縮寫

縮寫（英語：[註 1]），又称省略、缩略、节略、略记、简略记法[2]，其词汇用语则称为略语、缩语、缩略语、缩写词，是在使用拼音文字的语言中，对于常用的词组（多为专名）以及少数常用的词所采用的简便写法。

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缩写有幾種常見的形式：1. 截取词的首字母来代表这个词，如 C 代表 carbōnium（碳）；2. 截取词的前几个字母，如 Eng. 代表 England（英格兰）或 English（英语）；3. 分别截取一个词的两个部分的第一个字母，如 cm 代表 centimeter（），TV 代表 television（电视）；4. 截取词的首字母和最後一个字母，如 No. 或 № 代表 numerō（号数）；5. 截取词组中每个主要单词的第一个字母，如 UN 代表 the United Nations（联合国）[3]。

缩写大部分时候等同于简称，但二者的含义不尽相同。广义的缩写囊括了元音缩合（合并两个元音把多个词复合为一个词）、首字母缩略词、字母词和中略等概念，但在较严格的语境下可能会将它们排除或分别讨论[4]:p167。

缩写类型

首字母缩略语
条目：首字母缩略字

首字母缩略词，又称头字语[5]，是英語、法語里面常见的缩写类型。这种音素缩写会将缩略语以词的形式发音[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]。如：

字母词

字母词也是一种首字母缩略词，但是一般将其按字母逐字发音[21]。如：

拼写简化

拼写简化（short form）只在书写上缩减，并不会改变词的读法。一部分拼写简化属于中略。这种缩写今时美式英语一般会在後面加一个缩寫点“.”，英式英语中略时则不会加点。[4]:p167–170[22]。如：

  • abbreviation → abbr. 或 abbrev.
  • Doctor → Dr. （美）或 Dr （英）
  • Company → Co.
  • building → bldg. （美）或 bldg （英）
  • Street → St. （英美）（英式英语加有缩写点，为免与Saint（聖人）混淆）
  • Road → Rd. （美）或 Rd （英）
  • Boulevard → Blvd. （美）或 Blvd （英）
  • Verb → V.

截音词

截音是截取词语的一部分作为缩略语的方法，是一种音节缩写（英语：）。如：

  • telephone→ phone
  • examination → exam
  • mathematics → math
  • laboratory → lab
  • facsimile → fax
  • memorandum → memo
  • influenza → flu

短语的音节缩写

一些缩略语由复合词或短语中截取一部分音节構成，这些缩略语也是典型的音节缩写。这种缩略语一般用于专有名词。

这种音节缩写容易與混成词（英文：portmanteau 或 blend word）混淆，虽然两者的意义和读音来自两个以上的语素[23][24][25][26]，但混成词并没有一个作为原型的短语。

例如：

与英語、法語相比，音节缩写在德語與俄語比較常見。纳粹时期及之前的德国、蘇聯為了新的官僚機構命名時，非常盛行使用音节缩写。如：

后来的德國人，包括东德，仍然会使用音节缩写，如：

语素缩写

语素是由词、短语中的詞或语素構成缩略语的缩写方法。这是汉语、日语里面最常见的缩写类型之一。由于汉语是非常典型的孤立语，其语素单位大部分时候与音节单位契合，所以往往也可以视为音节缩写。如：

汉语也会由从词、短语甚至句子中抽出相同的语素，与数词（或再加量词）構成缩略语。如：

  • 世界观、人生观、价值观 → 三观
  • 農業、工業、國防和科學技術的現代化 → 四個現代化、四化
  • 始终代表中国先进社会生产力的发展要求、始终代表中国先进文化的前进方向、始终代表中国最广大人民的根本利益 → 三个代表

参见

注释
  1. 源自拉丁文 brevis，意为“短”[1]

参考文献
  1. . www.latin-is-simple.com. [2018-03-29]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-29）.
  2. . [2022-02-10]. （原始内容存档于2022-07-10）.
  3. 中国社会科学院语言研究所词典编辑室 (编). (3版, 修订本). 北京: 商务印书馆. 1996. ISBN 978-7-100-01777-0.（简体中文）
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    acronyms  A number of commentators (as Copperud 1970, Janis 1984, Howard 1984) believe that acronyms can be differentiated from other abbreviations in being pronounceable as words. Dictionaries, however, do not make this distinction because writers in general do not:
    "The powder metallurgy industry has officially adopted the acronym 'P/M Parts'"—Precision Metal Molding, January 1966.
    "Users of the term acronym make no distinction between those pronounced as words ... and those pronounced as a series of characters" —Jean Praninskas, Trade Name Creation, 1968.
    "It is not J.C.B.'s fault that its name, let alone its acronym, is not a household word among European scholars"—Times Literary Supp. 5 February 1970.
    "... the confusion in the Pentagon about abbreviations and acronyms—words formed from the first letters of other words"—Bernard Weinraub, N.Y. Times, 11 December 1978.
    Pyles & Algeo 1970 divide acronyms into "initialisms", which consists of initial letters pronounced with the letter names, and "word acronyms", which are pronounced as words. Initialism, an older word than acronym, seems to be too little known to the general public to serve as the customary term standing in contrast with acronym in a narrow sense.
  6. "acronym". The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English (1991), Oxford University Press. p. 12: "a word, usu[ally] pronounced as such, formed from the initial letters of other words (e.g. Ernie, laser, Nato)".
  7. "acronym" "Cambridge Dictionary of American English" （页面存档备份，存于）, accessed October 5, 2008: "a word created from the first letters of each word in a series of words."
  8. "acronym" "The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language" （页面存档备份，存于）, accessed August 13, 2015: "1. A word formed by combining the initial letters of a multipart name, such as NATO from North Atlantic Treaty Organization or by combining the initial letters or parts of a series of words, such as radar from radio detecting and ranging. 2. Usage Problem An initialism. Usage Note: In strict usage, the term acronym refers to a word made from the initial letters or parts of other words, such as sonar from so(und) na(vigation and) r(anging). The distinguishing feature of an acronym is that it is pronounced as if it were a single word, in the manner of NATO and NASA. Acronyms are often distinguished from initialisms like FBI and NIH, whose individual letters are pronounced as separate syllables. While observing this distinction has some virtue in precision, it may be lost on many people, for whom the term acronym refers to both kinds of abbreviations."
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  11. "acronym" "Cambridge Dictionaries Online" （页面存档备份，存于）, accessed August 13, 2015: "Acronyms are words which are formed from the first letters of other words, and which are pronounced as full words."
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