檜木醇
檜木醇,又称日柏酚(英語:),扁柏酚,β-侧柏素(β-thujaplicin)是在柏科(Cupressaceae)的树木中发现的一种天然单萜[2]。 它是托酚酮衍生物,是三种侧柏素中的一种[3]。 桧木醇因其广谱抗病毒[4],抗菌[5]和抗炎[6]作用而被广泛用于口腔护理和治疗产品。桧木醇是锌和铁的离子载体,此外,它还被批准用作食品添加剂[7]。
檜木醇[1] | |||
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IUPAC名 2-Hydroxy-6-propan-2-ylcyclohepta-2,4,6-trien-1-one | |||
别名 | β-Thujaplicin; 4-Isopropyltropolone | ||
识别 | |||
CAS号 | 499-44-5 | ||
PubChem | 3611 | ||
ChemSpider | 3485 | ||
SMILES |
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InChI |
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InChIKey | FUWUEFKEXZQKKA-UHFFFAOYAT | ||
ChEBI | 10447 | ||
KEGG | D04876 | ||
性质 | |||
化学式 | C10H12O2 | ||
摩尔质量 | 164.2 g·mol−1 | ||
外观 | Colorless to pale yellow crystals | ||
熔点 | 50 - 52 °C(271 K) | ||
沸点 | 140 °C(413 K) | ||
若非注明,所有数据均出自标准状态(25 ℃,100 kPa)下。 |
桧木醇的名称起源于1936年最初在台湾扁柏中分离[8]。实际上,在日本扁柏中它几乎不存在,而其含量高(约占心材质量的0.04%)存在于Junipruscedrus和Hiba柏木中。罗汉柏(Thujopsisdolabrata)和西部红柏(Thujaplicata)。可以很容易地通过溶剂和超声从雪松中提取。[9]
抗菌活性
桧木醇具有广泛的生物学活性,许多生物学活性已在文献中进行了探索和表征。首先,也是最广为人知的是,不管抗生素是否耐药,其对许多细菌和真菌的有效抗菌活性。[10][11]
其他活动
除广谱抗菌活性外,桧木醇还具有抗炎和抗肿瘤活性,其特点是进行了许多体外细胞研究和体内动物研究。桧木醇可抑制关键的炎症标志物和途径,例如TNF-a和NF-kB,并且正在探索其治疗慢性炎症或自身免疫性疾病的潜力。发现桧木醇通过诱导自噬过程对几种重要的癌细胞系产生细胞毒性。[18][19]
锌协同作用
桧木醇是锌离子载体,据信这种能力可抑制病毒复制。简而言之,作为锌离子载体,桧木醇有助于通过质膜或细胞内膜将分子运输到细胞中,从而增加特定分子(例如锌)的细胞内浓度。因此,通过利用锌的抗病毒特性,结合桧木醇,可以促进锌的吸收。[25]
含有桧木醇的产品
桧木醇被广泛用于一系列消费产品,包括:化妆品,牙膏,口腔喷雾剂,防晒霜和生发剂。Hinoki Clinical是消费性桧木醇产品销售中的领先品牌之一。
在1955年开始首次“工业提取桧木醇”之后不久,成立了Hinoki Clinical(成立于1956年)。[38] Hinoki目前有18种以上以桧木醇为成分的产品。另一个品牌“ Relief Life” [39] 的含有桧木醇的“ Dental Series”牙膏的销售额已突破一百万。[40]
其他基于桧木醇的产品的著名生产商包括大冢制药,小林制药,大正制药,SS制药。除亚洲外,诸如SwansonVitamins®的公司也开始在美国等市场[41] Swanson Vitamins US的消费产品中使用桧木醇。于2020年5月19日检索</ ref>和澳大利亚[42] 作为抗氧化剂血清和其他用途。
2006年,桧木醇被列为加拿大持久性,非生物蓄积性和对水生生物无毒的加拿大国内物质清单。[43] 所述的环境工作组(EWG),美国激进组,一直致力于一个页面来指示它是“低风险”中,如“过敏及免疫毒性”区域,“癌症”和“发育和生殖成分桧木醇毒性”[44],给予Hinokitiol 1-2分。
与桧木醇的得分相反,仍然可以在各种漱口水中出售的对羟基苯甲酸丙酯显示出极大的毒性和危害性。对羟基苯甲酸丙酯已被欧洲激素干扰委员会认为是人类内分泌干扰物,除其他担忧外[45],在EWG网站上的评分为4-6。
ZinX博士
2020年4月2日,澳大利亚氧化锌生产商Advance Nanotek [46] 向AstiVita Limited [47] 提出了一项抗病毒组合物的联合专利申请,该组合物包括各种含有桧木醇作为重要成分的口腔护理产品[48]。零件。现在采用这项新发明的品牌称为Dr ZinX,很可能在2020年发布其Zinc + Hinokitiol组合。[49][50]
2020年5月18日,ZinX博士发布了“用于评估医疗领域杀灭病毒活性的定量悬浮液测试”的测试结果[51][52],结果显示在纯净浓度下降低了'3.25 log'(降低了99.9%)。针对COVID-19的5分钟替代了猫冠状病毒。[53] 锌是人体必需的膳食补充剂和微量元素。全球估计有17.3%的人口锌摄入不足。[54][55]
有前途的未来
从2000年代开始,研究人员认识到桧木醇可以作为一种药物,特别是抑制沙眼衣原体细菌。
伊利诺伊大学香槟分校和其他机构的化学家马丁·伯克(Martin Burke)及其同事发现了桧木醇的重要医学用途。伯克的目标是克服动物体内不规则的铁运输。
几种蛋白质的不足会导致细胞铁缺乏症(贫血)或相反的作用,即血色素沉着病。[56]
研究人员使用基因缺失的酵母培养物作为替代物,筛选了一个小生物分子文库,以寻找铁运输和细胞生长的迹象。桧木醇作为恢复细胞功能的一种物质出现。
研究小组的进一步工作建立了酚还原或减少细胞铁的机制。[57] 然后,他们将研究转向了哺乳动物,并发现,将经过设计缺乏“铁蛋白”的啮齿类动物喂入桧木醇后,它们可以重新吸收肠道中的铁。在对斑马鱼的类似研究中,该分子恢复了血红蛋白的产生。[58]
对伯克等人工作的评论。昵称桧木醇是“铁人分子”。这很恰当/讽刺,因为发现者Nozoe的名字可以被翻译成英文“ iron man”。
鉴于对以桧木醇为基础的口服产品的需求不断增加,对桧木醇的口服应用也进行了重要研究。一项与日本8个不同机构相关的研究,其标题为:“桧木醇对在口腔和上呼吸道中占主导地位的抗菌素耐药性和易感病原细菌的抗菌活性”得出的结论是,“桧木醇具有针对细菌的抗菌活性。病原菌种类繁多,对人上皮细胞的细胞毒性低。”[58]
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