三色堇

三色菫学名英語:)是堇菜科堇菜屬的一年生或短期多年生草本植物,又名三色堇菜(中国植物图鉴)、蝴蝶花三色紫羅蘭人脸花阿拉叶-尼勒-其其格蒙语),在歐洲是常見的野花,也常栽培於公园中,是一种常见的园艺植物。三色菫也被引進北美,並在當地廣泛繁衍。

三色堇
科学分类 编辑
界: 植物界 Plantae
演化支 Tracheophyta
演化支 被子植物 Angiosperms
演化支 真双子叶植物 Eudicots
演化支 蔷薇类植物 Rosids
目: 金虎尾目 Malpighiales
科: 堇菜科 Violaceae
属: 堇菜属 Viola
种:
三色堇 V. tricolor
二名法
Viola tricolor
L., 1753

三色菫以露天栽種為宜,無論花壇、庭園、盆栽皆適合。不適合種於室內,因為光線不足,生長會遲緩,枝葉無法充分茁壯,導致無法開花,開花後也不應移入室內,以長保花朵壽命。

特征

株高10-40厘米,茎直立或稍倾,具棱,无枝或多分枝,基生叶长圆形或披针形,具长柄,茎生叶卵形或长披针形,先端钝圆,基部圆,叶缘具圆形或钝疏齿,上部叶柄长,下部叶柄短,托叶大,叶片状,羽状深裂,长1-4厘米。花直径3.5-6厘米,每茎3-10朵,每朵通常为有紫、白、黄三色,栽培种有其他不同颜色,花梗稍粗,叶腋单生,上部具对生三角卵形小苞片2枚,萼片绿色,长披针形,长1.2-2.2厘米,宽3-5毫米,先端尖,边缘荚膜质,基部具附属物,长3-6毫米,边缘不齐;上侧花瓣一般均为深紫色,两侧和下侧花瓣均为三色且具紫条纹,两侧花瓣内面基部被密须毛,下方花距较细,长5-8毫米;子房无毛,花柱短,基部膝曲明显,柱头球状膨大,先端具较大柱头孔。蒴果椭球形,无毛,长8-12毫米。染色体2n=20、26、42或46。花期4-7月,果期5-8月。[1]

三色堇染色体数为2n = 26。[2]

异名

  • Mnemion elegans Spach
  • Mnemion sagotii (Jord.) Fourr.
  • Mnemion sudeticum Fourr.
  • Mnemion tricolor (L.) Spach
  • Mnemion variatum (Jord.) Fourr.
  • Viola alpestris subsp. paulini Hayek
  • Viola ammotropha E.H.L.Krause
  • Viola banatica Kit. ex Schult.
  • Viola bella Gren.
  • Viola bicolor Hoffm.
  • Viola calcarata Vill.
  • Viola calcaratasubsp. grandiflora (L.) Nyman, 1878
  • Viola calcarata var. grandiflora (L.) Rouy & Foucaud, 1896
  • Viola cenisia Schangin
  • Viola confinis Jord. ex Nyman
  • Viola curtisiae E.Forst.
  • Viola deminuta Schur
  • Viola derelicta Jord.
  • Viola flavida Jord.
  • Viola foucaudii Sav.
  • Viola garganica Strobl
  • Viola gracilis Martrin-Donos ex Nyman
  • Viola grandiflora L.
  • Viola kupffieri Klokov
  • Viola lepida Jord.
  • Viola leptoceras Schur
  • Viola lilascens Heldr. ex Boiss.
  • Viola lloydii Jord. ex Boreau
  • Viola lutea var. sagotii (Jord.) Nyman, 1878
  • Viola lutea var. vivariensis (Jord.) Nyman, 1878
  • Viola maritima Spreng.
  • Viola maritima Spreng. ex Mert. & W.D.J.Koch
  • Viola media (DC.) Chaillet ex Schult.
  • Viola meduanensis Boreau
  • Viola mentita Jord.
  • Viola micrantha Bertol.
  • Viola mucuzii Orph. ex Nyman
  • Viola mutabilis Rochel
  • Viola occulta Otto
  • Viola olonnensis Genev.
  • Viola paillouxi Jord.
  • Viola pallescens Jord.
  • Viola parviflora Kit. ex Schult.
  • Viola peregrina Jord.
  • Viola peregrina Jord. ex Boreau
  • Viola perennis Vilm.
  • Viola perrobusta Borbás
  • Viola provostii Boreau
  • Viola pseudolutea Schur
  • Viola ruralis Jord. ex Boreau
  • Viola sabulosa (DC. ex Ging.) Boreau
  • Viola sagotii Jord.
  • Viola saxatilis var. vivariensis (Jord.) Gren., 1847
  • Viola soongorica Fisch.
  • Viola soongorica Fisch. ex Ledeb.
  • Viola subtilis Jord.
  • Viola symei Baker
  • Viola tenella Michx.
  • Viola tenella Muhl.
  • Viola tricolor f. tenella Farw.
  • Viola tricolor subsp. alpestris (DC.) Schinz & R.Keller, 1905
  • Viola tricolor subsp. grandiflora (L.) Berher, 1887
  • Viola tricolor subsp. ruralis (Jord. ex Boreau) Berher, 1887
  • Viola tricolor subsp. vivariensis (Jord.) Rouy & Foucaud, 1896
  • Viola tricolor var. alpestris DC.
  • Viola tricolor var. ammotropha Wittr.
  • Viola tricolor var. derelicta (Jord.) Nyman, 1878
  • Viola tricolor var. pallescens (Jord.) Nyman, 1878
  • Viola tricolor var. sabulosa DC.
  • Viola tricolor var. sabulosa DC. ex Ging.
  • Viola tricolor var. sagotii (Jord.) Gaut., 1898
  • Viola tricolor var. subalpina Latourr.
  • Viola tricolor var. vectensis N.H.Williams
  • Viola variata Jord.
  • Viola variegata Vuk.
  • Viola vectensis (F.N.Williams) Drabble
  • Viola versicolor Salisb.
  • Viola virgata Gren.
  • Viola vivariensis Jord.

亚种

  • Viola tricolor subsp. alpestris (Ging.) Ces.
  • Viola tricolor subsp. curtisii (E.Forst.) Syme
  • Viola tricolor subsp. faeroeënsis Becker
  • Viola tricolor subsp. maritima Schweigg. ex Clausen
  • Viola tricolor subsp. matutina (Klokov) Valentine
  • Viola tricolor subsp. polychroma (A.Kern.) Nyman
  • Viola tricolor subsp. tricolor

文化

三色堇为冰岛原产花卉,定为国花。三色菫也是波蘭的國花。

意大利人對三色堇的花語定義為“思慕”和“想念我吧”,通常都是指戀人之間的思念。也有些人定義三色堇的花語為白日夢。

用途

三色堇本身是一种美丽的观赏植物,但由于花朵较小,常见栽培的大多是其衍生杂交种,如大花三色堇小花三色堇

三色堇的花可以食用,常用来装饰甜点。

圖集

参考文献

  1. 王庆瑞 (编). (PDF). 北京: 科学出版社. : 127 [2010年1月1日]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2014年1月4日) (中文).
  2. Clausen, Jens Christian. . Hereditas. 1926, 8 (1-2): 1–156 [2021-05-01]. ISSN 1601-5223. doi:10.1111/j.1601-5223.1926.tb03159.x. (原始内容存档于2021-05-25).

外部链接

维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源:三色堇
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.