盖洛普最敬佩的人民意调查
蓋洛普1946年起每年面向美国民众开展最敬佩的人民意调查[1],在不预先提示的情况下请受访者说出最敬佩男女姓名,只要求人物仍然在世[2][3],结果取前十名公布。在任美国总统登顶最敬佩男子次数最多,最敬佩女子以第一夫人最为常见[4]。
72年来,在任美国总统58次入选最敬佩男子[1],其中德怀特·艾森豪威尔与贝拉克·奥巴马均以12次居首[5]。福音派传教士葛培理一生61次进入前十,比其他人都多,其中八次位居第二[6]。其他经常入选前十的如罗纳德·里根31次,吉米·卡特28次、教宗若望保祿二世27次[7]。1977年起,在任教宗每年都入选前十[7]。评论认为此项民调一定程度上相当于名气检验[8]。榜首人选通常可以预料,学者发现前十位其他人选往往只是有名而不见得是好名声。例如坚决主张种族隔离的阿肯色州州长奥瓦尔·福布斯1958年在小石城事件后上榜。[9]
前第一夫人埃莉诺·罗斯福和希拉里·克林顿登顶最敬佩女子次数最多[3]。罗斯福13次名列榜首,她20世纪40年代后期到50年代担任美国驻联合国大使兼联合国人权委员会主席,协助发布《世界人权宣言》,世人普遍将她誉为“世界第一夫人”[10]。克林顿是1993至2001年的第一夫人、曾任美国国务卿、纽约州联邦参议员[11],2016年大选期间成为美国史上首位女总统候选人[12]。1993至2017年,克林顿在25年间22次名列榜首,直到2018年米歇爾·奧巴馬取而代之[6]。伊丽莎白二世亮相前十达52次,比其他人选都多[6][5]。奧花·雲費33次入选前十但从未登顶[5],其中14次排第二[6]。
加爾各答德肋撒修女与罗莎琳·卡特1980年并列排在最敬佩女子首位,贝拉克·奥巴马与唐納·川普2019年一起登上最敬佩男子榜首[13]。1946至1947年民调提问是“最敬佩的人”,1967年没有询问“最敬佩的女子”[5]。1976和2021年没有开展民调。部分受访者的回答不是公众人物,而是朋友或亲戚[14]。
名单
注释
- 民调问题是“最敬佩的人”[5]。
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