普爾曼大罷工
普爾曼大罷工是美國在1894年5月11日的全國性鐵路罷工行動，從而影響美國勞動法。其中美國鐵路工會不滿經營鐵路運輸的普爾曼公司對立，而美國總統格羅弗·克里夫蘭領導的美國聯邦政府也介入其中。衝突起源於5月11日，近4,000名普爾曼公司僱員因為工資調降，而在芝加哥普爾曼發動野貓罷工。不過最終罷工和抵制行動，迫使密西根州底特律以西的大部分貨運和客運都無法運作。
| 普爾曼大罷工 | |||
|---|---|---|---|
 在普爾曼大罷工期間，美國鐵路工會成員與伊利諾州陸軍國民警衛隊部隊對峙。 | |||
| 日期 | 1894年5月11日 | ||
| 地點 | |||
| 目標 | 承認 | ||
| 方法 | 罷工、抗議、示威 | ||
| 結果 | 行動失敗 | ||
| 衝突方 | |||
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| 領導人物 | |||
| 人數 | |||
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| 傷亡人數 | |||
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參見
- 美國鐵路運輸史
- 美國內亂事件一覽表
參考文獻
- Cleveland, Grover. The Government and the Chicago Strike of 1894 [1904]. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1913.
- DeForest, Walter S. The Periodical Press and the Pullman Strike: An Analysis of the Coverage and Interpretation of the Railroad Strike of 1894 by Eight Journals of Opinion and Reportage MA thesis. University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1973.
- Ginger, Ray. The Bending Cross: A Biography of Eugene V. Debs. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1949.
- Hirsch, Susan Eleanor. After the Strike: A Century of Labor Struggle at Pullman. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2003.
- Lindsey, Almont. The Pullman Strike: The Story of a Unique Experiment and of a Great Labor Upheaval. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1943.
- Lindsey, Almont. "Paternalism and the Pullman Strike," American Historical Review, Vol. 44, No. 2 (Jan., 1939), pp. 272–289 in JSTOR （页面存档备份，存于）
- Nevins, Allan Nevins. Grover Cleveland: A Study in Courage. (1933) pp. 611–28
- Papke, David Ray. The Pullman Case: The Clash of Labor and Capital in Industrial America. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1999.
- Rondinone, Troy. "Guarding the Switch: Cultivating Nationalism During the Pullman Strike," Journal of the Gilded Age & Progressive Era 2009 8(1): 83–109 27p.
- Salvatore, Nick. Eugene V. Debs: Citizen and Socialist. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1984.
- Schneirov, Richard, et al. (eds.) The Pullman Strike and the Crisis of the 1890s: Essays on Labor and Politics. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1999.
- Smith, Carl. Urban Disorder and the Shape of Belief: The Great Chicago Fire, the Haymarket Bomb, and the Model Town of Pullman. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995.
- Winston, A.P. "The Significance of the Pullman Strike," Journal of Political Economy, vol. 9, no. 4 (Sept. 1901), pp. 540–561. In JSTOR （页面存档备份，存于）
- Wish, Harvey. "The Pullman Strike: A Study in Industrial Warfare," Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society (1939) 32#3 pp. 288–312 in JSTOR （页面存档备份，存于）
外部連結
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维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源：普爾曼大罷工 |
- United States Strike Commission, Report on the Chicago Strike of June–July, 1894. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1895.
- Pullman Strike Timeline
- Chicago Strike （页面存档备份，存于）
- The Pullman Strike, Illinois During the Gilded Age 1866–1894, Illinois Historical Digitization Projects at Northern Illinois University Libraries
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