羌緬語群
羌緬語群,或稱東部藏緬語群,是藏緬語族一個假設性的分支,主要分布在中國西南部和緬甸,由緬彝語支和羌語支系組成,包括已滅絕的西夏語。
羌緬語群 | |
---|---|
東部藏緬語群 | |
(提議中) | |
地理分佈 | 中國、緬甸 |
谱系学分类 | 漢藏語系
|
分支 | |
– | |
Glottolog | burm1265[1] |
分類
向柏霖與米可(Jacques & Michaud 2011)[2]假设汉藏语系藏缅语族存在缅羌语支,其下含羌语群和缅彝语群。相似地,大衛·布拉德利(Bradley 2008)[3]也假设了东藏缅语支,其下含缅语群和羌语群。布拉德利注意到,缅彝语群和羌语支虽然有着不同的形态,但它们共享某些独特的词汇。所有缅彝语群语言都是分析语、有声调,但所有羌语支语言都是黏着语。纳语支的具体分类地位不明,邱富元(Lama 2012)认为其属于缅彝语群, 而向柏霖與米可(2011)和大衛·布拉德利(Bradley 2008)则将其划为羌语支。
孙宏开(Sun 1988)也将羌语支和缅彝语群放在一块。
向柏霖與米可(Jacques & Michaud 2011)的系统发生树如下。
缅羌语支 |
| |||||||||||||||||||||
布拉德利(Bradley 2008)的分类方案则如下。注意布拉德利将缅彝语群称作“缅语群”,不要与缅语支混淆。
东部藏缅语支 |
| ||||||||||||
齊卡佳(Chirkova 2012)[4]则怀疑羌语支不是个有效的分类单元,认为尔苏语、史兴语、纳木依语和普米语均属于一个羌语语言联盟。此问题的详细讨论见余平祥 (Yu 2012)。[5]
李延珠與沙加爾(Lee & Sagart 2008)[6]认为白语也属于藏缅语族,借用了大量的上古汉语词汇。他们注意到与稻米、猪和农业有关的词汇是非汉语来源的,白语中的非汉语层次与原始彝语有相似性。
分支
余平祥(2012:206-207)[5]列出了可能可納入羌緬語群的語支(個別語言以“斜體”標示),按從北到南的地理順序排列。
另外,現代消亡的西夏語常被納入羌語支。
余平祥(Yu 2012:215-218)[5]指出爾蘇語支和納語支可能合為一個語群,因為它們彼此共享許多在緬彝語或其他羌語支語言中沒有的特徵。
詞彙證據
向柏霖與米可 (Jacques & Michaud2011) [9] [10]將以下詞項列為羌緬語群可能的詞彙創新。
Gloss | 嘉绒语 | 西夏语 | 納語 | 原始納語 | 缅甸语 | 阿昌语 | 哈尼语 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
是 | ŋu | ŋwu2 | ŋi˩˧ | ? | hnang2 | - | ŋɯ˧˩ |
星 | ʑŋgri | gjịj1 | kɯ˥ | *kri | kray2 | khʐə˥ | a˧˩gɯ˥ |
忘 | jmɯt | mjɨ̣2 | mv̩.phæL+MH | *mi | me1 | ɲi˧˥ | ɲi˥ |
生病 | ngo < *ngaŋ | ŋo2 | gu˩ | *go | - | - | - |
燧石 | ʁdɯrtsa | - | tse.miH | *tsa | - | - | - |
躲 | nɤtsɯ | - | tsɯ˥ (納西語) | *tsu | - | - | - |
吞 | mqlaʁ | - | ʁv̩˥ | *NqU < *Nqak | - | - | - |
乾 | spɯ | - | pv̩˧ | *Spu | - | - | - |
厚 | jaʁ | laa1 | lo˧˥ | *laC2 | - | - | - |
跳 | mtsaʁ | - | tsho˧ | *tshaC2 | - | - | - |
冬 | qartsɯ | tsur1 | tshi˥ | *tshu | choŋ3 | tɕhɔŋ˧˩ | tshɔ˧˩ga̱˧ |
膝 | tə-mŋɑ (Situ) | ŋwer2 | ŋwɤ.koH | *ŋwa | - | - | - |
太陽 | ʁmbɣi | be2 | bi˧ (納西語) | *bi | - | - | - |
參見
參考資料
- Bradley, David. 1997. "Tibeto-Burman languages and classification". In D. Bradley (Ed.), Tibeto-Burman languages of the Himalayas (Papers in South East Asian linguistics No. 14) pp. 1–71, Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. ISBN 978-0-85883-456-9ISBN 978-0-85883-456-9.
- Bradley, David. 2008. The Position of Namuyi in Tibeto-Burman. Paper presented at Workshop on Namuyi, Academia Sinica, Taiwan, 2008.
- Jacques, Guillaume, and Alexis Michaud. 2011. "Approaching the historical phonology of three highly eroded Sino-Tibetan languages." Diachronica 28:468-498.
- Lama, Ziwo Qiu-Fuyuan (2012), Subgrouping of Nisoic (Yi) Languages, thesis, University of Texas at Arlington (archived)
- Sūn, Hóngkāi 孙宏开. 1988. Shilun woguo jingnei Zang-Mianyude puxi fenlei 试论我国境内藏缅语的谱系分类. (A classification of Tibeto-Burman languages in China). In: Tatsuo Nishida and Paul Kazuhisa Eguchi (eds.), Languages and history in East Asia: festschrift for Tatsuo Nishida on the occasion of his 60th birthday 61-73. Kyoto: Shokado.
- 李永燧 1998. 羌緬語群爭議.《民族語文》1998 年第 1 期.
- 孫宏開 2001. 論藏緬語族中的羌語支語言. Language and Linguistics 2.1:157-181.
外部連結
- Burmo-Qiangic (页面存档备份,存于) (汉藏支部项目)
- Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). . . Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.
- Jacques, Guillaume, and Alexis Michaud. 2011. "Approaching the historical phonology of three highly eroded Sino-Tibetan languages." Diachronica 28:468–498.
- Bradley, David. 2008. The Position of Namuyi in Tibeto-Burman. Paper presented at Workshop on Namuyi, Academia Sinica, Taiwan, 2008.
- Chirkova, Katia (2012). "The Qiangic Subgroup from an Areal Perspective: A Case Study of Languages of Muli (页面存档备份,存于)." In Languages and Linguistics 13(1):133-170. Taipei: Academia Sinica.
- Yu, Dominic. 2012. Proto-Ersuic (页面存档备份,存于). Ph.D. dissertation. Berkeley: University of California, Berkeley, Department of Linguistics.
- Lee, Y.-J., & Sagart, L. (2008). No limits to borrowing: The case of Bai and Chinese (页面存档备份,存于). Diachronica, 25(3), 357–385.
- Chirkova, Ekaterina. 2008. On the Position of Baima within Tibetan: A Look from Basic Vocabulary. Alexander Lubotsky, Jos Schaeken and Jeroen Wiedenhof. Rodopi, pp.23, 2008, Evidence and counter-evidence: Festschrift F. Kortlandt. <halshs-00104311>
- Gong Xun (2015). How Old is the Chinese in Bái? Reexamining Sino-Bái under the Baxter-Sagart reconstruction (页面存档备份,存于). Paper presented at the Recent Advances in Old Chinese Historical Phonology workshop, SOAS, London.
- Jacques, Guillaume, and Alexis Michaud. 2011. "Approaching the historical phonology of three highly eroded Sino-Tibetan languages." Diachronica 28:468–498.
- Jacques & Michaud (2011), appendix p.7