蠅虎科
蠅虎科(學名:)又名,或稱“虩”(讀音同“隙”),是蜘蛛目的一科,也是蝇虎总科的唯一科。
跳蛛科 化石时期: | |
---|---|
Platycryptus undatus | |
科学分类 | |
界: | 动物界 Animalia |
门: | 节肢动物门 Arthropoda |
纲: | 蛛形纲 Arachnida |
目: | 蜘蛛目 Araneae |
亚目: | 背突蛛亞目 Opisthothelae |
下目: | 新蛛亞目 Araneomorphae |
总科: | 蝇虎总科 Salticoidea |
科: | 跳蛛科 Salticidae Blackwall, 1841 |
屬 | |
分類
根據ITIS引用的2011年數據,本科之下有570個屬[1]。部分動物學家嘗試將這些屬分類,但結果絕大多數分類仍被歸入跳蛛亞科。
下列部分本科的屬[2]:
- 豹跳蛛属 Aelurillus
- 暗跳蛛属 Asemonea
- 亚蛛属 Asianellus
- 艾图蛛属 Attulus Simon, 1889
- Attulus albolineatus (Kulczyński, 1895)
- Attulus ammophilus (Thorell, 1875)
- Attulus ansobicus (Andreeva, 1976)
- Attulus atricapillus (Simon, 1882)
- Attulus avocator (O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1885)
- Attulus barsakelmes (Logunov & Rakov, 1998)
- Attulus burjaticus (Danilov & Logunov, 1994)
- Attulus caricis (Westring, 1861)
- Attulus cautus (G.W.Peckham & E.G.Peckham, 1888)
- Attulus clavator (Schenkel, 1936)
- Attulus croceus Logunov, 2023
- Attulus cutleri (Prószyński, 1980)
- Attulus damini (Chyzer, 1891)
- Attulus diductus (O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1885)
- Attulus distinguendus (Simon, 1868)
- Attulus dubatolovi (Logunov & Rakov, 1998)
- Attulus dudkoi (Logunov, 1998)
- Attulus dzieduszyckii (L.Koch, 1870)
- Attulus eskovi (Logunov & Wesołowska, 1995)
- Attulus fasciger (Simon, 1880)
- Attulus finschi (L.Koch, 1879)
- Attulus floricola (C.L.Koch, 1837)
- Attulus godlewskii (Kulczyński, 1895)
- Attulus goricus (Ovtsharenko, 1978)
- Attulus hirokii Ono & Ogata, 2018
- Attulus inexpectus (Logunov & Kronestedt, 1997)
- Attulus inopinabilis (Logunov, 1992)
- Attulus japonicus (Kishida, 1910)
- Attulus karakumensis (Logunov, 1992)
- Attulus kazakhstanicus (Logunov, 1992)
- Attulus longipes (Canestrini, 1873)
- Attulus mirandus (Logunov, 1993)
- Attulus monstrabilis (Logunov, 1992)
- Attulus montanus (Kishida, 1910)
- Attulus nakamurae (Kishida, 1910)
- Attulus nangrahar Logunov, 2021
- Attulus nenilini (Logunov & Wesołowska, 1993)
- Attulus niger (Dyal, 1935)
- Attulus nitidus (Hu, 2001)
- Attulus niveosignatus (Simon, 1880)
- Attulus penicillatus (Simon, 1875)
- Attulus penicilloides (Wesołowska, 1981)
- Attulus pubescens (Fabricius, 1775)
- Attulus pulchellus (Logunov, 1992)
- Attulus pusio (Simon, 1871)
- Attulus relictarius (Logunov, 1998)
- Attulus rivalis (Simon, 1937)
- Attulus rupicola (C.L.Koch, 1837)
- Attulus saevus (Dönitz & Strand, 1906)
- Attulus saganus (Dönitz & Strand, 1906)
- Attulus saltator (O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1868)
- Attulus sinensis (Schenkel, 1963)
- Attulus striatus (Emerton, 1911)
- Attulus subadultus (Dönitz & Strand, 1906)
- Attulus sylvestris (Emerton, 1891)
- Attulus talgarensis (Logunov & Wesołowska, 1993)
- Attulus tannuolana (Logunov, 1991)
- Attulus terebratus (Clerck, 1757)
- Attulus vilis (Kulczyński, 1895)
- Attulus zaisanicus (Logunov, 1998)
- Attulus zimmermanni (Simon, 1877)
- 巴希拉属 Bagheera
- 巴韦蛛属 Bavia
- 菱头蛛属 Bianor
- 贝塔蛛属 Brettus
- 布氏蛛属 Bristowia
- 缅蛛属 Burmattus
- 猫跳蛛属 Carrhotus
- 铜蛛属 Chalcoscirtus
- 螯跳蛛属 Cheliceroides
- 華蛛屬 Chinattus ,1 種
- 华斑蛛属 Chinophrys
- 丽跳蛛属 Chrysilla
- Clynotis Simon, 1901[3]
- Colopsus Simon, 1902[4]
- Colopsus arkavathi Caleb, 2022[5]
- Colopsus cancellatus Simon, 1902
- Colopsus cinereus Kanesharatnam & Benjamin, 2021
- Colopsus ferruginus Kanesharatnam & Benjamin, 2021
- Colopsus longipalpis (Żabka, 1985)
- Colopsus magnus Kanesharatnam & Benjamin, 2021
- Colopsus tenuesi Kanesharatnam & Benjamin, 2021
- 剑蛛属 Colyttus
- 华美蛛属 Corusca
- 双管跳蛛属 Cyrba
- 胞蛛属 Cytaea 1 種
- 追蛛属 Dendryphantes
- Diolenius Thorell, 1870
- Diolenius albopiceus Hogg, 1915
- Diolenius amplectens Thorell, 1881
- Diolenius angustipes Gardzińska & Żabka, 2006
- Diolenius armatissimus Thorell, 1881
- Diolenius bicinctus Simon, 1884
- Diolenius decorus Gardzińska & Żabka, 2006
- Diolenius infulatus Gardzińska & Żabka, 2006
- Diolenius insignitus Gardzińska & Żabka, 2006
- Diolenius lineatus Gardzińska & Żabka, 2006
- Diolenius lugubris Thorell, 1881
- Diolenius minotaurus[6]
- Diolenius paradoxus Gardzińska & Żabka, 2006
- Diolenius phrynoides (Walckenaer, 1837)
- Diolenius redimiculatus Gardzińska & Żabka, 2006
- Diolenius sarmiensis Gardzińska & Patoleta, 2013
- Diolenius varicus Gardzińska & Żabka, 2006
- Diolenius virgatus Gardzińska & Żabka, 2006
- Diplocanthopoda Abraham, 1925[3]
- Diplocanthopoda marina Abraham, 1925
- 右蛛屬 Dexippus 1 種
- Edwardsya Ruiz & Bustamante, 2016
- Edwardsya igapo Ruiz & Bustamante, 2016
- Edwardsya simoni (Taczanowski, 1871)[7]
- 艾普蛛属 Epeus Peckham & Peckham,1886[8]
- 艳蛛属 Epocilla
- 尧奇蛛属 Euochin Prószynski, 2018
- 斑蛛屬 Euophrys C.L.Koch, 1834[3],侏斑蛛属
- 尤波蛛属 Eupoa Zabka, 1985
- 猎蛛属 Evarcha Simon, 1902
- 羽蛛属 Featheroides Peng, Yin, Xie & Kim, 1994
- 潜叶蛛属 Foliabitus
- 格德蛛属 Gedea
- 胶跳蛛属 Gelotia
- Ghatippus Marathe & Maddison, 2024
- Ghatippus paschima Marathe & Maddison, 2024[9]
- 美蛛属 Habrocestum Simon, 1876
- 苦役蛛属 Hakka Berry & Prószynski, 2001
- 蟆蛛屬 Harmochirus ,哈莫蛛属, 1 種
- 哈蛛属 Hasarina
- 遜蠅虎屬 Hasarius ,蛤沙蛛属
- 闪蛛属 Heliophanus
- 蝇象属 Hyllus
- 翘蛛属 Irura Peckham et Peckham, 1901
- 兰格蛛属 Langerra
- 兰戈纳蛛属 Langona
- 劳弗蛛属 Laufeia Simon, 1889
- Laufeia aenea Simon, 1889
- Laufeia aerihirta (Urquhart, 1888)
- 版纳劳弗蛛 Laufeia banna Wang & Li, 2021
- Laufeia concava Zhang & Maddison, 2012
- Laufeia eximia Zhang & Maddison, 2012
- Laufeia longapophysis Lei & Peng, 2012
- Laufeia sasakii Ikeda, 1998
- Laufeia sicus Wu & Yang, 2008
- Laufeia zhangae Wang & Li, 2022
- 莱奇蛛属 Lechia Zabka, 1985
- 马卡蛛属 Macaroeris Wunderlich, 1992
- Macaroeris albosignata Schmidt & Krause, 1996
- Macaroeris asiatica Logunov & Rakov, 1998
- Macaroeris cata (Blackwall, 1867)
- Macaroeris desertensis Wunderlich, 1992
- Macaroeris diligens (Blackwall, 1867)
- Macaroeris flavicomis (Simon, 1885)
- Macaroeris litoralis Wunderlich, 1992
- Macaroeris moebi (Bösenberg, 1895)
- Macaroeris nidicolens (Walckenaer, 1802)
- 马拉蛛属 Maratus Karsch, 1878
- 马伦戈蛛属 Marengo Peckham & Peckham, 1892
- Marengo batheryensis Sudhin, Nafin, Benjamin & Sudhikumar, 2019
- Marengo crassipes G.W.Peckham & E.G.Peckham, 1892
- Marengo deelemanae Benjamin, 2004
- Marengo ganae Wang & Li, 2022
- Marengo inornata (Simon, 1900)
- Marengo nitida Simon, 1900
- Marengo rattotensis Benjamin, 2006
- Marengo sachintendulkar Malamel, Prajapati, Sudhikumar & Sebastian, 2019
- Marengo striatipes Simon, 1900
- 唐氏马伦戈蛛 Marengo tangi Wang & Li, 2021
- Marengo zebra Sudhin, Nafin, Benjamin & Sudhikumar, 2019
- Marengo zhengi Wang & Li, 2022
- 蠅獅屬 Marpissa Koch, 1846[3][10]
- 杯蛛属 Meata
- 蒙蛛属 Mendoza Peckham & Peckham, 1894
- Mendoza canestrinii (Ninni, 1868)
- Mendoza dersuuzalai (Logunov & Wesołowska, 1992)
- Mendoza elongata (Karsch, 1879)
- Mendoza ibarakiensis (Bohdanowicz & Prószyński, 1987)
- Mendoza nobilis (Grube, 1861)
- Mendoza pulchra (Prószyński, 1981)
- Mendoza ryukyuensis Baba, 2007
- Mendoza suguroi Baba, 2013
- Mendoza zebra (Logunov & Wesołowska, 1992)
- 扁蝇虎属 Menemerus Simon, 1869
- 微菱头蛛属 Microbianor Logunov, 2000
- Microbianor deltshevi Logunov, 2009
- 台湾微菱头蛛 Microbianor formosana Chen, Lin & Ueng, 2021
- Microbianor furcatus Haddad & Wesołowska, 2013
- Microbianor globosus Haddad & Wesołowska, 2011
- Microbianor golovatchi Logunov, 2000
- Microbianor madagascarensis Logunov, 2009
- Microbianor nigritarsus Logunov, 2000
- Microbianor saaristoi Logunov, 2000
- Microbianor simplex Wesołowska & Haddad, 2018
- 摩挡蛛属 Modunda
- 莫鲁蛛属 Mogrus
- 蟻蛛屬 Myrmarachne Macleay, 1839
- 楠伊蛛属 Nandicius Prószynski, 2016
- Nandicius cambridgei (Prószyński & Zochowska, 1981)
- Nandicius deletus (O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1885)
- Nandicius frigidus (O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1885)
- Nandicius kimjoopili (Kim, 1995)
- Nandicius kuankuoshuiensis Wang, Mi, Irfan & Peng, 2019
- Nandicius mussooriensis (Prószyński, 1992)
- 普氏楠伊蛛 Nandicius proszynskii Wang & Li, 2021
- Nandicius pseudoicioides (Caporiacco, 1935)
- Nandicius shihaitaoi Wang & Li, 2023
- Nandicius szechuanensis (Logunov, 1995)
- Nandicius vallisflorum Caleb, Sajan & Kumar, 2018
- Nandicius woongilensis Kim & Lee, 2016
- 卫跳蛛属 Necatia Özdikmen, 2007
- Necatia magnidens (Schenkel, 1963)
- 新贝塔蛛属 Neobrettus Wanless, 1984
- 新跳蛛属 Neon Simon, 1876,2种
- 蝶蛛属 Nungia
- 脊跳蛛属 Ocrisiona
- 奥诺玛蛛属 Onomastus Simon, 1900
- Onomastus chenae Lin & Li, 2020
- Onomastus complexipalpis Wanless, 1980
- Onomastus corbetensis Benjamin & Kanesharatnam, 2016
- Onomastus danum Prószyński & Deeleman-Reinhold, 2013
- Onomastus indra Benjamin, 2010
- Onomastus jamestaylori Benjamin & Kanesharatnam, 2016[11]
- Onomastus kaharian Benjamin, 2010
- Onomastus kanoi Ono, 1995
- Onomastus maskeliya Benjamin & Kanesharatnam, 2016
- Onomastus nigricaudus Simon, 1900
- Onomastus nigrimaculatus Zhang & Li, 2005
- Onomastus patellaris Simon, 1900
- Onomastus pethiyagodai Benjamin, 2010
- Onomastus quinquenotatus Simon, 1900
- Onomastus rattotensis Benjamin, 2010
- Onomastus simoni Żabka, 1985
- 近晨奥诺玛蛛 Onomastus subchenae C.Wang, W.H.Wang & Peng, 2021
- 奥尔蛛属 Orcevia
- 盤蛛屬 Pancorius ,3 種
- 小蝇狼属 Parvattus
- 蝇犬蛛属 Pellenes Simon, 1876[3]
- 昏蛛属 Phaeacius Simon, 1900
- 蝇狼属 Philaeus
- 黑條蠅虎屬 Phintella Strand in Bosenberg et Strand, 1906,金蝉蛛属
- 类金蝉蛛属 Phintelloides Kanesharatnam & Benjamin, 2019
- Phintelloides alborea Kanesharatnam & Benjamin, 2019
- Phintelloides brunne Kanesharatnam & Benjamin, 2019
- Phintelloides flavoviri Kanesharatnam & Benjamin, 2019
- Phintelloides flavumi Kanesharatnam & Benjamin, 2019
- Phintelloides jesudasi (Caleb & Mathai, 2014)
- Phintelloides manipur Caleb, 2020
- Phintelloides orbisa Kanesharatnam & Benjamin, 2019
- 彭氏类金蝉蛛 Phintelloides pengi Wang & Li, 2021
- Phintelloides singhi (Monga, Singh & Sadana, 1989)
- Phintelloides undulatus (Caleb & Karthikeyani, 2015)
- Phintelloides versicolor (C.L.Koch, 1846)
- 俳蛛屬 Phlegra Simon, 1876[3],绯蛛属
- 拟蝇虎蛛 Plexippoides Proszyniski, 1976
- 條斑蠅虎屬 Plexippus C.L.Koch, 1846,蝇虎属,2种
- 颇克蛛属 Poecilorchestes Simon, 1901
- Poecilorchestes decoratus Simon, 1901
- Poecilorchestes logunovi Prószyński & Deeleman-Reinhold, 2013
- 郑氏颇克蛛 Poecilorchestes zhengi Wang & Li, 2021
- 孔蛛屬 Portia Karsch[12]
- 伪斑蛛属 Pseudeuophrys Dahl, 1912[3]
- 拟伊蛛属 Pseudicius Simon, 1885
- 兜蠅虎屬 Ptocasius Simon, 1885,兜跳蛛属,1种
- 宽胸蝇虎属 Rhene Thorell, 1869,1种
- 跳蛛属 Salticus [3]
- 西菱头蛛 Sibianor
- 翠蛛属 Siler Simon, 1889
- 西玛蛛属 Simaetha Thorell, 1881
- Simaetha almadenensis Żabka, 1994
- Simaetha atypica Żabka, 1994
- Simaetha broomei Żabka, 1994
- 陈氏西玛蛛 Simaetha cheni Wang & Li, 2021
- Simaetha cingulata (Karsch, 1892)
- Simaetha colemani Żabka, 1994
- Simaetha damongpalaya Barrion & Litsinger, 1995
- Simaetha deelemanae Zhang, Song & Li, 2003
- Simaetha furiosa (Hogg, 1919)
- Simaetha gongi Peng, Gong & Kim, 2000
- Simaetha huigang Wang & Li, 2022
- Simaetha knowlesi Żabka, 1994
- Simaetha laminata (Karsch, 1892)
- Simaetha makinanga Barrion & Litsinger, 1995
- Simaetha menglun Wang & Li, 2020
- Simaetha paetula (Keyserling, 1882)
- Simaetha papuana Żabka, 1994
- Simaetha pengi Wang & Li, 2020
- Simaetha reducta (Karsch, 1892)
- Simaetha robustior (Keyserling, 1882)
- Simaetha tenuidens (Keyserling, 1882)
- Simaetha tenuior (Keyserling, 1882)
- Simaetha thoracica Thorell, 1881
- 华岛蛛属 Sinoinsula
- 褐蠅虎屬 Sitticus Simon, 1901[3],跃蛛属
- Sparbambus Zhang, Woon & Li, 2006
- Sparbambus gombakensis Zhang, Woon & Li, 2006
- Sparbambus sindhudurg Kadam & Tripathi[13]
- 雀躍蛛屬 Spartaeus Thorell:又名散蛛屬[12]
- 斯坦蛛属 Stenaelurillus Simon, 1886
- 似蚁蛛属 Synageles Simon, 1876[3]
- 合跳蛛属 Synagelides Strand in Bosenberg etStran,合蠅虎屬,2种
- 怜蛛属 Talavera Peckham & Peckham, 1909
- 塔沙蛛属 Tasa Wesolowska, 1981
- 牛蛛属 Tauala Wanless, 1988,1种
- 纽蛛属 Telamonia Thorell, 1887,1种
- 方胸蛛属 Thiania ,1种
- 莎茵蛛属 Thyene Simon, 1885
- 莎纽纳蛛属 Thyenula Simon, 1902
- 维利蛛属 Vailimia
- 沃蛛属 Wanlessia ,1种
- 雅蛛属 Yaginumaella Proszynski, 1976
- 后雅蛛属 Yaginumanis ,1种
- 树跳蛛属 Yllenus
- 斑马蛛属 Zebraplatys ,1种
- 长腹蝇虎属 Zeuxippus
特徵
在全球廣泛分佈,中國廣東粵東地區常見為灰色,背面有黑色斑紋,全身絨毛。腳上的毛可以讓他在光滑表面上移動。
跳蛛体型较小,最小的只有約一毫米,類似螞蟻,頭部較大,有8只单眼,環視能力絕佳,又因中間的兩主眼視力发达,並善於跳躍,亦稱跳蛛。
蠅虎蜘蛛頭胸部比起其他科是方形的。(見圖一。)頭胸部上的八個眼睛,其中兩個平常比別的都大,可以對焦觀察週遭事物。(見圖二。)
- 圖一
- 圖二
- Phidippus whitmani
- 正在捕食蒼蠅的Salticus scenicus
- Phidippus audax
- Phidippus workmani
- Paraphidippus aurantius
- ant mimic spider
習性
看到獵物時,先逐步靠近,潛近再跳到獵物身上。因其捕獵物的方式,及主要以蒼蠅蚊子等小蟲為食,俗稱蒼蠅虎[14]。跳蛛的習性一般是不織網,但能吐絲,因從樹上、牆壁等高處摔下危險,預備跳下時先黏上一根絲,就像爬山者用岩釘及繩子防止墜落,是其特色。
參考文獻
- . ITIS. 2011 [2018-12-01].
- . TaiBIF. [2018-12-01]. (原始内容存档于2020-06-11) (中文(繁體)).
- Cuvelier, Daphne. . WoRMS. 2005-04-04 [2018-12-01].
- Simon, Eugène. 1902. Etudes arachnologiques. 31e Mémoire. LI. Descriptions d'espèces nouvelles de la famille des Salticidae (suite). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 71: 389–421.
- John T.D. Caleb, Y.T. Lohit, A.P.C. Abhijith and Soosaimanickam Maria Packiam. 2022. A New Species and New Synonym in the Genus Colopsus Simon, 1902 (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina) from India. Arthropoda Selecta. 31(4); 470–476. DOI: 10.15298/arthsel.31.4.07
- F.R. Wanless & Y.D. Lubin (1986) Diolenius minotaurus sp. nov., a remarkable horned jumping spider from Papua New Guinea (Araneae: Salticidae), Journal of Natural History, 20:5, 1211-1220, DOI: 10.1080/00222938600770801
- Gustavo R. S. Ruiz and Abel Bustamante. 2016. Edwardsya, A New Genus of Jumping Spiders from South America (Araneae: Salticidae: Freyina). Zootaxa. 4184(1); 117–129. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4184.1.7
- 何秉妍, 陈卓尔, 徐湘, 银海强. . 四川动物, 2018, 37(3): 331-342. [2019-10-29]. (原始内容存档于2019-10-29).
- Kiran Marathe, Wayne P. Maddison and Krushnamegh Kunte. 2024. Ghatippus paschima, A New Species and Genus of plexippine Jumping Spider from the Western Ghats of India (Salticidae, Plexippini, Plexippina). ZooKeys. 1191: 89-103. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1191.114117
- . 中國國家數字動物博物館. [2018-12-02]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-07) (中文(简体)).
- Benjamin, Suresh P. and Nilani Kanesharatnam. 2016. Description of Three New Species of the Tropical Asian Jumping Spider Genus Onomastus Simon, 1900 from High Altitude Cloud Forests of Sri Lanka (Araneae: Salticidae). Zootaxa. 4205(5); 431–453. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4205.5.2
- 朱明生; 杨自忠; 张志升. . 《河北大学学报:自然科学版》: 511–7. [2018-12-01]. (原始内容存档于2020-06-11) (英语).
- Rishikesh Tripathi, Gautam Kadam, Theresa Joy Asha and Ambalaparambil Vasu Sudhikumar. 2023. First Record of Sparbambus Zhang, Woon & Li, 2006 from India, with Description of A New Species (Araneae: Salticidae). Zootaxa. 5352(3); 447-450. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5352.3.10
- . 中國時報. 2016-04-29 [2023-01-01]. (原始内容存档于2023-01-01).
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