印第安大屠殺列表

印第安大屠殺列表，本表列出美洲殖民期间歐洲人與印地安人之間的屠殺事件。

種族滅絕
議題
  • 列表
  • 歷史
  • 對青年的影響
  • 否認
  • 屠殺
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  • 煽動
  • 與 殖民主義 / 戰爭 的關係
  • 施暴者、受害者與旁觀者
  • 預防
  • 心理學
  • 政治承認
  • 危險因子 （十個階段）
  • 種類 （消滅土著・滅絕文化・受功利主義驅使）
  • 研究 （大綱・參考書目）
二十世紀前
二十世紀早期
二戰期間
冷戰期間
冷戰結束至今
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印第安人大屠殺通常指在歐洲人往美洲殖民時歐洲人屠殺美洲原住民印第安人，和印第安人回擊歐洲白種殖民者失敗，最後印第安人大量消失，是屬於美洲的種族滅絕史。

概觀

印第安大屠殺是美洲國家上的歐洲殖民者的黑歷史，只知當時歐洲殖民者多主張對美洲印第安人進行種族屠殺[1]，但到底多少人死于這場長期的屠殺是難以確定的，美洲原住民的死亡被白人非常消極的紀錄或揭露，歷史學家William M. Osborn寫的《荒野邊疆：美國印地安戰爭中自詹姆斯鎮到伤膝河的的暴行》 搜集了從1511年兩種族首次接觸到1890年西擴終止這段時間内、今日美國本土所有有記錄的歐印暴力衝突，並確認了7193人死于白人的暴行，9156人死于印第安人的暴行。Osborn定義的“暴行”限於謀殺，酷刑，殘害平民、傷者、俘虜的肢體器官。對“暴行”的定義不同也會導致統計數量的不同。

在《美洲种族灭绝，美国和加拿大的灾难，1846-1873》中，历史学家Benjamin Madley记录了在1846到1873年间对加州土著的屠杀数目。他发现这期间的证据，至少9400到16000加州印第安被非印第安人杀死。大多数杀戮发生于他所说的370次大屠杀（定义为有意识杀死5人和以上的无武器战斗者或者平民，包括妇女，儿童或者俘虏等，不一定在战斗时发生）中。[2]

影响

针对印第安人的屠殺，產生了極爲深遠的歷史影響。在之後的數個世紀中，對這一系列歷史事件都產生了若干的討論與爭議。例如中國的官方媒體自21世紀以來，曾多次發佈文章，指控稱“1814年美國詹姆斯·麥迪遜政府頒布法令規定每上繳一個印第安人的頭蓋皮，美國政府將會發給獎金50-100美元（殺死12歲以下印第安人嬰幼兒和殺死女印第安人獎50美元，殺死12歲以上青壯年印第安人男子獎100美元）”和“19世紀20年代到90年代，特別是特別是安德魯·傑克遜於1830年促使國會通過一項法令《印第安人驅逐法案》。印第安人在遷移的過程中，形成了血淚之路。在當地民兵的配合下，美國聯邦正規軍採取分進合擊等戰術，集中發起了1000多次不同規模的軍事行動，到1890年代基本上完成了滅絕印第安人的作戰任務”等[3][4]。

麥迪遜時期的美國政府同印第安人的關係的確極爲緊張，表現爲1809年簽署的《韋恩堡條約》[5][6]和之後因此爆發的蒂珀卡努战役[7]，以及1814年簽署的《傑克遜堡條約》[8]，從印第安人處獲得了大量的土地並將其驅逐。其主要原因在於以麥迪遜總統爲首的美國白人殖民者的家長式作風、種族主義思想，以及試圖對印第安人進行種族改造[9]，另外狩獵印第安人頭皮現象確實存在。

屠殺列表

1500–1862年

仅列出發生在北美洲的

年日期名稱描述來源
1539Napituca屠杀和Timucuan族交战之后, 埃尔南多·德·索托（Hernando de Soto）處決200人。這是歐洲人首次大规模在美洲大陆屠殺印第安人。Duncan, E., Hernando de Soto, pp. 286–291.
154010.18Mabila屠杀Choctaw族向埃尔南多·德·索托（Hernando de Soto）的探險復仇，殺死200名士兵，还杀了很多他们的馬匹和豬。起因是白人之前焚烧了Mabila的建築物，殺死了2500名躲在僞裝村寨的武士[10]Duncan, E., Hernando de Soto, pp. 376–384; Steele, I., Warpaths, p. 15.
1541–42Tiguex屠杀先是西班牙人入侵，掠奪Tiguex人的住房、食品、服裝的Tiguex，強姦Tiguex女人，Tiguex族随后反抗。西班牙人攻擊他們。弗朗西斯科·巴斯克斯·德·科罗纳多（Francisco Vázquez de Coronado）率人圍攻Moho Pueblo，經過長達數月的圍困，他們殺害了200個试图逃走的原住民战士。Sauer, C. Sixteenth Century North America, p. 141. Flint, R., No Settlement, No Conquest, pp. 144–153.
15991.22–1.24Acoma屠杀報復性殺害11名西班牙士兵,。Juan de Oñate懲罰性出征土著，在Acoma Pueblo戰鬥3天， 殺死約800人。西班牙國王 腓力二世 爲此懲罰了Oñate[11]Weber, D., The Spanish Frontier in North America, pp. 85–86.
1601Sandia Mountains事件西班牙軍隊摧毀了新墨西哥州Sandia Mountains的3個印第安村莊。據西班牙的资料記載，有900名Tompiro族原住民被殺害。[12]
16108.9Paspahegh屠杀Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr
（特拉华勋爵）派70人袭击Paspahegh原住民。他们毁掉了该族人在詹姆士顿附近的主要村庄，杀了大约16-65人。村长的妻子和子女也被抓住并处决了。
16223.22Indian massacre of 1622
(詹姆士顿屠杀)		在弗吉尼亞，Powhatan (Pamunkey)族殺死347名英國人，約佔當地英國移民总数的三分之一。[13]
16235.12Pamunkey Peace Talks英國人在“和談會議”上鴆殺Powhatan族頭人，共約200人，用暴力打死50名土著.Steele, I., Warpaths, p. 47.
16375.26Mystic MassacreIn the Pequot War, English colonists commanded by John Mason, with Mohegan and Narragansett allies, launched a night attack on a large Pequot village on the Mystic River in present-day Connecticut, where they burned the inhabitants in their homes and killed all survivors, for total fatalities of about 600–700.Cave, A., The Pequot War, pp. 144–154.
1643February 25Pavonia MassacreIn 1643 the Mohawk attacked a band of Wappinger and Tappan, who fled to New Amsterdam seeking the protection of New Netherland governor, William Kieft. Kieft dispersed them to Pavonia[14] and Corlears Hook. They were later attacked, 129 being killed. This prompted the beginning of Kieft's War, driven by mercenary John Underhill.[15][16][17]
1643AugustMassacre of Anne Hutchinson and her familyAs part of Kieft's War in New Netherland, near the Split Rock (now northeastern Bronx in New York City), local Lenape (or Siwanoy) killed Anne Hutchinson, six of her children, a son-in-law, and as many as seven others (servants). Susanna, one of Hutchinson's daughters, was taken captive and lived with the natives for several years.LaPlante, E., American Jezebel, p. 231.
1644MarchPound Ridge MassacreAs part of Kieft's War in New Netherland, at present day Pound Ridge, New York, John Underhill, hired by the Dutch, attacked and burned a sleeping village of Lenape, killing about 500 Indians.Steele, I., Warpaths, p. 116.
Trelease, A., Indian Affairs in Colonial New York; The Seventeenth Century, pp. 79–80.
1655September 11–15Peach Tree WarIn retaliation for Director-General of New Netherland Peter Stuyvesant's attacks to their trading partners and allies at New Sweden, united bands of natives attacked Pavonia, Staten Island, Colen Donck and other areas of New Netherland.
1675September 18Bloody Brook MassacreDuring King Philip's War, Indian warriors killed 60 soldiers of Deerfield, Massachusetts.[18]
1675December 19Great Swamp Massacre
(Great Swamp Fight)		Colonial militia attacked a Narragansett fort near South Kingston, Rhode Island. At least 40 warriors were killed and 300 women, children and elder men burnt in the village.[19]
1676March 26Nine Men's MiseryDuring King Philip's War, warriors subjected nine captive soldiers to ritual torture and death.[20]
1676May 10Turner Falls Massacre
(Battle of Turner's Falls)		Captain William Turner and 150 militia volunteers attacked a fishing Indian camp at present-day Turner Falls, Massachusetts. At least 100 women and children were killed in the attack.[21]
1676July 2Rhode IslandMilitia volunteers under Major Talcott attacked a band of Narragansetts on Rhode Island, killing 34 men and 92 women and children.[22]
1680August 10Pueblo RevoltPueblo warriors killed 380 Spanish settlers, and drove other Spaniards from New Mexico.[23]
1689August 5Lachine massacre1,500 Mohawk warriors attacked the small settlement of Lachine, New France and killed more than 90 of the village's 375 French residents, following widespread French attacks on Mohawk villages in present-day New York.[24]
1689Zia PuebloGovernor Jironza de Cruzate destroyed the pueblo of Zia, New Mexico. 600 Indians were killed and 70 survivors enslaved.[25]
1690February 8Schenectady MassacreAs part of the Beaver Wars, French and Algonquins destroyed Schenectady, New York, killing 60 Dutch and English settlers, including ten women and at least twelve children.[26]
1704Apalachee MassacreFormer Carolinia Governor James Moore launched a series of brutal attacks on the Apalachee villages of Northern Florida. They killed 1000 Apalachees and enslaved at least 2000 survivors.[27]
1704February 29Deerfield MassacreDuring Queen Anne's War, a force composed of Abenaki, Kanienkehaka, Wyandot and Pocumtuck, led by a small contingent of French-Canadian militia, sacked the town of Deerfield, Massachusetts, killing 56 civilians and taking more than 100 as captives.[28]
1713March 20–23Fort NeoherokaMilitia volunteers and Indian allies under Colonel James Moore attacked Ft. Neoheroka, the main stronghold of the Tuscarora Indians. 200 Tuscaroras were burned to death in the village and 900–1000 others were subsequently killed or captured.[29][30]
1729November 28Natchez MassacreNatchez Indians attacked French settlements near present-day Natchez, Mississippi, killing more than 200 French colonists.[31]
1757August 9Battle of Fort William HenryFollowing the fall of Fort William Henry during the Seven Years' War, Indians allied with the French killed between 70 and 180 British and colonial prisoners.[32]
1759October 4St. Francis RaidDuring the Seven Years' War, in retaliation for the rumored murder of a captured Stockbridge man and detention of Captain Quinten Kennedy of the Rogers' Rangers, Major Robert Rogers led a party of approximately 150 English regulars, volunteers and Mahican into the village of Odanak, Quebec. They killed up to 30 Abenaki people, among them women and children, as confirmed via conflicting reports.[33]
1763September 14Devil's Hole MassacreDuring the Seven Years' War, Seneca allied with the French attacked a British supply train and soldiers just south of Fort Niagara. They killed 21 teamsters from the supply train and 81 soldiers who attempted to rescue the train.[34]
1763DecemberKillings by the Paxton BoysIn response to Pontiac's Rebellion, frontier Pennsylvania settlers killed 20 peaceful Susquehannock.[35][36][37]
1764July 26Enoch Brown School MassacreFour Delaware killed a schoolmaster, 10 pupils and a pregnant woman. Two pupils were scalped but survived.[37]
1774April 30Yellow Creek MassacreDaniel Greathouse killed members of Chief Logan's family.[38]
1777September 26The Grave Creek MassacreA milita company under Captain William Foreman is ambushed and killed by Indians south of Wheeling, West Virginia.
1778July 3Battle of WyomingDuring the American Revolutionary War, following a battle with rebel defenders of Forty Fort, Iroquois allies of Loyalist forces hunted and killed those who fled; they were later accused of using ritual torture to kill those soldiers who surrendered. These claims were denied by Iroquois and British leaders at the time.[39][40][41]
August 31Stockbridge MassacreA battle of the American Revolutionary War that rebel propaganda portrayed as a massacre.[42]
November 11Cherry Valley MassacreBritish and Seneca forces attacked the fort and village at Cherry Valley, New York, killing 16 rebel troops and more than 30 settlers.[43]
1781September 1Dietz MassacreDuring the Revolution, Iroquois allied with the British attacked the home of Johannes Dietz, Berne, New York, killing and scalping Dietz, his wife, their daughter-in-law, four children of their son's family, and a servant girl.[44][45]
1782March 8Gnadenhütten massacreDuring the Revolution, Pennsylvania militiamen massacred nearly 100 non-combatant Christian Lenape, mostly women and children; they killed and scalped all but two young boys.[46][47]
1782May 10Corbly Family MassacreDuring the Revolution, Indians allied with the British attacked the family of John Corbly, a Christian minister in Greene County, Pennsylvania. His wife and three of their children were killed; and two daughters were scalped, but survived. The Reverend Corbly escaped.Daughters of the American Revolution Magazine, R.R. Bowker Co., 1925, Item notes: v. 59 1925 January–June p. 234
1812August 15Fort Dearborn Massacre
(Battle of Fort Dearborn)		During the War of 1812, Indians allied with the British killed American soldiers and settlers evacuating Fort Dearborn (site of present-day Chicago, Illinois). In all, 26 soldiers, two officers, two women and 12 children, and 12 trappers and settlers hired as scouts, were killed.[48]
September 10Zimmer MassacreDuring the War of 1812, four settlers were killed in an attack believed to be by aggrieved Lenape, in Ashland County, Ohio.Howe, Henry., Howe's Historical Collections of Ohio, Volume 1 .pp. 257–258, 1907
September 15Copus MassacreDuring the War of 1812, Northwest Indians attacked the Ashland County, Ohio homestead of Rev. James Copus, killing three militiamen and one settler; and wounding two militiamen and a settler's daughter; settlers killed two Indians.Howe, Henry., Howe's Historical Collections of Ohio, Volume 1 .pp. 258–259, 1907
1813January 22River Raisin MassacreDuring the War of 1812, Indians allied with the British killed between 30 and 60 Kentucky militia after their surrender.[49]
August 18Dilbone MassacreDuring the War of 1812, an Indian allegedly killed three settlers (David Garrard and Henry Dilbone and wife) in Miami County, Ohio. Settlers later killed the Indian they suspected of the murders.Sutton, R., The History of Shelby County Ohio, p. 122 published 1883
August 30Fort Mims MassacreAfter Creek were attacked by US forces in the Battle of Burnt Corn (which the Creek won), a band of Red Sticks sacked Fort Mims, Alabama, killing 400 civilians and taking 250 scalps. This action brought the US into the internal Creek War, at the same time as the War of 1812.[50]
November 18Hillabee MassacreTennessee troops under General White launched a dawn attacked on an unsuspecting Creek town (the village leaders were engaged in peace negotiations with General Andrew Jackson). About 65 Creek Indians were shot or bayoneted.[51]
November 29Autossee Massacre
(Battle of Autossee)		Georgia Militia General Floyd attacked a Creek town on Tallapoosa River, in Macon County, Alabama, killing 200 Indians before setting the village afire.[52]
1818April 22Chehaw AffairDuring the First Seminole War, U.S. troops attacked a non-hostile Muscogee village, killing an estimated 10 to 50 men, women and children.[53]
1824March 22Fall Creek MassacreSix settlers in Madison County, Indiana killed and robbed eight Seneca. One suspect escaped trial and another was a witness at subsequent trial. Of those charged with murder, one man was hanged January 12, 1825, and two were hanged June 2, 1825. The last defendant was pardoned at the last minute.Wikipedia Article
1826Dressing Point MassacreA posse of Anglo-Texan settlers massacred a large community of Karankawa Indians near the mouth of the Colorado River in Matagorda Co., Texas. Between 40 and 50 Karankawas were killed.[22][54]
1862林肯总统的命令林肯总统下令绞死了38个明尼苏达曼卡托地区的达可它人苏语部落的38个酋长。这些被绞死的人大部分都是他们部落的神职人员和政治领袖。

參見

參考資料
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  11. "Conquistador Statue Stirs Hispanic Pride and Indian Rage"
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  20. [Nine Men's Misery]
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  27. Gallay 2003, pp. 147–148
  28. Konstantin 2002, p. 48
  29. Gallay 2003, p. 284
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  35. Taylor, Alan, American Colonies, New York: Viking Press, 2001
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  43. Konstantin 2002, p. 321
  44. Priest, Josiah, Stories of the Revolution, first published 1836
  45. . [2012-06-04]. （原始内容存档于2008-02-15）.
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  48. Konstantin 2002, p. 231
  49. Konstantin 2002, p. 20
  50. Konstantin 2002, p. 245
  51. Heidler D.S., Heidler J.T., Encyclopedia of the War of 1812, Naval Institute Press, 2004, p. 239, ISBN 978-0-87436-968-7
  52. McKenney, T.L., Indian Tribes of America, Applewood Books, 2010, p. 307, ISBN 978-1-4290-2265-1
  53. Andrew Jackson Learns of the Chehaw Affair （页面存档备份，存于） The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History
  54. Himmel 1999, p. 50
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