
  • Tareekh Mashaykh Chisht: Kandhlawi began writing this book after completing his studies. He mentioned in it the biography of the Prophet and the rightly guided caliphs first. After that, he mentioned the conditions of the scholars in the Chishti Order (meaning the Sabiri chain), and this chain extends to Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri. This book is the first book authored by Kandhlawi when he entered the field of writing. Due to his busy schedule with teaching and other activities, he was unable to complete this book immediately after starting it. However, he completed it with the assistance of Muhammad Shahid Saharanpuri.[49]
  • Tareekh Mazahir: Kandhlawi authored this book, which encompasses the establishment of the Mazahir Uloom in Saharanpur, the dedication of its teacher and students, and their active engagement in learning, teaching, and curriculum development. He provided detailed descriptions of all these aspects, showcasing his deep interest in the affairs of the madrasa.[50]
  • Khasa'il Nabawi: It is an Urdu translation and commentary of the Ash-Shama'il al-Muhammadiyya. This book delves into various aspects of the Prophet's physical characteristics, personality, habits, attire, and other details, providing a comprehensive depiction of his life and teachings.[51]
  • Risalah strike: This booklet focuses on the topic of strikes, and within its pages, Kandhlawi expresses a negative opinion towards strikes. In 1382 AH, a strike occurred in Mazahir Uloom, leading to significant corruption and immoral practices within religious circles. It was during this period that this book was authored, with Ashraf Ali Thanwi offering a fatwa supported by legal evidence concerning the strike. The book further elucidates the viewpoints of Hussain Ahmed Madani and other scholars.[52]
  • Seerat Siddique Radi Allah Anhu: This booklet is about Abu Bakr Siddiq, the first caliph of Islam.[34]
  • Dama'im Khoan Khalil[53]
  • Quran Azim Aur Jabriyah Taleem: The British government imposed a compulsory education law in 1948 for Indian residents, which required children between the ages of six and eleven to be enrolled in government schools. Those who violated this law were subjected to penalties. The imposition of compulsory education directly affected Muslim religious and Arabic schools. As a result, out of the 20 Quranic schools in Darul Khilafah, Delhi, only two remained open. Students pursuing religious education were admitted to non-governmental schools where there was no provision for Quranic and religious education. Scholars, including Ashraf Ali Thanwi, opposed compulsory education. In this regard, Khandlawi sent a lengthy written document on the 13th of Muharram, addressed to Muslim leaders and other influential Muslims. It was later published under the title Jabriyah Taleem (Compulsory Education), presenting arguments against compulsory education based on religious principles.[54]
  • Mujaddidin Millat: The Prophet Muhammad has prophesied that in my Ummah (community), a reformer will arise. In relation to this, scholars from every era have compiled a list of individuals who have been identified as reformers and guides for the Ummah based on their own research. In this book, he has gathered the sayings of all these prominent figures, which were written by various scholars during different periods, until the fourteenth century.[55]
  • Mashaykh Tasawwuf: This booklet contains brief accounts of distinguished Sufis and is not limited to Chishti Sufi masters. It includes the biographies of renowned Sufi saints.[56]
  • Meri Mahsin Kitabain: On the insistence of Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi and due to his strong determination, Khandlawi began the compilation of a booklet that would include the favorite books of every era, written by renowned scholars.[56]
  • Naseehat Hajj Aur Maktub Karami[53]
  • Nizam Mazahir Uloom: When Shabir Ali Thanwi was at Mazahir Uloom, Khandlawi wrote a treatise of approximately 100 pages in response to the inquiries of students regarding the previous system of the school.[56]

Logic

Arabic

  • Sharh Sullam al-'Ulum: When Khandlawi was a student, he expressed his interest in writing books that he authored during his days of learning, and Sharh Sullam al-'Ulum was one of those works. In this book, he clarifies the reports of his esteemed teacher, Abdul Wahid.[45]

Urdu

  • Izafah Bar Ishkal Iqlidis: While studying the science of Euclid, Kandhlawi immersed himself in learning it and discovered additional Euclidean figures. He authored a book that includes Euclidean terms, their meanings, and the figures that he himself discovered.[57]

Theology

Urdu

  • Islam Lene Ka Tariqa: In this book, Kandhlawi explains the necessary information that one needs to know in order to embrace Islam. He also mentions the names of the books that should be read to progress in faith and religious deeds. This book makes it easy to understand the religion of Islam for those who want to enter it.[50]
  • Al-Taqdeer (uncompleted): Kandhlawi had the idea of composing a book on Predestination in Islam a long time ago, so he started writing it and mentioned many established facts about how a person obtains what is destined for them. This book includes facts and hadiths.[50]
  • Teen Maktub: In this book, Kandhlawi compiles three articles by Ahmad Sirhindi. These articles contain sermons on religion, correct beliefs, rectifying the conditions of the Ummah, and following the Sunnah. Kandhlawi adds his explanations and beneficial comments to these articles, and it was published in the year 1396 AH.[57]
  • Maut Ki Yaad: In the preface of this book, Khandlawi explains the reason for its compilation. He mentions that his sincere friend Yusuf Banuri sent two sections of this booklet related to the months of Dhul-Qa'dah and Dhul-Hijjah through a letter. In the section about Dhul-Qa'dah, two Arabic poems on the topic of death and their illustrations were highly appreciated. The intention was to include these poems in the remaining parts of the book. Iqbal Madani advised including the articles related to the topic of death in the second part of Fazail Sadaqat (Virtues of Charity) along with these poems. This suggestion was well received. Additionally, two gazals (poems) by Aziz al-Hasan Ghouri on the subjects of "Dars-e-Ibrat" (Lesson of Admonition) and "Muraqabah-e-Maut" (Contemplation of Death) were also included at the end. Hence, the entire compilation was titled Maut Ki Yaad (Remembrance of Death).[38]

Spirituality

Urdu

  • Shajra Chishtiya Sabriya: A book on the spiritual lineage of the Chishtiya–Sabriya order.[58]
  • Shariah o Tariqah ka Talaazim: Khandlawi has established in this treatise that the integration of Sharia (Islamic law) and Tariqa (spiritual path) is not separate but rather an inseparable part. This collection of articles emphasizes the importance, connection, and unity of Sharia and Tariqa, highlighting their necessity. Khandlawi arranged this treatise in 1978 with the purpose of discussing every subject and topic related to Sharia and Tariqa.[59]
  • Nasabat o Ijazah: Khandlawi has mentioned in this book the necessary guidance and advice regarding permissions and succession from the spiritual mentors. It also includes a mention of the dangers and concerns associated with this relationship.[59]

Grammar

Urdu

  • Sharh Alfiyah: It was written by Khandlawi during his student life. The first part is a detailed commentary, while the remaining two are concise.[60]

Criticism

Urdu

  • Fitna-e-Maudoodiyat: There were several differences between the scholars of Deoband and the late Abul A'la Maududi. The book highlighting these differences, under consideration, is a series that was written between 1952 and 1975. In 1994, for the first time, a publication in the form of a booklet was published under the name of Fitna-e-Maudoodiyat.[61]
  • Mashriqi ka Islam: It is a study of the thoughts of Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi, the leader of the Khaksar movement.[62]
  • Mutalia-e-Qadianiyat: A critical book on Ahmadiyya beliefs.[63]
  • Al-I'tidaal fi Maratib al-Rijal: Kandhlawi authored this book in response to the questions posed by a concerned man who sympathized with the interests of the Indian community before the Indian independence movement and was confused about the differences among Indian scholars regarding the Partition of India.[57]
  • Tablighi Jamaat par Aitrazaat ke Jawabaat: His intention in composing this book was to answer the objections that had begun in the time of the late Ilyas Kandhlawi and his Tablighi Jamaat. People started inquiring about Tablighi Jamaat - the work of calling and preaching - and whenever someone asked him about the truth of this effort, he would answer them. And when the objections increased, he decided to gather all those questions together and add his answers to them. He compiled the questions of the objectors regarding the work of calling and preaching and their corresponding answers into a single book.[64]

Compilation

Arabic

  • Fara'id Husayni: Hussain Ahmed Madani and Rashid Ahmad Gangohi used to talk frequently about religious matters, and when the opportunity arose, Khandlawi had the chance to be with them and take notes of their discussions. From these conversations, he authored his book Fara'id Husayni.[65]

Supervision

  • Al-Hallu al-Mufhim sharh Sahih Muslim: The portion of Rashid Ahmad Gangohi's series of hadith commentaries related to Sahih Muslim was published under his supervision with the marginal notes of his son-in-law Muhammed Aqil Saharanpuri.[66][67]
  • Al-Fayd al-Sama'i 'ala Sunan al-Nasa'i: He also supervised the publication of this book, a commentary on Sunan an-Nasa'i.[66]
  • In'am al-Bari fi Sharh Ash'ar al-Bukhari: A Commentary on Sahih al-Bukhari by Ashiq Ilahi Bulandshahri.[68]
  • Huquq al-Walidayn: A book on the Rights of Parents in Islam by Ashiq Ilahi Bulandshahri.[68]
  • Takmilat al-I'tidal fi Maratib al-Rijal: A complementary book to Zakariyya Kandhlawi's previous work, Al-I'tidaal fi Maratib al-Rijal, authored by Ashiq Ilahi Bulandshahri.[68]
  • Fazail Sahaba-e-Karam: A book on the Companions of the Prophets, written by Ashiq Ilahi Bulandshahri.[68]
  • Akabir ka Sulook wa Ihsan: A book on the spiritual path and the state of spiritual excellence and perfection of the elders, written by Sufi Iqbal.[68]
  • Majmua Wasiyat Imam A'zam Rahmatullah 'Alayh: A book authored by Ashiq Ilahi Bulandshahri.[68]
  • Imam al-Amrad: A book authored by Sufi Iqbal.[68]
  • Akabir ka Taqwa: A book authored by Sufi Iqbal.[68]
  • Saqaltah al-Qulub: A book authored by Sufi Iqbal.[68]
  • Ibtidai Adhkar wa Shughal Baraye Mutrasileen: A book authored by Sufi Iqbal.[68]
  • Fayz-e-Sheikh Rahmatullah 'Alayh: It is a compilation of three booklets: The Importance of Remembrance in Invitation and Preaching, An Important Letter by Zakariyya Kandhlawi about the Significance of Itikaf, and An Advice and Motivational Letter by Sufi Iqbal.[68]
  • Shajarat-e-Naqshbandiyah Imdadiyah ma'a Tariqah Dhikr Baraye Mutawassileen: The initial four pages of this booklet were written by Zakariyya Kandhlawi himself, and for the completion of the rest, Sufi Iqbal was guided.[68]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Gaborieau, M. (2012). Zakariyyā Kāndhalawī Sahāranpūrī. Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Brill. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_sim_8095. ISBN 9789004161214. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
  2. 1 2 Metcalf, Barbara D. (2009). Zakariyya, Maulānā Muḥammad. The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-530513-5. Archived from the original on 2 July 2023. Retrieved 22 June 2023.
  3. 1 2 Maliq 2001, p. 59.
  4. ↑ Ismail, Mohd Aashif; Majid, Latifah Abdul; Nazri, Mohd Arif (2022). "Penggunaan Ungkapan Al-Auj'ah ᶜIndī Di Sisi Zakariyya Al-Kāndahlawi: Tumpuan Terhadap Karya Al- Abwāb Wa Al-Tarājim Li Ṣaḥīḥ Al-Bukhārī". Al-turath Journal of Al-quran and Al-sunnah (in Malay). 7 (1): 29–36. ISSN 0128-0899. Archived from the original on 3 December 2022. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
  5. ↑ Sarwar, Hafiz Ghulam; Iqbal, Hafiz Atif (2022). "Kawkab Ad-Durri 'Ala Jami' At-Tirmidhi And Fiqhul Hadith: A Research & Analaytical Review". Rushd Journal (in Urdu). 3 (2): 156. ISSN 2414-3138. Archived from the original on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
  6. ↑ Ghouri, Syed Abdul Majid (2022). "Awjaz Al-masālik 'ilā Muwaṭṭāʿ Mālik Of Shayikh Muḥammad Zakariyyā Kandhalavi: A Critical Analysis From Hadith Perspective". Maʿālim al-Qurʾān wa al-Sunnah. 18 (1): 154. doi:10.33102/jmqs.v18i1.356. ISSN 2637-0328. S2CID 249614654. Archived from the original on 14 October 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2023.
  7. 1 2 Maliq 2001, p. 119.
  8. ↑ Haroon, Muhammad; Irfan, Muhammad; Awan, Talib Ali (2021). "Explanation and Refinement of Sunan e Abī Dawūd's narrators: Special Study of Bzl-al-Majhūd". Al-Qamar: 439–448. ISSN 2664-4398. Archived from the original on 21 October 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2023.
  9. 1 2 3 Maliq 2001, p. 120.
  10. ↑ Maliq 2001, p. 121.
  11. 1 2 Maliq 2001, p. 123.
  12. 1 2 3 Maliq 2001, p. 124.
  13. 1 2 Maliq 2001, p. 125.
  14. 1 2 3 Maliq 2001, p. 126.
  15. 1 2 Maliq 2001, p. 127.
  16. ↑ Maliq 2001, p. 128.
  17. ↑ Maliq 2001, p. 129.
  18. ↑ Ahmad, Riyaz (2009). Maulana Mohd Zakaria ki Elm E hadees men Khidmaat (PhD thesis) (in Urdu). India: Department of Sunni Theology, Aligarh Muslim University. p. 97. hdl:10603/57134. Archived from the original on 27 June 2022. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
  19. ↑ Maliq 2001, p. 145.
  20. ↑ Maliq 2001, p. 146.
  21. 1 2 Maliq 2001, p. 147.
  22. 1 2 Maliq 2001, p. 148.
  23. ↑ Shah, Muhammad Usman; Ahmed, Manzoor (2021). "Inorate,literary style, manner and procedure of the commentary of "Lame-ud-durari" (Sharh-e-Sahih Bukhari)". Al-Aijaz Research Journal of Islamic Studies & Humanities (in Urdu). 5 (2): 244. doi:10.53575/Urdu19.v5.02(21).244-258. ISSN 2707-1219. S2CID 243773920. Archived from the original on 18 June 2023. Retrieved 22 June 2023.
  24. 1 2 Maliq 2001, p. 158.
  25. 1 2 Maliq 2001, p. 159.
  26. ↑ Maliq 2001, p. 160.
  27. 1 2 Maliq 2001, p. 161.
  28. 1 2 Maliq 2001, p. 174.
  29. ↑ Maliq 2001, p. 189.
  30. ↑ Chaudhary 1992, p. 226.
  31. ↑ Chaudhary, Muhammad Nawaz (1992). Religious and academic services of Hazrat Maulana Zakaria (PhD) (in Urdu). Pakistan: University of the Punjab. p. 226. Archived from the original on 30 August 2022. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
  32. 1 2 Maliq 2001, p. 68.
  33. ↑ Maliq 2001, p. 173.
  34. 1 2 Chaudhary 1992, p. 233.
  35. 1 2 Maliq 2001, p. 162.
  36. 1 2 Maliq 2001, p. 163.
  37. ↑ Chaudhary 1992, p. 217.
  38. 1 2 Chaudhary 1992, p. 224.
  39. 1 2 Maliq 2001, p. 164.
  40. 1 2 Maliq 2001, p. 165.
  41. 1 2 Maliq 2001, p. 166.
  42. ↑ Maliq 2001, p. 167.
  43. 1 2 Maliq 2001, p. 168.
  44. ↑ Maliq 2001, p. 169.
  45. 1 2 Maliq 2001, p. 170.
  46. ↑ Metcalf, Barbara (30 December 2004). Arnold, David (ed.). The Past in the Present: Instruction, Pleasure, and Blessing in Maulānā Muḥammad Zakariyya's Aap Biitii. Telling Lives in India: Biography, Autobiography, and Life History. Indiana University Press. pp. 116–144. ISBN 978-0-253-21727-1. Archived from the original on 28 October 2023. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
  47. ↑ Maliq 2001, p. 178.
  48. ↑ Maliq 2001, p. 179.
  49. ↑ Maliq 2001, p. 180.
  50. 1 2 3 Maliq 2001, p. 181.
  51. ↑ Yahia Bilal Minar, Mohamed (2021). "Mukhtalif al-hadith (Different Hadiths) according to ShaikhZakaria Al-Kandhlawi, in sharh "Al-Shama'il" of Imam Al-Tirmizi, an applied study". Majalat Kliat Albanat Al'azharia (in Arabic). 6 (1): 182–327. doi:10.21608/jfgt.2021.207930. ISSN 2636-3615. S2CID 245166809. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  52. ↑ Chaudhary 1992, p. 222.
  53. 1 2 Maliq 2001, p. 64.
  54. ↑ Chaudhary 1992, p. 223.
  55. ↑ Chaudhary 1992, p. 236.
  56. 1 2 3 Chaudhary 1992, p. 238.
  57. 1 2 3 Maliq 2001, p. 182.
  58. ↑ Maliq 2001, p. 65.
  59. 1 2 Chaudhary 1992, p. 219.
  60. ↑ Chaudhary 1992, p. 232.
  61. ↑ Chaudhary 1992, p. 220.
  62. ↑ Chaudhary 1992, p. 240.
  63. ↑ Maliq 2001, p. 66.
  64. ↑ Maliq 2001, p. 185.
  65. ↑ Maliq 2001, p. 171.
  66. 1 2 Özşenel, Mehmet (1988–2016). "KANDEHLEVÎ, Muhammed Zekeriyyâ". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam (44+2 vols.) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies.
  67. ↑ Khatoon, Aaisha (2017). Aazadi ke Baad Hindustan ki Khidmaat e Hadith (PhD) (in Urdu). India: Department of Sunni Theology, Aligarh Muslim University. pp. 128–129. hdl:10603/364027. Archived from the original on 24 October 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
  68. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Taqi, Muhammad Rizwan (2005). A research study of the religious and academic services of Maulana Muhammad Zakaria Kandhalvi (PhD thesis) (in Urdu). Pakistan: University of Karachi. p. 134. Archived from the original on 30 August 2022. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
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