对观福音

符類福音（英語：）又稱共觀福音、同觀福音、對觀福音等，為新約聖經前三卷書《馬太福音》、《馬可福音》和《路加福音》的合稱。這三本福音書的內容、敘事安排、語言和句子結構皆很相似，而它們又以近似的順序、措辭記述了許多相同的故事。使學者們認為它們有著相當的關聯。[1]

三卷符類福音內容的關係。幾乎所有《馬可福音》的內容都被發現在《馬太福音》及《路加福音》，但後二者的內容則有許多沒有在馬可福音中發現

四福音書中的另一卷書《約翰福音》及其它被稱為偽典的福音書，與符類福音各方面皆有很大的差異。

對觀福音問題

英文synoptic來自希臘語syn，意為「一起的」；而optic則為「觀察」之意。[2]《馬太福音》、《馬可福音》和《路加福音》這三本福音書的內容、敘事安排、語言和句子結構皆很相似，而它們又以近似的順序、措辭記述了許多相同的故事。學者們認為它們有著相當的關聯，因此稱它們為對觀福音書。

  • 三重傳統（triple tradition）：馬太福音、馬可福音和路加福音，三者之間共通的部份。
    • 主要相同（Major agreements）：馬可福音中76%的內容，都出現在其他兩本福音書中。其中大部份的內容是完全相同，但是少部份在行文敍述上有做小部份修改。
    • 少數相同（Minor agreements）：馬太福音與路加福音在同一個段落，兩者的行文遣字是彼此相同的，但是馬可福音與他們二者的說法不同。
  • 雙重傳統（double tradition）：馬太福音與路加福音之間，大約有200行左右是相同的，但是在馬可福音中沒有這些內容。這些不同的內容，主要是有關於耶穌的談話與教導，大部份的登山寶訓與其他主要的談話都包括在內。

書寫順序

因為其相同性，聖經學者持續辯論著符類福音三卷書被書寫的順序。現在有聖奧古斯丁假說、雙源假說、雙福音書假說、四源假說、法拉假說及帕克假說六種說法。

聖奧古斯丁假說
条目：奧古斯丁假說

傳統上認為馬太福音是首先被書寫的、馬可福音第二、而路加福音則參考前二者及其他當事人的言語來書寫[3]。這個說法通常被稱為聖奧古斯丁假說[4][5]。不像其它的假說，這個假說不被後人引用、不被爭論、也幾乎沒有任何文獻提及。聖奧古斯丁的後裔認為是瞭解福音書的一種簡單的共識。然而，文字考證證明這是一個錯誤。因此學術界及大多數現代的研究通常都不再引用此種說法。

馬可福音優先
条目：馬可居先說

這一個假說認為，《馬可福音》是對觀福音書中最早的，也是其他福音書的根據。這個學說起源於18世紀，被現代聖經學者廣為接受。

Q來源
条目：Q來源

雙源假說
条目：雙源假說

雙源假說推測馬太福音在書寫時參考了馬可福音和另一本同觀語錄源，或稱Q來源。特別是發現了一本皆是語錄體的書卷：多馬福音，因而更支撐了這個假說[6]。

四源假說

雙源假說有個問題，就是它不能說明所有馬太福音和路加福音的疑點。在The Four Gospels: A Study of Origins (1924)一書中，斯特里特修改了雙源假說並提出四源假說。此說解釋了雙源假說未能交代完善之處，並 假設馬太及路加福音書有四個來源。包括一個現存來源：馬可福音；及三個未知來源：Q來源、M來源和L[7] [8]。

雙福音書假說

雙福音書假說又稱格里斯巴奇假說。此假說認為使徒馬太在公元40年左右首先書寫馬太福音，那時基督教只在猶太地區傳播。後來教會向外擴張，使徒路加在約公元50年時書寫路加福音來向外邦人傳福音。但由於路加和他的同伴保羅沒有親眼看過耶穌基督，因此引用了聖彼得的言論來描述耶穌的事跡。這些言論先被馬可紀錄為馬可福音，然後寄送給早期教會的領導者愛任紐。這個假說以馬可的低曝光率認為馬可福音不是正統的福音書。後來保羅讓路加福音出版[4]。這個假說，與雙源假說相比，有個優勢[4][5]，因為它所倚靠的都是本身的內部證據，而不需要外部假設如Q來源等。

法拉假說

法拉假說認為馬可福音首先寫成，第二是馬太福音，最後則是路加福音。法拉假說的立場很簡單，它沒有假設其它來源。它直接認為馬可福音是馬太福音的來源，而後路加參考這兩本書書寫了路加福音[9][10]。

帕克假說

皮爾遜·帕克在1953年認為馬太福音是其它福音書的基礎。

爭議

雖然許多學者對福音書傳統上認為的撰寫年代有所爭議（在西元40年代到60年代之間），多數人認為對觀福音書的年代介於《羅馬書》和《約翰福音》之間（即西元60年至115年間）[11]。這項假說由於以推論為基礎的論證而尚未獲得共識（也就是說「保羅並未提到福音書，所以福音書一定是在《羅馬書》以後寫的」）。至於每本書的具體撰寫日期，這主要得看特定解釋福音書文字關係的假說。

主要福音書比較表

本比較表[12]是來自B. H. Throckmorton所著的《福音之相似處（Gospel Parallels）》、R. W. Funk所著之《五福音（The Five Gospels）》、E. B. Nicholson所著之《希伯來人的福音（The Gospel According to the Hebrews）》 以及J. R. Edwards所著的《希伯來福音與對觀福音傳統之發展（The Hebrew Gospel and the Development of the Synoptic Tradition）》

項目馬太、馬可、路加福音約翰福音多馬福音希伯來福音
新約三福音的中心題目是：全心全意愛主以及你的鄰居，像愛自己一般[13]中心題目：愛是耶穌所賜的新命令[14]奧秘的知識、愛你的朋友[15]中心題目：要愛其他人 [16]
饒恕非常重要，尤其在馬太福音與路加福音[17]推定有[18]未提及非常重要：饒恕是中心思想，而且這份福音書有最詳細的記載 [19]
主禱文在馬太福音與路加福音皆有記載，但未見於馬可福音[20]未提及未提及重要：有關於「mahar」或「明天」的記載[21][22]
愛與窮人非常重要，見耶穌與富有的少年人[23]推定有[24]重要[25]非常重要，見耶穌與富有的少年人[26]
耶穌開始祂的工作耶穌遇見施洗約翰，並且受洗 [27]耶穌遇見施洗約翰[28]只提到施洗約翰[29]有對於耶穌與施洗約翰相遇並受洗的最詳盡記載[30]
門徒的數量十二[31]十二[32]未提及[33]十二[34]
核心門徒彼得、安德烈、雅各與約翰[31]彼得、安德烈、雅各以及耶穌所愛的那門徒[32]彼得[33]彼得、安德烈、雅各與約翰[30]
其他的門徒

腓力、巴多羅買、稅吏馬太、多馬、亞勒腓的兒子雅各、達太（亦稱雅各的兒子（或兄弟）猶大）、奮銳黨的西門，加略人猶大 [32]

腓力、拿但業（即巴多羅買）、稅吏馬太、多馬、亞勒腓的兒子雅各、達太（雅各的兒子（或兄弟）猶大）、奮銳黨的西門，加略人猶大[32]

馬太、多馬與耶穌的兄弟猶大[35]

馬太、耶穌的兄弟猶大、奮銳黨的西門、達太、加略人猶大[36]

可能的作者福音書的作者馬太；[37]福音書的作者馬可以及福音書的作者路加耶穌所愛的那門徒[38]多馬[39]福音書的作者馬太 [40]
對處女懷胎的敘述馬太福音與路加福音有，但馬可福音沒有[41]未提及未提及未提及
耶穌的洗禮皆有敘述[20]未提及[20]無有詳實的記述[42]
傳道方式簡短的俏皮話或比喻[20]散文格式、米德拉什[20]言論與比喻[43]簡短的俏皮話與比喻[20]
講故事比喻[44]比喻性的措詞或隱喻[45]諾斯底主義、神秘的比喻[46]比喻[47]
耶穌的神學一世紀的自由主義猶太教[48]對猶太教權威的批判[49]諾斯底主義 [20]一世紀猶太教[48]
神蹟很多神蹟七個神蹟Seven Signs無較少但較可信的神蹟[50]
傳道期間一年[51]三年（多次提到逾越節）無一年[51]
傳道地點主要在加利利主要在靠近耶路撒冷的猶太地區無主要在加利利
逾越節晚餐身體與血等於餅與酒為了洗腳中斷了晚餐無有慶祝希伯來逾越節但無細節[52]
葬禮的裹屍布一塊布多塊布[53]無給了大祭司[54]
復活馬利亞和婦女們首先得知耶穌復活[55]
馬可福音的部分古鈔本缺乏16章第9節後的內容，也就是復活基督顯現的部分，學者認為這部分是後人所添加[56]		約翰增添了一些馬利亞在復活事件中的細節描述[57]多馬福音記載的是耶穌的「言論」而非耶穌的一生特別提到耶穌向祂的兄弟猶大顯現[58]，這事同時也記載在哥林多前書15章7節

参考文献
  1. F.L. Cross and E.A. Livingston, The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, Oxford University Press, 1989 p. 1333
  2. . 牛津英語詞典 (第三版). 牛津大學出版社. 2005-09 （英语）.
  3. Ronald Allen Piper, The gospel behind the Gospels: current studies on Q, Volume 75 of Novum Testamentum, BRILL, 1995 （页面存档备份，存于） p.23
  4. Black, David (2001). Why Four Gospels?. Kregel Publications. ISBN 0-8254-2070-9
  5. Beck, David (2001). Rethinking the Synoptic Problem. Baker Academic. ISBN 0-8010-2281-9.
  6. Daniel Gaztambide, "The Synoptic Problem: Two-Source Hypothesis and Q" （页面存档备份，存于）, AramaicNT.org, accessed August 19, 2006.
  7. . [2010-07-02]. （原始内容存档于2020-02-17）.
  8. Streeter, Burnett H. The Four Gospels. A Study of Origins Treating the Manuscript Tradition, Sources, Authorship, & Dates （页面存档备份，存于）. London: MacMillian and Co., Ltd., 1924.
  9. D. E. Nineham (ed.), Studies in the Gospels: Essays in Memory of R. H. Lightfoot (Oxford: Blackwell, 1955)
  10. Austin Farrer, On Dispensing With Q, 1955.
  11. Geza Vermes, The Passion, (Penguin, 2005) pages 10-12.
  12. . [2017-06-29]. （原始内容存档于2007-05-19）.
  13. "In the Synoptic Gospels this is the "Greatest" Commandment" that sums up all of the "Law and the Prophets"
  14. Jn 31:34
  15. Log 25
  16. The Lord says to his disciples:”And never be you joyful, except when you behold one another with love.”Jerome, Commentary on Ephesians
  17. Matt 18:21, Lk 17:4
  18. Jn 20:23
  19. In the Gospel of the Hebrews, written in the Chaldee and Syriac language but in Hebrew script, and used by the Nazarenes to this day（I mean the Gospel of the Apostles, or, as it is generally maintained, the Gospel of Matthew, a copy of which is in the library at Caesarea）, we find，“Behold the mother of the Lord and his brothers said to him, ‘John the Baptist baptizes for the forgiveness of sins. Let us go and be baptized by him.’ But Jesus said to them, ‘in what way have I sinned that I should go and be baptized by him? Unless perhaps, what I have just said is a sin of ignorance.’”And in the same volume，“‘If your brother sins against you in word, and makes amends, forgive him seven times a day.’ Simon, His disciple, said to Him, ‘Seven times in a day!’ The Lord answered and said to him, ‘I say to you, Seventy times seven.’”Jerome, Against Pelagius 3.2
  20. Trite
  21. In the so-called Gospel of the Hebrews, for“bread essential to existence,”I found“mahar”, which means“of tomorrow”; so the sense is: our bread for tomorrow, that is, of the future, give us this day. Jerome, Commentary on Matthew 1
  22. In Matthew's Hebrew Gospel it states, ‘Give us this day our bread for tomorrow.”Jerome, On Psalm 135
  23. Matt 19:16, Mk 10:17 & Lk1 8:18
  24. Jn 12:8
  25. Jesus said "Blessed are the poor, for to you belongs the Kingdom of Heaven" Log 54
  26. The second rich youth said to him，“Rabbi, what good thing can I do and live?” Jesus replied，“Fulfill the law and the prophets.” “I have,”was the response. Jesus said，“Go, sell all that you have and distribute to the poor; and come, follow me.” The youth became uncomfortable, for it did not please him. And the Lord said，“How can you say, I have fulfilled the Law and the Prophets, when it is written in the Law: You shall love your neighbor as yourself and many of your brothers, sons of Abraham, are covered with filth, dying of hunger, and your house is full of many good things, none of which goes out to them?”And he turned and said to Simon, his disciple, who was sitting by Him，“Simon, son of Jonah, it is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for the rich to enter the Kingdom of Heaven. ”Origen, Commentary on Matthew 15:14
  27. Matt 3:1, Mk 1:9, 3:21
  28. Jn 1:29
  29. Gospel of Thomas, Logion 46: Jesus said, "From Adam to John the Baptist, among those born to women, no one is greater than John the Baptist that his eyes should not be averted. But I have said that whoever among you becomes a child will recognize the（Father's）kingdom and will become greater than John."
  30. Epiphanius, Panarion 30:13
  31. Matt 10:1, Mk 6:8, Lk 9:3
  32. Jn 13:23, 19:26, 20:2, 21:7, 21:20
  33. Log 13
  34. “There was a certain man named Jesus, about thirty years old, who chose us. Coming to Capernaum, He entered the house of Simon, who is called Peter, and said, ‘As I passed by the Sea of Galilee, I chose John and James, sons of Zebedee, and Simon, and Andrew, Thaddaeus, Simon the Zealot, Judas Iscariot; and you Matthew, sitting at the tax office, I called and you followed me. You therefore, I want to be the Twelve, to symbolize Israel.’”Epiphanius, Panarion 30:13
  35. Log 1- 114
  36. Epiphanius, Panarion 30:13, Jerome, On Illustrious Men, 2
  37. Although several Fathers say Matthew wrote the Gospel of the Hebrews they are silent about Greek Matthew found in the Bible. Modern scholars are in agreement that Matthew did not write Greek Matthews which is 300 lines longer than the Hebrew Gospel（See James Edwards the Hebrew gospel）
  38. Suggested by Irenaeus first
  39. Preface to the Gospel of Thomas
  40. They too accept Matthew's gospel, and like the followers of Cerinthus and Merinthus, they use it alone. They call it the Gospel of the Hebrews, for in truth Matthew alone in the New Testament expounded and declared the Gospel in Hebrew using Hebrew script. Epiphanius, Panarion 30:3
  41. Matt 1:18
  42. “After the people were baptized, Jesus also came and was baptized by John. As Jesus came up from the water, Heaven was opened, and He saw the Holy Spirit descend in the form of a dove and enter into him. And a voice from Heaven said, ‘You are my beloved Son; with You I am well pleased.’ And again, ‘Today I have begotten you.’ “Immediately a great light shone around the place; and John, seeing it, said to him, ‘Who are you, Lord?' And again a voice from Heaven said, ‘This is my beloved Son, with whom I am well pleased.’ Then John, falling down before Him, said, ‘I beseech You, Lord, baptize me!’ But Jesus forbade him saying, ‘Let it be so as it is fitting that all things be fulfilled.’”Epiphanius, Panarion 30:13
  43. Jesus said, "The（Father's）kingdom is like a shepherd who had a hundred sheep. One of them, the largest, went astray. He left the ninety-nine and looked for the one until he found it. After he had toiled, he said to the sheep, 'I love you more than the ninety-nine.'" Log 107
  44. . [2010-07-02]. （原始内容存档于2015-02-10）.
  45. . [2010-07-02]. （原始内容存档于2015-02-10）.
  46. Log 109
  47. . [2010-07-02]. （原始内容存档于2015-02-10）.
  48. Similar to beliefs taught by Hillel the Elder.（eg. "golden rule"）Hillel （页面存档备份，存于） Hillel the Elder
  49. Jn 7:45 & Jn 3:1
  50. Jerome, Commentary on Matthew 2
  51. Events leading up to Passover
  52. Epiphanius, Panarion 30:22
  53. As was the Jewish practice at the time.（John 20:5-7）
  54. Jerome, On Illustrious Men, 2
  55. Matt 28:1 Mk16:1 Lk24:1
  56. D. C. Parker, The Living Text of the Gospels（Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997）, p. 125
  57. Jn 20:11
  58. Jerome, On Illustrious Men, 2

外部連結
维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：对观福音
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