Xystodesmidae
Apheloria virginiensis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Myriapoda
Class: Diplopoda
Order: Polydesmida
Suborder: Leptodesmidea
Superfamily: Xystodesmoidea
Family: Xystodesmidae
Cook, 1895
Subfamilies

Melaphinae
Parafontariinae
Xystodesminae

Diversity
c. 60 genera, 300+ species
Synonyms

Fontariidae Attems, 1926
Eurydesmidae Chamberlin, 1950

Xystodesmidae is a family of millipedes. Its members often have very small distributional areas, with many species only known from a single locality.[1] They are found across the northern hemisphere, with peak diversity in the Appalachian Mountains, where one-third of the 300 or so species occur.[2] They are particularly abundant in deciduous broadleaf forests in the Mediterranean Basin, Africa, Asia, Central and North America, and Russia.[2] Information on basic taxonomy is scant for this family; for example, it is estimated that the genus Nannaria contains over 200 species, but only 25 were described as of 2006.[2] By 2022, 78 species in Nannaria have been described.[3]

Xystodesmidae contains many colorful and distinctive species, including Apheloria virginiensis of the eastern U.S. and Harpaphe haydeniana of the western U.S. The Sierra luminous millipedes of the genus Motyxia exhibit the only known examples of bioluminescence in the Polydesmida. Species of Apheloria and Brachoria in the Appalachians exhibit Müllerian mimicry, in which unrelated species resemble one another where they co-occur.[4]

This family also includes the cave-dwelling genus Devillea, notable for having more than the 20 segments (counting the collum as the first segment and the telson as the last) usually found the Polydesmida.[5][6] For example, in the species D. tuberculata, adult females have 22 segments and adult males have 21, with a corresponding increase in the number of leg pairs (35 in adult females and 32 in adult males, excluding the gonopods).[7][5][8] Some species in this genus also exhibit variation in segment number within the same sex, for example, in D. subterranea, adult males can have as few as 19 segments or as many as 23.[5][8] The species D. doderoi has the maximum number of segments recorded in this family (29, including the telson).[5]

The family Xystodesmidae was named by O. F. Cook in 1895, upon the description of Xystodesmus martensii, (previously Polydesmus martensii). Xytodesmidae is placed in the suborder Chelodesmidea within the order Polydesmida (the "flat-backed" or "keeled millipedes"). Xystodemids are characterized by a relatively broad and compact body shape and one or more spines on the second leg-segments (prefemoral spines) in most species.[9]

Classification

The family is divided into three subfamilies: the Melaphinae with around 10 species, the Parafontariinae with a dozen species in a single genus, and the Xystodesminae, with many genera and species.[10]

Parafontaria tonominea from Japan

Subfamily Melaphinae

Macellolophini

Melaphini

  • Melaphe
  • Ochridaphe

Subfamily Parafontariinae

Subfamily Xystodesminae

Unidentified Xystodesmidae, either Apheloria montana (Bollman) or Cherokia georgiana (Bollman). Purchase Knob, Smokies National Park, Haywood County, North Carolina, USA.

The subfamily Xystodesminae is subdivided into ten tribes,[10][11] each ending in the suffix "-ini", although taxonomist Richard Hoffman stated in his 1999 checklist: "I am by no means satisfied that this is the definitive arrangement, nor that the tribal divisions of the Xystodesminae are entirely satisfactory either."[10]

Apheloriini Hoffman, 1980

Chonaphini Verhoeff, 1941

Devilleini Brölemann, 1916

  • Devillea

Nannarini Hoffman, 1964

Orophini Hoffman, 1964

Orophe unicus, a species of northern Idaho
  • Kiulinga
  • Pamelaphe
  • Orophe

Pachydesmini Hoffman, 1980

Rhysodesmini Brolemann, 1916

Sigmocheirini Causey, 1955

  • Ochthocelata
  • Sigmocheir

Xystocheirini Cook, 1904

Xystodesmini Hoffman, 1980

Harpaphe haydeniana, a species of the Pacific Northwest of the U.S. and Canada
  • Harpaphe
  • Isaphe
  • Koreoaria
  • Levizonus
  • Riukiaria
  • Thrinaphe
  • Xystodesmus
  • Yaetakaria

See also

References

  1. ↑ Richard L. Hoffman (1995). "Laurel Creek Xystodesmid Milliped Sigmoria whiteheadi". In Karen Terwilliger, John R. Tate & Susan L. Woodward (ed.). A Guide to Endangered and Threatened Species in Virginia. University of Tennessee Press. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-939923-31-1.
  2. 1 2 3 Paul E. Marek & Jason E. Bond (2006). "Phylogenetic systematics of the colorful, cyanide-producing millipedes of Appalachia (Polydesmida, Xystodesmidae, Apheloriini) using a total evidence Bayesian approach". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 41 (3): 704–729. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.043. PMID 16876439.
  3. ↑ Hennen, Derek A.; Means, Jackson C.; Marek, Paul E. (2022). "A revision of the wilsoni species group in the millipede genus Nannaria Chamberlin, 1918 (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Xystodesmidae)". ZooKeys (1096): 17–118. doi:10.3897/zookeys.1096.73485. PMC 9033750. PMID 35837667.
  4. ↑ Marek, P. E.; Bond, J. E. (2009). "A Mullerian mimicry ring in Appalachian millipedes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (24): 9755–9760. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.9755M. doi:10.1073/pnas.0810408106. PMC 2700981. PMID 19487663.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Enghoff, Henrik; Dohle, Wolfgang; Blower, J. Gordon (1993). "Anamorphosis in Millipedes (Diplopoda) — The Present State of Knowledge with Some Developmental and Phylogenetic Considerations". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 109: 103–234.
  6. ↑ Mesibov, Robert. "External Anatomy of Polydesmida: Body plans". myriapodology.org. Retrieved 2022-02-20.
  7. ↑ Brölemann, H.-W. (1902). "Myriapodes Cavericoles". Annales de la Société Entomologique de France (in French). 71: 448–460 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  8. 1 2 Minelli, Alessandro (2015-01-01). "Diplopoda — development". Treatise on Zoology - Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology. The Myriapoda, Volume 2: 267–302. doi:10.1163/9789004188273_012.
  9. ↑ Hoffman, R L (1978). "The Taxonomic and Nomenclatorial Status of the Milliped Generic Names Parafontaria Verhoeff, Caphonaria Verhoeff, and Japonaria Attems (Polydesmida, Xystodesmidae)". Spixiana. München :Zoologische Staatssammlung München. 1: 215–224.
  10. 1 2 3 Hoffman, R. 1999. Checklist of the millipeds of North and Middle America. Virginia Museum of Natural History Special Publications 8, 1–553
  11. ↑ Marek, P., et al. (2014) A Species Catalog of the Millipede Family Xystodesmidae (Diplopoda: Polydesmida). Archived 2017-01-24 at the Wayback Machine Special Publication 17. Virginia Museum of Natural History. 140 p.
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