东亚语系
东亚语系是美国语言学家帅德乐于2001年提出的超语系。无我后来将这一概念进行了完善。
东亚语系 | |
---|---|
假定,研究中 | |
地理分佈 | 东亚、南亚、东南亚、大洋洲、马达加斯加 |
谱系学分类 | 假定的语言系属分类 |
分支 |
朝鲜语系(有时包括)
日本-琉球语系(有时包括)
阿伊努语(有时包括)
尼夫赫语(不常包括)
楚科奇-勘察加语系(不常包括)
|
– | |
Glottolog | 无 |
系属分类
早期假设[1]
- 南亚语系、南岛语系、壮侗语系、藏缅语族:孔好古 (1916, 1922)[2][3]和Kurt Wulff (1934, 1942)[4][5]
- 南亚语系、南岛语系、壮侗语系、苗瑶语系:白保罗 (1942)、[6]白乐思 (1996)、[7]Ilia Peiros (1998)[8]
- 南亚语系、南岛语系、壮侗语系、藏缅语族、苗瑶语系':帅德乐 (2001)
东亚语系假设的前提有:
帅德乐 (2005)
帅德乐(2005)[16]提出的东亚语系假设包含一个“长江语系”分支,包含南亚语系和苗瑶语系,形成东亚语系。但帅德乐相信,他提出的长江语系是汉藏语系的直接姐妹群,而非南岛语系的,后者距离汉藏语系更远一些。他总结出的原始东亚语是一种双音节(CVCVC)语言,使用时间距今8千年以上(6500-6000 BCE),由华北平原上裴李岗文化和磁山文化的杂谷种植者使用(汉江、渭河及黄河中游地区)。[17]
帅德乐(2005)还提出了以下原始东亚语形态词法词缀,可见于原始藏缅语和原始南岛语,以及尼科巴语族等较保守的南亚语系语言分支中。[18]
- *m(V)- “在V……”的施事
- *-Vn “在V……”的受事
- *sV- “在V……”的工具
- *n(V)- 完成时
词汇比较
下面是东亚语系五个分支的祖语的基础词比较表。
- 资料来源
- 原始藏缅语:Matisoff (2015)[23]
- 原始苗瑶语:Ratliff (2010)[24]
- 原始南亚语:Sidwell & Rau (2015)[25]
- 原始南岛语:Blust & Trussel (2020)[26]
- 原始台语:张高峰 (2009)[27]
- 原始黎语:Norquest (2007)[28]
- 原始仡央语:许家平 (2000)[29]
汉藏语系 | 苗瑶语系 | 南亚语系 | 南岛语系 | 壮侗语系 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
词义 | 原始藏缅语 | 原始苗瑶语 | 原始南亚语 | 原始南岛语 | 原始台语 | 原始黎语 | 原始仡央语 |
发 | *(t)sam | *pljei | *suk, *sɔːk | *bukeS | *prɤmA | *hnom | *m-səmA |
目 | *s-myak | *mu̯ɛjH | *mat | *maCa | *p.taːA | *tʃʰaː | *m-ʈaA |
耳 | *r/g-na | *mbræu | *-toːr | *Caliŋa | *krwɯːA | *ljəy | *k-raA |
鼻 | *s-na ~ *s-naːr | *mbruiH | *mɔːh, *muːh, *muːs | *ujuŋ | *ɗaŋA | *kʰət | *hŋətD |
齿 | *s/p-wa | *hmjinʔ | *lmVɲ, *sraŋ, *p(i)əŋ | *lipen, *n/ŋipen | *wanA | *fjən | *l-pənA |
舌 | *m/s-lay ~ *s-ley | *mblet | *lntaːk | *Sema, *lidam | *liːnC | *hliːnʔ | *l-maA |
手 | *lak ~ *C-yak | *-bɔuʔ | *tiːʔ | *kamay | *mwɯːA | *C-mɯː | *mjaA |
骨 | *s/m/g-rus | *tshuŋʔ | *cʔaːŋ | *CuqelaN | *C̥.dukD | *Cuɾɯːk | *dəkD |
血 | *s-hywəy-t | *ntshjamʔ | *saːm, *ɟhaːm, *(b/m)haːm | *daRaq | *lɯətD | *alaːc | *platD |
肝 | *m-sin | *-hri̯ən | *kləːm, *ris | *qaCay | *tapD | *ɗəy | *təpD |
肉 | *sya-n | 原始勉语*ʔaB | *sac | *Sesi | *n.mɤːC | *rəmʔ | *ʔaɯC |
狗 | *d-kʷəy-n | '原始苗语*hmaŋC | *cɔːʔ | *asu | *ʰmaːA | *hmaː | *x-maA |
鸟 | *s-ŋak | *m-nɔk | *ciːm, *ceːm | *manuk “鸡” | *C̬.nokD | *səc | *ɳokD |
鱼 | *s-ŋya | *mbrəuʔ | *kaʔ | *Sikan | *plaːA | *hlaː | *p-laA |
虱 | *s-r(y)ik | *ntshjeiʔ | *ciːʔ | *kuCux | *trawA | *tʃʰwəw | *C-ʈuA |
叶 | *lay | 原始苗语*mblɔŋA; 原始勉语*nɔmA |
*slaʔ | *waSaw | *ɓaɰA | *ɓɯː | *ɖiŋA |
日、天 | *s-nəy | 原始勉语*hnu̯ɔiA | *tŋiːʔ | *waRi, *qajaw | *ŋwanA | *hŋwən | *(l-/h)wənA |
月 | *s/g-la | *hlaH | *khaj | *bulaN, *qiNaS | *ɓlɯənA | *C-ɲaːn | *(C-)tjanA |
水 | *m-t(w)əy-n ~ *m-ti-s | *ʔu̯əm | *ɗaːk; Pal. *ʔoːm | *daNum | *C̬.namC | *C-nəmʔ | *ʔuŋC |
雨 | *r/s/g-wa | 原始苗语*m-noŋC | *gmaʔ | *quzaN | *C̥.wɯnA | *fun | *jəlA |
火 | *mey | *douʔ | *ʔuːs, *ʔɔːs | *Sapuy | *wɤjA | *fiː | *puiA |
名 | *r-mi(ŋ/n) | *mpɔuH | *-məh | *ŋajan | *ɟɤːB | *pʰaːŋ | *n(ʒ)iA |
吃 | *m-dz(y)a-k/n/t/s | P-Mienic *ɲənC | *caːʔ | *kaen | *kɯɲA | *kʰən | *kanA |
死 | *səy | *dəjH | *kceːt | *ma-aCay | *p.taːjA | *hlaːwɦ | *pɣonA |
我 | *ŋa-y ~ *ka | 原始苗语*kɛŋB | *ʔaɲ | -ku | *kuːA | *ɦuː | *kuA |
你 | *na-ŋ | *mu̯ei | *miːʔ | -mu | *mɯŋA | *C-mɯː | *məA/B |
注释与参考
- van Driem, George. 2013. "East Asian ethnolinguistic phylogeography 的存檔,存档日期2019-04-29.", Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics, 7 (1): 135-188.
- Conrady, August. 1916. Eine merkw rdige Beziehung zwischen den austrischen und den indochinesischen Sprachen. Aufsätze zur Kultur- und Sprachgeschichte vornehmlich des Orients: Ernst Kuhn zum 70. Geburtstage am 7. Februar 1916 gewidmet von Freunden und Schülern, 475-504. München: Verlag von M. & H. Marcus.
- Conrady, August. 1922. Neue austrisch-indochinesische Parallelen. Asia Major: Hirth Anniversary Volume, 23-66. London: Robsthan and Company.
- Wulff, Kurt. 1934. Chinesisch und Tai: Sprachvergleichende Untersuchungen. Copenhagen: Levin & Munksgaard.
- Wulff, Kurt. 1942 [posthumous]. Über das Verhältnis des Malay-Polynesischen zum Indochinesischen. Copenhagen: Munksgaard.
- Benedict, Paul King. 1942. Thai, Kadai and Indonesia: A new alignment in southeastern Asia. American Anthropologist 44:576-601.
- Blust, Robert. 1996. Beyond the Austronesian homeland: The Austric hypothesis and its implications for archaeology. Prehistoric Settlement of the Pacific, ed. by Ward H. Goodenough, 117-160. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.
- Peiros, Ilia. 1998. Comparative Linguistics in Southeast Asia. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
- Schlegel, Gustave. 1901. Review: ‘Elements of Siamese Grammar by O. Frankfurter, Ph.D., Bangkok: Printed at the American Presbyterian Mission Press, Leipzig, Karl W. Hiersemann, 1900’. T'oung Pao (Série II), II:76-87.
- Schlegel, Gustave. 1902. Siamese Studies. T'oung Pao, New Series II, Volume II, Supplement. Leiden.
- Ostapirat, Weera. 2005. Kra-Dai and Austronesian: Notes on phonological correspondences and vocabulary distribution. The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics, ed. by Laurent Sagart, Roger Blench and Alicia Sanchez-Mazas, 107-131. London: Routledge Curzon.
- Ostapirat, Weera. 2013. Austro-Tai revisited. 23rd Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistic Society, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 29 May 2013.
- Schmidt, Wilhelm. 1906. Die Mon-Khmer Völker, ein Bindeglied zwischen Völkern Zentral-Asiens und Austronesiens. Archiv für Anthropologie Neue Folge V:59-109.
- Reid, Lawrence A. 1994. Morphological evidence for Austric. Oceanic Linguistics 33.2:323-344.
- Reid, Lawrence A. 2005. The current status of Austric: a review and evaluation of the lexical and morphosyntactic evidence. The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics, ed. by Laurent Sagart, Roger Blench and Alicia Sanchez-Mazas, 132-160. London: Routledge Curzon, London.
- 帅德乐于2002年7月18日逝世,他的遗稿写于2001年,出版于2005年。
- Starosta, Stanley. . Sagart, Laurent; Blench, Roger; Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia (编). . London: Routledge Curzon. 2005: 182–197. ISBN 978-0-415-32242-3.
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- van Driem, George. 2016. "The Eastern Himalayan corridor in prehistory 的存檔,存档日期2018-10-09.", pp. 467-524, Vol. II in Elena Nikolaevna Kolpačkova, ed., Проблемы китайского и общего языкознания — Problems in Chinese and General Linguistics. St. Petersburg: Izdatel’stvo Studija « NP-Print ».
- van Driem, George. 2018. "The East Asian linguistic phylum: A reconstruction based on language and genes 的存檔,存档日期2021-01-10.", Journal of the Asiatic Society, LX (4): 1-38.
- Larish, Michael D. (PDF). Tenth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics. January 2006 [2019-01-07]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-01-08).
- Larish, Michael. 2017. Proto-Asian and its branches: An archeolinguistic approach for the history of Eastern Asia. Linguistic Society of the Philippines.
- Matisoff, James A. 2015. The Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus 的存檔,存档日期2020-10-23.. Berkeley: University of California. (PDF 的存檔,存档日期2020-02-02.)
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- Sidwell, Paul and Felix Rau (2015). "Austroasiatic Comparative-Historical Reconstruction: An Overview." In Jenny, Mathias and Paul Sidwell, eds (2015). The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages. Leiden: Brill.
- Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen. . 2020-06-21 [November 10, 2020]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-06).
- Pittayaporn, Pittayawat. 2009. The Phonology of Proto-Tai. Ph.D. dissertation. Department of Linguistics, Cornell University.
- Norquest, Peter K. 2007. A Phonological Reconstruction of Proto-Hlai 的存檔,存档日期2016-03-03.. Ph.D. dissertation. Tucson: Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona.
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