碘的同位素
碘(I,原子量:126.90447(3))有37種已知同位素,其中只有碘-127是穩定同位素,其他都具有放射性,因此碘是一種单一同位素元素。天然存在的碘元素中含有兩種同位素,主要為127
I
,以及痕量的129
I
[2]。
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標準原子質量 (Ar, 標準) |
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除了碘-127之外,其餘皆為碘的放射性同位素。在碘的放射性同位素中,壽命最長的是碘-129,半衰期長達1570萬年[3],但仍然遠低於原生放射性同位素。自然界中存在痕量的碘-129,但基於宇宙射線生成的碘-129也十分微少,甚至不足以影響原子量的測定,這也使碘因此成為单一同位素元素的原因——在自然界中僅能找到一種穩定的同位素。大部分在地球上存在的碘-129幾乎都是人為放射性,主要是因為碘-129是早期核試驗以及核事故的一個不須要的長壽命產物[4]。
除了碘-129之外,其餘的碘放射性同位素半衰期都低於60天[3],其中有四種同位素在醫學上用於示踪劑和治療劑,包括 123
I
[5]、 124
I
、 125
I
和 131
I
,工業上生產的放射性碘一般也只會包含這四種有用的同位素。
碘的重要放射性核素
碘-129
碘-129是碘的放射性同位素之一,半衰期為1.57×107年[6],會經由貝他衰變,衰變成氙-129,是一種已滅絕的天然放射性同位素。
隕石中過剩的氙-129顯示了其來源很可能是從太陽系形成之前由超新星爆炸所產生的塵埃及氣體中的碘-129衰變產生的[7][8],因此碘-129也可以算是一種原生核素,但由於太陽系壽命已接近50億年,而半衰期只有1570萬年[9]的碘-129早已衰變殆盡、所剩無幾,因此稱為已滅絕的天然放射性同位素。但碘-129在自然界中仍可以由其他方式產生,如可以從天然鈾發生自發裂變產生,或者大氣中的氙受宇宙射線散裂產生[10][11]。
含碘同位素的化合物
在自然界中只存在碘-127,以及痕量的碘-129[2],含有其他碘的同位素的化合物一般都是由人工合成做為追蹤、標記或放射治療的藥品。例如碘-123非他胺(系統命名:1-[4-碘-123苯基]-N-異丙基-2-丙胺)是一種用於腦血灌注成像單光子發射斷層攝影(SPECT)的放射性脂質水溶性胺藥物[16][17][18]。
圖表
符號 | Z( p ) |
N( n ) |
同位素質量(u)[19][20] | 半衰期 | 衰變 方式[3][n 1] |
衰變 產物[n 2] |
原子核 自旋 |
相對豐度 (莫耳分率) |
相對豐度 的變化量 (莫耳分率) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
激發能量 | |||||||||
108 I [21][6] |
53 | 55 | 107.94348(39)# | 36(6) ms | α (90%) | 104 Sb |
(1)# | ||
β+ (9%) | 108Te | ||||||||
p (1%) | 107Te | ||||||||
109 I [21] |
53 | 56 | 108.93815(11) | 103(5) µs | p (99.5%) | 108Te | (5/2+) | ||
α (.5%) | 105Sb | ||||||||
110 I [21] |
53 | 57 | 109.93524(33)# | 650(20) ms | β+ (83%) | 110Te | 1+# | ||
α (17%) | 106Sb | ||||||||
β+, p (11%) | 109Sb | ||||||||
β+, α (1.09%) | 106Sn | ||||||||
111 I [21][6] |
53 | 58 | 110.93028(32)# | 2.5(2) s | β+ (99.91%) | 111Te | (5/2+)# | ||
α (.088%) | 107Sb | ||||||||
112 I [21][6][22] |
53 | 59 | 111.92797(23)# | 3.42(11) s | β+ (99.01%) | 112Te | |||
β+, p (.88%) | 111Sb | ||||||||
β+, α (.104%) | 108Sn | ||||||||
α (.0012%) | 108Sb | ||||||||
113 I [21][6] |
53 | 60 | 112.92364(6) | 6.6(2) s | β+ (100%) | 113Te | 5/2+# | ||
α (3.3×10−7%) | 109Sb | ||||||||
β+, α | 109Sn | ||||||||
114 I [21][6] |
53 | 61 | 113.92185(32)# | 2.1[22](2) s | β+ | 114Te | 1+ | ||
β+, p (不常見) | 113Sb | ||||||||
114m I [21][23] |
265.9(5) keV | 6.2(5) s | β+ (91%) | 114Te | (7) | ||||
IT (9%) | 114 I | ||||||||
115 I [21][6] |
53 | 62 | 114.91805(3) | 1.3(2) min | β+ | 115Te | (5/2+)# | ||
116 I [21][22][6] |
53 | 63 | 115.91681(10) | 2.91(15) s | β+ | 116Te | 1+ | ||
116m I |
400(50)# keV | 3.27(16) µs | (7-) | ||||||
117 I |
53 | 64 | 116.91365(3) | 2.22(4) min | β+ | 117Te | (5/2)+ | ||
118 I |
53 | 65 | 117.913074(21) | 13.7(5) min | β+ | 118Te | 2- | ||
118m I |
190.1(10) keV | 8.5(5) min | β+ | 118Te | (7-) | ||||
IT (不常見) | 118 I | ||||||||
119 I |
53 | 66 | 118.91007(3) | 19.1(4) min | β+ | 119Te | 5/2+ | ||
120 I |
53 | 67 | 119.910048(19) | 81.6(2) min | β+ | 120Te | 2- | ||
120m1 I |
72.61(9) keV | 228(15) ns | (1+,2+,3+) | ||||||
120m2 I |
320(15) keV | 53(4) min | β+ | 120Te | (7-) | ||||
121 I |
53 | 68 | 120.907367(11) | 2.12(1) h | β+ | 121Te | 5/2+ | ||
121m I |
2376.9(4) keV | 9.0(15) µs | |||||||
122 I |
53 | 69 | 121.907589(6) | 3.63(6) min | β+ | 122Te | 1+ | ||
123 I [n 3] |
53 | 70 | 122.905589(4) | 13.2235(19) h | ε | 123Te | 5/2+ | ||
124 I [n 3] |
53 | 71 | 123.9062099(25) | 4.1760(3) d | β+ | 124Te | 2- | ||
125 I [n 3] |
53 | 72 | 124.9046302(16) | 59.400(10) d | ε | 125Te | 5/2+ | ||
126 I |
53 | 73 | 125.905624(4) | 12.93(5) d | β+ (56.3%) | 126Te | 2- | ||
β− (43.7%) | 126Xe | ||||||||
127 I [n 4] |
53 | 74 | 126.904473(4) | 稳定 | 5/2+ | 1.0000 | |||
128 I |
53 | 75 | 127.905809(4) | 24.99(2) min | β− (93.1%) | 128Xe | 1+ | ||
β+ (6.9%) | 128Te | ||||||||
128m1 I |
137.850(4) keV | 845(20) ns | 4- | ||||||
128m2 I |
167.367(5) keV | 175(15) ns | (6)- | ||||||
129 I [n 4][n 5] |
53 | 76 | 128.904988(3) | 1.57(4)×107 a | β− | 129Xe | 7/2+ | 痕量[n 6] | |
130 I |
53 | 77 | 129.906674(3) | 12.36(1) h | β− | 130Xe | 5+ | ||
130m1 I |
39.9525(13) keV | 8.84(6) min | IT (84%) | 130 I |
2+ | ||||
β− (16%) | 130Xe | ||||||||
130m2 I |
69.5865(7) keV | 133(7) ns | (6)- | ||||||
130m3 I |
82.3960(19) keV | 315(15) ns | - | ||||||
130m4 I |
85.1099(10) keV | 254(4) ns | (6)- | ||||||
131 I [n 4][n 3] |
53 | 78 | 130.9061246(12) | 8.02070(11) d | β− | 131Xe | 7/2+ | ||
132 I |
53 | 79 | 131.907997(6) | 2.295(13) h | β− | 132Xe | 4+ | ||
132m I |
104(12) keV | 1.387(15) h | IT (86%) | 132 I |
(8-) | ||||
β− (14%) | 132Xe | ||||||||
133 I |
53 | 80 | 132.907797(5) | 20.8(1) h | β− | 133Xe | 7/2+ | ||
133m1 I |
1634.174(17) keV | 9(2) s | IT | 133 I |
(19/2-) | ||||
133m2 I |
1729.160(17) keV | ~170 ns | (15/2-) | ||||||
134 I |
53 | 81 | 133.909744(9) | 52.5(2) min | β− | 134Xe | (4)+ | ||
134m I |
316.49(22) keV | 3.52(4) min | IT (97.7%) | 134 I |
(8)- | ||||
β− (2.3%) | 134Xe | ||||||||
135 I [n 7] |
53 | 82 | 134.910048(8) | 6.57(2) h | β− | 135Xe | 7/2+ | ||
136 I |
53 | 83 | 135.91465(5) | 83.4(10) s | β− | 136Xe | (1-) | ||
136m I |
650(120) keV | 46.9(10) s | β− | 136Xe | (6-) | ||||
137 I |
53 | 84 | 136.917871(30) | 24.13(12) s | β− (92.86%) | 137Xe | (7/2+) | ||
β−, n (7.14%) | 136Xe | ||||||||
138 I |
53 | 85 | 137.92235(9) | 6.23(3) s | β− (94.54%) | 138Xe | (2-) | ||
β−, n (5.46%) | 137Xe | ||||||||
139 I |
53 | 86 | 138.92610(3) | 2.282(10) s | β− (90%) | 139Xe | 7/2+# | ||
β−, n (10%) | 138Xe | ||||||||
140 I |
53 | 87 | 139.93100(21)# | 860(40) ms | β− (90.7%) | 140Xe | (3)(-#) | ||
β−, n (9.3%) | 139Xe | ||||||||
141 I |
53 | 88 | 140.93503(21)# | 430(20) ms | β− (78%) | 141Xe | 7/2+# | ||
β−, n (22%) | 140Xe | ||||||||
142 I |
53 | 89 | 141.94018(43)# | ~200 ms | β− (75%) | 142Xe | 2-# | ||
β−, n (25%) | 141Xe | ||||||||
143 I |
53 | 90 | 142.94456(43)# | 100# ms [> 300 ns] | β− | 143Xe | 7/2+# | ||
144 I |
53 | 91 | 143.94999(54)# | 50# ms [> 300 ns] | β− | 144Xe | 1-# | ||
145 I [24][n 8] |
53 | 92 | (145)# | > 407 ns[24] | β−[24] | 145Xe | (7/2+)# | ||
β−, n[24] | 144Xe |
備註:畫上#號的數據代表沒有經過實驗的証明,只是理論推測而已,而用括號括起來的代表數據不確定性。
← | 同位素列表 | → |
碲的同位素 | 碘的同位素 | 氙的同位素 |
註釋
参考文獻
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