絛蟲綱

绦虫纲(學名:)是一個寄生性扁形动物门的一個[2][3]。人们常说的絛蟲其實是多個物種的泛稱。所有絛蟲綱的物種都是寄生蟲,其生活史可能各有不同,但這些物種的成虫寄生于各类脊椎动物消化道内,而其幼年期則寄生於其他動物的物種,例如:软体动物。這些物種自身无消化道,体分节或不分节的扁形动物。

絛蟲綱
化石时期:
Taenia saginata
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 扁形动物门 Platyhelminthes
纲: 絛蟲綱 Cestoda
亚纲
  • 单节绦虫亚纲
  • 多节绦虫亚纲

絛蟲的寄生歷程已有很長久歷史:科學家在一塊2.7億年前(二疊紀中期到後期)的鯊魚糞便化石(coprolites)裡發現了多叢絛蟲卵及一條發育中的蚴[1]

分類

目前全球约有4000餘种,中国约有400种[4]。共分以下两个亚纲:

  • 单节绦虫亚纲Cestodaria
  • 多節絛蟲亞綱Eucestoidea

寄生于人体的绦虫有30余种,多属圆叶目(Cyclophyllidea)和假叶目(Pseudophyllidea),最著名的种是引起人类绦虫病猪肉絛虫[4]

多節絛蟲亞綱物種的分類已澄清[5]。以下為現時的分類:

  • 單殖綱 Monogenea
    • Amphilinidea
      • Caryophyllidea
        • Spathebothriidea
          • Trypanorhyncha
            • 假葉目Pseudophyllidea
              • 四葉目Tetraphyllidea
                • Diphyllidea, Proteocephalidea
                • Nippotaeniidea
                  • 圓葉目(Cyclophyllidea)、Tetrabothriidea

四葉目、假葉目(因為裂頭絛蟲科,Diphyllobothriidae)及圓葉目(因為Mesocestoididae科)均為並系群。

帶科(Taeniidae)可能是圓葉目之下12個目的最基底[5]

The Tetraphyllidea, Lecanicephalidea, Proteocephalidea, Nippotaeniidea, Tetrabothriidea, and Cyclophyllidea are considered to be the 'higher' tapeworms.

海洋中的Trypanorhyncha目有277个已知物种,分为五个总科:Tentacularioidea, Gymnorhynchoidea, Otobothrioidea, EutetrarhynchidaeLacistorhynchidae.

GBIF,本纲包括以下目:
  • Amphilinidea
  • Bothriocephalidea
  • Caryophyllidea
  • Cathetocephalidea
  • 圓葉目 Cyclophyllidea
  • Diphyllidea
  • 裂头绦虫目 Diphyllobothriidea
    • Cephalochlamydidae
    • 裂头绦虫科 Diphyllobothriidae
      • Adenocephalus Nybelin, 1931
      • Baylisia Markowski, 1952
      • Baylisiella Markowski, 1952
      • Dibothriocephalus Lühe, 1899
      • Diphyllobothrium Cobbold, 1858
      • Diplogonophorus Lönnberg, 1892
      • Dubium Rudolphi, 1819
      • Flexobothrium Yurakhno, 1989
      • Glandicephalus Fuhrmann, 1921
      • Hexagonoporus Gubanov, 1955
      • Ligula Bloch, 1782
        • Ligula alternans Rudolphi, 1810
        • Ligula avium Bloch, 1782
        • Ligula colymbi Zeder, 1803
        • Ligula digramma Creplin, 1839
        • Ligula interrupta Rudolphi, 1810
        • Ligula intestinalis (Linnaeus, 1758) Gmelin, 1790[6]
        • Ligula monogramma Creplin, 1839
        • Ligula nemachili (Dubinina, 1957) Kuchta & Scholz, 2017
        • Ligula pancerii Polonio, 1860
        • Ligula pavlovskii Dubinina, 1959
      • Multiductus Clarke, 1962
      • Plicobothrium Rausch & Margolis, 1969
      • Pyramicocephalus Monticelli, 1890
      • Schistocephalus Creplin, 1829
      • Sparganum Diesing, 1854
      • Spirometra Faust, Campbell & Kellogg, 1929
      • Tetragonoporus Skryabin, 1961
    • Solenophoridae
  • Gyrocotylidea
  • Haplobothriidea
  • Lecanicephalidea
    • Aberrapecidae
    • Cephalobothiidae
    • Cephalobothriidae
    • Eniochobothriidae
    • Lecanicephalidae
    • Paraberrapecidae
    • Polycephalidae
    • Polypocephalidae
      • Anteropora Subhapradha, 1955
      • Anthemobothrium Shipley & Hornell, 1906
      • Corollapex Herzog & Jensen, 2017
      • Hornellobothrium Shipley & Hornell, 1906
      • Polypocephalus Braun, 1878[7]
        • Polypocephalus affinis Subhapradha, 1951
        • Polypocephalus alii Shinde & Jadhav, 1981
        • Polypocephalus barsami Roudsari & Haseli, 2020
        • Polypocephalus bombayensis Shinde, Dhule & Jadhav, 1991
        • Polypocephalus budhadebae Jadhav, 2007
        • Polypocephalus caribbensis (Gardner & Schmidt, 1984) Jensen, 2005
        • Polypocephalus coronatus Subhapradha, 1951
        • Polypocephalus digholensis Deshmukh, Jadhav & Shinde, 1982
        • Polypocephalus djeddensis Jadhav & Shinde, 1989
        • Polypocephalus elongatus (Southwell, 1912) Jensen, 2005
        • Polypocephalus harnesis Lanka, Pathan & Jadhav, 2006
        • Polypocephalus helmuti Jensen, 2005
        • Polypocephalus himanshui Pramanik & Manna, 2006
        • Polypocephalus indicus Deshmukh, Jadhav & Shinde, 1982
        • Polypocephalus karbharii Deshmukh, Jadhav & Shinde, 1982
        • Polypocephalus katpurensis Shinde & Jadhav, 1981
        • Polypocephalus kuhlii Vankara, Vijayalakshmi & Vijayalakshmi, 2006
        • Polypocephalus lintoni Subhapradha, 1951
        • Polypocephalus maharashtra Deshmukh, Jadhav & Shinde, 1982
        • Polypocephalus medusia (Linton, 1890) Southwell, 1925
        • Polypocephalus mirkarwarensis Dandawate & Jadhav, 2009
        • Polypocephalus moretonensis Butler, 1987
        • Polypocephalus prathibhai Deshmukh, Jadhav & Shinde, 1982
        • Polypocephalus radiatus Braun, 1878
        • Polypocephalus ratnagiriensis Jadhav, Shinde & Sarwade, 1986
        • Polypocephalus rhinobatidis Subhapradha, 1951
        • Polypocephalus rhynchobatidis Subhapradha, 1951
        • Polypocephalus saoudi Hassan, 1982
        • Polypocephalus singhii Shinde & Jadhav, 1981
        • Polypocephalus thapari Shinde & Jadhav, 1981
        • Polypocephalus vesicularis Yamaguti, 1960
        • Polypocephalus visakhapatnamensis Vankara, Lakshmi & Lakshmi, 2007
        • Polypocephalus vitellaris Subhapradha, 1951
        • Polypocephalus waltairensis Mote, 2012
      • Seussapex Jensen & Russell, 2014
      • Thysanobothrium Shipley & Hornell, 1906
    • Tetragonocephalidae
    • Zanobatocestidae
  • Litobothriidea
  • Nippotaeniidea
  • Onchoproteocephalidea
  • Phyllobothriidea
    • Chimaerocestidae
    • Phyllobothriidae
      • Alexandercestus Ruhnke & Workman, 2013
      • Anindobothrium
      • Anthobothrium
      • Aocobothrium
      • Bibursibothridium McKenzie & Caira, 1998
      • Bibursibothrium McKenzie & Caira, 1998
      • Biporophyllaeus Subramaniam, 1939
      • Calyptrobothrium Monticelli, 1893
      • Cardiobothrium McKenzie & Caira, 1998
      • Caulobothrium
      • Caulopatera Cutmore, Bennett & Cribb, 2010
      • Clistobothrium Dailey & Vogelbein, 1990
        • Clistobothrium amyae Caira, Hayes & Jensen, 2020
        • Clistobothrium carcharodoni Dailey & Vogelbein, 1990[8]
        • Clistobothrium gabywalterorum Caira, Hayes & Jensen, 2020
        • Clistobothrium montaukense Ruhnke, 1993
        • Clistobothrium tumidum (Linton, 1922) Ruhnke, 1993
      • Crossobothrium Linton, 1889
      • Cyatocotyle Mola, 1908
      • Dinobothrium
      • Flexibothrium McKenzie & Caira, 1998
      • Gastrolecithus
      • Guidus Ivanov, 2006
      • Hemipristicola Cutmore, Theiss, Bennett & Cribb, 2011
      • Hoaleshwaria
      • Kowsalyabothrium Muralidhar, Shinde & Jadhav, 1987
      • Marsupiobothrium Yamaguti, 1952
      • Monorygma Diesing, 1863
      • Orygmatobothrium Diesing, 1863
      • Pelichnibothrium Monticelli, 1889
      • Pentaloculum Alexander, 1963
      • Phanobothrium
      • Phormobothrium Alexander, 1963
      • Phyllobothrium Van Beneden, 1850
      • Pillersium Southwell, 1927
      • Pithophorus Southwell, 1925
      • Polipobothrium
      • Rockacestus Caira, Bueno & Jensen, 2021
      • Ruhnkebothrium Caira, Bueno & Jensen, 2021
      • Scyphophyllidium Woodland, 1927
      • Shindeiobothrium
      • Thysanocephalum Linton, 1890
      • Tiarabothrium Shipley & Hornell, 1906
      • Yamaguticestus Caira, Bueno & Jensen, 2021
      • Zyxibothrium Hayden & Campbell, 1981
  • Rhinebothriidea
  • Spathebothriidea
    • Acrobothriidae
    • Diplocotylidae
    • Spathebothriidae
  • Tetrabothriidea
    • Tetrabothriidae
      • Anophryocephalus Baylis, 1922
      • Bothridiotaenia Lönnberg, 1896
      • Chaetophallus Nybelin, 1916
      • Dendrometra Jordano & Diaz-Ungria, 1956
      • Priapocephalus Nybelin, 1922
      • Strobilocephalus Baer, 1932
      • Tetrabothrium Blainville, 1828
      • Tetrabothrius Rudolphi, 1819
      • Trigonocotyle Baer, 1932
  • 四葉目 Tetraphyllidea
  • 锥吻目 Trypanorhyncha
目的地位未定的科:
  • Ballianiidae
  • Pseudophyllidae
  • Trilocularidae
目和科的地位未定的属:
  • Acanthorhynchus Diesing, 1850
  • Acrostoma Le Sauvage, 1827
  • Alyselminthus Zeder, 1800
  • Amphicephalus Beneden, 1871
  • Aprostatandrya Spasski, 1951
  • Atriotaenia Spasski, 1951
  • Balanoforus Briganti, 1825
  • Bicorne Sultzer, 1801
  • Bicornius Rafinesque, 1815
  • Bothriocephalum Lühe, 1899
  • Bothriorhynchus Lidth de Jeude, 1829
  • Bothriotaenia Railliet, 1892
  • Bothryocephalus Cuvier, 1817
  • Butleroides Lordello & Zamith, 1959
  • Caryophillinus Schrank, 1788
  • Caryophyllus Rudolphi, 1809
  • Catenaria Zeder, 1800
  • Cephalocotyleum Diesing, 1850
  • Cercocystis Villot, 1882
  • Cestoideum Diesing, 1854
  • Cestoscolex Parona, 1887
  • Chitonorecta Meggitt, 1927
  • Cisticercoideum Parona, 1901
  • Corynesoma Leuckart, 1843
  • Cotylogenes Lühe, 1902
  • Cryptocephalus van Beneden, 1849
  • Cryptocystis Villot, 1883
  • Cucurbilepsis Sadovskaya, 1965
  • Cucurbitina Alexander, 1833
  • Cucurbitinus Gleichen, 1779
  • Cucurbitinus Kniphof, 1759
  • Cylindrocorpus Rühm, 1959
  • Cysticercus Zeder, 1800
  • Cysturus Oken, 1815
  • Davainoides Fuhrmann, 1921
  • Dibothria Rudolphi, 1809
  • Dibothriorhyncus Chiaje, 1831
  • Dibothrium Diesing, 1850
  • Dibothrium Rudolphi, 1839
  • Dibothrius Rudolphi, 1819
  • Dibothrydus
  • Diorchis Matevosyan, 1946
  • Diplasia Holten, 1802
  • Diporus Diesing, 1863
  • Diprognopolus Anon., 1904
  • Dithyridium Rudolphi, 1819
  • Dithyridium Valenciennes, 1844
  • Dittocephalus Parona, 1887
  • Echinobothria Rudolphi, 1810
  • Echinobothrion Rudolphi, 1809
  • Echinoproboscilepsis Sadovskaya, 1965
  • Fascia Blanchard, 1888
  • Furia Linnaeus, 1758
  • Gieystoria
  • Globus Scopoli, 1772
  • Gopalaia Dixit, Capoor & Rengaragu, 1980
  • Guptaia Malhotra, 1985
  • Gvosdevileps Spasskii, 1953
  • Gymnobothrion Rudolphi, 1809
  • Gymnoscolex Diesing, 1853
  • Gymnotenia Beneden, 1873
  • Gyrarthrix
  • Halysis Zeder, 1803
  • Heterodera Skarbilovich, 1959
  • Hydatodes Abildgaard, 1790
  • Ilisha Southwell & Prashad, 1918
  • Lakistorhynchus Pintner, 1913
  • Luheella Baer, 1924
  • Maccallumiella Yamaguti, 1952
  • Mastacembellophyllaeus Shinde & Chincholikar, 1977
  • Merocestus Cohn, 1902
  • Metabelea Mettrick, 1963
  • Monocercus Villot, 1882
  • Monogramma Cholodkovsky, 1915
  • Notobothrium Linstow, 1905
  • Octobothrium Diesing, 1850
  • Onchoscolex Diesing, 1853
  • Oobothrium Linton, 1904
  • Orygmatoscolex Diesing, 1854
  • Palaia Shipley, 1900
  • Pancrates Gistl, 1848
  • Parvitaenio Burt, 1940
  • Piestocystis Diesing, 1850
  • Platybothrium Hornell & Nayudu, 1924
  • Plerocercoides
  • Proglottis Dujardin, 1843
  • Prosthecocotyle Monticelli, 1892
  • Pseudobothrium
  • Pseudocapingentoldes Verma, 1971
  • Pseudodiscus Polonio, 1860
  • Pseudonybelinla Dollfus, 1966
  • Pseudoscicus Polonio, 1860
  • Sagittula Lamarck, 1816
  • Skrjabinoparaksis Krotov, 1949
  • Slossia Meggitt, 1931
  • Solium Blanchard, 1886
  • Spasskijela Tenora, 1959
  • Sphairidion Goodsir, 1845
  • Steganobothrium Diesing, 1854
  • Stenotenia Gervais, 1870
  • Strobilocercus Sambon, 1924
  • Synbia Tschudi, 1837
  • Taeniea Braun, 1894
  • Taxocyclocotyle Diesing, 1854
  • Terratas Blanchard, 1886
  • Tetrabothriorhynchus Diesing, 1850
  • Tetracisdicotyla Fuhrmann, 1907
  • Tetracotylus Monticelli, 1892
  • Tetrarhyncha
  • Tetrastoma Forbes, 1840
  • Tetrathyridium Rudolphi, 1819
  • Tetrathyrus Creplin, 1851
  • Thornonema Andrássy, 1959
  • Urocystidium Beddard, 1912
  • Versicaria Baird, 1853

特征

成虫扁长如腰带,分节,白色或乳白色,体长因虫种不同可从数毫米至数米不等。由头节(scolex)、颈部(neck)、节片(proglottid)组成,前端细。 头节上有槽、吸盘或钩,借此附着在宿主肠壁上;节片由颈分裂而来,节片由一至数千不等,越往后越宽大;每一节片相当一个体,称链体(stroblius),链体是虫体最显著的部分,其中至少有一套雌雄生殖器官,其他器官退化,营养靠体表吸收宿主的养料;随着生殖器官的发育,节片愈后愈成熟,有卵的节片称为孕节,最后逐节或整段脱落,随粪便排出宿主体外。

生活史

卵内具有钩的胚,胚逸出后侵入中间宿主,发育为实心或囊状的蚴,蚴被最终宿主吞食后,即在小肠内成长为成虫;例如寄生人体内的猪肉绦虫、牛肉绦虫。

参考文献

  1. [2.7億年前鯊魚糞便化石發現絛蟲卵]. ScienceDaily. [2022-11-13]. (原始内容存档于2022-11-13) (英语).
  2. McManus, D. P. . Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press. 1989. ISBN 0-521-35557-5. OCLC 18350421.
  3. Craig, Philip; Pawłowski, Zbigniew. . Amsterdam: IOS Press. 2002. ISBN 1-58603-220-8. OCLC 49775224.
  4. 第6版. 人民卫生出版社. 2004. ISBN 7-117-06164-2. R·6165 (中文(简体)).
  5. Mariaux, J. . The Journal of Parasitology. 1998-02, 84 (1) [2022-11-13]. ISSN 0022-3395. JSTOR 3284540. PMID 9488348. S2CID 24300383. doi:10.2307/3284540. (原始内容存档于2022-11-13).
  6. . Parasite of the Day. [2024-03-28].
  7. . Parasite of the Day. [2024-03-29].
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