列昂尼德·勃列日涅夫遇刺案

列昂尼德·勃列日涅夫遇刺案发生在1969年1月22日[1]，苏联军队逃兵维克托·伊林，向载着苏联共产党中央委员会总书记列昂尼德·勃列日涅夫在莫斯科走街串巷的车队开枪，勃列日涅夫尽管未受伤，却造成一名司机被枪杀，几名苏联太空计划著名宇航员受轻伤。刺客最终被抓获，关于此事件的新闻，此后被苏联政府封锁数年。

背景

枪手维克多·伊万诺维奇·伊林（俄語：），1948年生于列宁格勒。1968年从一所技术学院毕业后入伍[2]，军衔中尉[3]。伊林一直怨恨强行征兵[4]，对苏联入侵捷克斯洛伐克感到强烈不满[2]。1969年1月21日，伊林从部队偷走两把标准规格的马卡洛夫手枪后，回到列宁格勒的家，偷走姐夫的警服。暗自离家后，他孤身前往莫斯科[4]。

过程

当日，伊林伪装成警察，畅通无阻地穿过聚集在克里姆林宫博诺维特斯基门的大批等候人群，搭在着联盟4号和联盟5号宇航员的特殊车队预计经过此地。这是苏联最高规格的官方仪式。飞船机组人员弗拉基米尔·沙塔洛夫、鲍里斯·沃林诺夫、叶夫根尼·赫鲁诺夫和阿列克谢·叶利谢耶夫，一周前才完成历史性的太空载人飞船对接任务。抵达伏努科沃机场后，他们被勃列日涅夫和尼古拉·维克托罗维奇·波德戈尔内派来的车队，载到克林姆林宫国会大厦，参加纪念庆祝大会。四名航天员站在队伍前的一辆敞篷车里，向群众挥手，身后是封闭的旧豪华轿车[1]。

1969年1月22日下午2点15分，车队开出大门。双手持手枪的伊林，无视挥着手的宇航员，向车队中的第二辆车开火。枪手后来承认只针对勃列日涅夫。但他并不知道，在这辆Zil豪华轿车中坐着的，只是早前任务中的宇航员：阿列克谢·列昂诺夫、瓦莲京娜·弗拉基米罗芙娜·捷列什科娃、格奥尔基·别列戈沃伊和安德里扬·尼古拉耶夫[1]。伊林向轿车开了14枪[4]，司机遇害[2]，伊利亚·扎科夫先于警卫，开摩托车将枪手撞倒在地[2]。其他乘客仅受皮外伤。伊林被捕后，宇航员凯旋仪式稍作延迟后，按计划进行[4]。

后续

伊林受到克格勃首脑和未来的苏联共产党总书记尤里·安德罗波夫的漫长审讯。被宣布精神失常后，他被送往喀山精神病医院[3]，单独监禁直到1988年[5]。据俄罗斯消息人士透露，伊林1990年被释放后搬到圣彼得堡[6]。留有弹孔的豪华轿车已被保留，时不时会公开展览[7]。

事故暴露出苏联与西方在媒体方面的巨大鸿沟。稀少的后续新闻缓慢出现，花了整整两天，苏联新闻界才发表声明，即便给出的细节很具体，记者却并未确定枪手是男是女[1]。即便没有官方确认，当时观察家也自信地认定事件是对勃列日涅夫的企图暗杀[1][8]。多年后，宇航员列昂诺夫回想起勃列日涅夫事后向他吐露心声：“他把我拉到一边，对我说‘那些子弹不是向你的，阿列克谢，它们是朝向我的，我向你道歉[4]’”。但直至苏联解体，克格勃公布的有关枪击案的资料仍然很少[4]。整个事件被“如此有效的掩盖了”，令这个事件有时还被西方观察家引用，作为苏联保密能力和假情报的例子[8]。

另见

参考资料

. The New York Times. 1969-01-24 [2011-04-29]. （原始内容存档于2012-11-03）. [Dateline: Moscow, 23 January] The Soviet Union disclosed today that a man fired several shots yesterday....
Zubok, Vladislav M. . Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 2009: 297. ISBN 0-674-03344-2.
Albats, Yevgenia. . London: I.B. Tauris. 1995: 191. ISBN 1-85043-995-8.
French, Francis; Burgess, Colin. . Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. 2007: 277–278. ISBN 0-8032-1128-7. [Alexey Leonov said] He [Ilyin] was angry because he had been conscripted....
. The New York Times. 8 November 1990 [30 April 2011]. （原始内容存档于2019-01-21）. The last time shots were known to have been fired near a Soviet leader was in January 1969, when a young army lieutenant shot at a car he thought was carrying Leonid I. Brezhnev. The officer, Viktor Ilyin, was freed from solitary confinement in 1988.
. Pereplet. 1999 [2011-04-30]. （原始内容存档于2022-03-28）（俄语）.
. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 2010-06-20 [2011-04-30]. （原始内容存档于2016-09-11）. A recent exhibit in Moscow featured a limousine that had played a role in an assassination attempt on Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev in 1969....
. The New York Times. 26 January 1969 [2011-04-30]. （原始内容存档于2013-10-16）. ...the assailant had no reason to fire on the astronauts, who are popular figures in the Soviet Union

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[NYT690124-1] . The New York Times. 1969-01-24 [2011-04-29]. （原始内容存档于2012-11-03）. [Dateline: Moscow, 23 January] The Soviet Union disclosed today that a man fired several shots yesterday....

[Zubok297-2] Zubok, Vladislav M. . Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 2009: 297. ISBN 0-674-03344-2.

[Albats191-3] Albats, Yevgenia. . London: I.B. Tauris. 1995: 191. ISBN 1-85043-995-8.

[French278-4] French, Francis; Burgess, Colin. . Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. 2007: 277–278. ISBN 0-8032-1128-7. [Alexey Leonov said] He [Ilyin] was angry because he had been conscripted....

[NYT2011-5] . The New York Times. 8 November 1990 [30 April 2011]. （原始内容存档于2019-01-21）. The last time shots were known to have been fired near a Soviet leader was in January 1969, when a young army lieutenant shot at a car he thought was carrying Leonid I. Brezhnev. The officer, Viktor Ilyin, was freed from solitary confinement in 1988.

[6] . Pereplet. 1999 [2011-04-30]. （原始内容存档于2022-03-28）（俄语）.

[7] . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 2010-06-20 [2011-04-30]. （原始内容存档于2016-09-11）. A recent exhibit in Moscow featured a limousine that had played a role in an assassination attempt on Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev in 1969....

[NYT690126-8] . The New York Times. 26 January 1969 [2011-04-30]. （原始内容存档于2013-10-16）. ...the assailant had no reason to fire on the astronauts, who are popular figures in the Soviet Union