組蛋白密碼
組蛋白密碼(Histone code)是一個描述真核生物藉修飾包裹DNA的組蛋白(主要是其N端尾)以調控基因表現的理論,和DNA甲基化共同組成表觀遺傳密碼[2] 。組蛋白上的修飾包括乙醯化、甲基化、磷酸化、泛素化、二磷酸腺苷核糖基化、GlcNAc糖基化[3]、瓜氨酸化、脯胺酸異構化[4]與SUMO修飾等[5],這些修飾的組合可影響染色體結構以及與其他蛋白的結合力,提升或降低基因的轉錄。人類細胞中組蛋白修飾的種類複雜,其中某幾種修飾可能傾向出現在同一個組蛋白上[6]。近年由於質譜法技術的發展而有更多修飾種類與位點被發現[7],也有許多研究探討加上或移除組蛋白修飾的多種酵素,以及可辨認這些修飾而與之結合的其他蛋白[8]。
種類
修飾種類 | 組蛋白位點 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
H3K4 | H3K9 | H3K14 | H3K27 | H3K79 | H3K36 | H4K20 | H2BK5 | H2BK20 | |
單甲基化 | 促進[9] | 促進[10] | 促進[10] | 促進[10][11] | 促進[10] | 促進[10] | |||
雙甲基化 | 抑制[12] | 抑制[12] | 促進[11] | ||||||
三甲基化 | 促進[13] | 抑制[10] | 抑制[10] | 促進[11] 抑制[10] |
促進 | 抑制[12] | |||
乙醯化 | 促進[14] | 促進[13] | 促進[13] | 促進[15] | 促進 |
參考文獻
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