鋼圈胸罩
钢圈胸罩(英語:),是一种在面料内安放半圆剛性薄片的胸罩。薄片材质可能是金属、塑料或是树脂,缝在每个罩杯料的内部,由胸罩中央延展至佩戴者的腋下,有助于乳房的支撑、提升、分离和塑形。许多胸罩都有钢圈设计,包括非罩杯胸罩、半罩杯胸罩、哺乳胸罩及背心,裙子和泳衣等内置胸罩的衣服。
钢圈胸罩的概念可追溯至1893年一项乳房固定設備的專利,該專利是在乳房下方增加一個平板以增加穩定性。现代钢圈胸罩出現在1930年代,於1950年代開始广泛普及。2005年時钢圈胸罩是市场增长最快的胸罩。没有钢圈的胸罩称为软罩杯胸罩。
穿著鋼圈胸罩的女性有時會有乳腺痛、乳腺炎或是过敏等病症,而在機場或是監獄接受安全檢查時,偶爾会因胸罩中鋼圈觸動金屬探測器而需額外的檢查。有出現過胸罩中的钢圈讓一發流彈跳彈,因而拯救一名女性的例子,或阻擋其他攻擊武器的案例[1][2]。
历史
钢圈胸罩的原型可追溯至1893年,纽约人玛丽·图斯克发明的“乳房支撑器”获得专利。乳房支撑器被形容为紧身胸衣的修改版,与如今的聚拢文胸支撑乳房的设计十分相像。其由金属、纸板及其他刚性材料制成,其形状与乳房下的躯干极为吻合。在它上面覆盖着丝绸、帆布和其他布料,延展了平台,使每个乳房形成一个口袋。平台弯曲围绕着躯干,止于腋窝处,维持在适当位置,并在背部调正为贴合紧密的X形交错肩带,用钩眼固定[3][4]。
直到1930年代,钢圈胸罩才在美国设计出并被投入生产。海伦·庞斯在1931年获得一项胸罩专利,她发明的“开放式钢圈”,平贴于胸前,环绕在两个乳房的底部和两侧[5]。1934年,出现用于罩杯间的U形片,旨在保持乳房的分离[6]。1938年,宝莲·鲍里斯获颁名为“乳房支撑器”的专利,其使用钢圈部件将乳房完全包围[7]。1940年,沃尔特·埃米特·威廉姆斯的蜘蛛网式钢圈获得专利,该专利以环绕并覆盖每个乳房提供支撑[8]。尽管钢圈胸罩的发展始于1930年代[9],但直到1950年代二战结束后国内金属供应放开,才得以普及[10][11]。
1940年代,霍华德·休斯为强调有份参演电影《不法之徒》珍·罗素的胸部,设计了一款聚拢型钢圈胸罩。照罗素所说,戴那个“荒谬”的玩意很是痛苦,有时在拍电影时她会把胸罩换成自己的。该胸罩目前藏于好莱坞博物馆[11]。
伴随着钢圈胸罩在1950年代的广泛使用,钢圈已被纳入许多胸罩的设计中,许多衣服也内置钢圈胸罩。1990年,诺玛卡·迈利将钢圈文胸纳入到连体和分体泳衣(比基尼)中[12]。斯科特·卢克丽霞发明的集成文胸的背心,于1989年获颁专利[13]。
2000年,钢圈胸罩占据英国胸罩市场60%的份额[14],2005年增至70%[15]。2001年,500万件胸罩在美国卖出,其中约70%(350万件)为钢圈胸罩[3][16]。截至2005年,钢圈胸罩是胸罩市场领域中增长速度最快的产品[17]。
钢圈构造
钢圈胸罩设有一个半月形的“钢圈”,嵌入环绕在每个罩杯底部和侧面的通道中,其头部靠近胸罩的前部和中心,尾部则靠近袖孔。钢圈大多由金属制成,小部分为塑料。由于没有金属钢圈同样的支撑性能和刚性,塑料钢圈的市场份额非常小[16]。金属钢圈是一条薄薄的金属条,两端有尼龙涂层[18],其成分有钢[19]和镍钛形状记忆合金[20][21]。根据为维多利亚的秘密、Bail、Playtex、VF Corporation、Warnaco集團等品牌,提供钢圈的纽约制造商S&S Industries的数据[16],70%穿胸罩的女性,选择金属钢圈胸罩[22]。
当钢圈穿破胸罩面料,可能给穿戴者会造成巨大的不适。已故名厨、电视名人兼商人克拉丽莎·迪克森·莱特,只在特殊场合穿胸罩。在50岁生日派对上跳舞时,她突然觉得“胸口出奇的痛苦”。起先她以为自己心脏病发作,“疼痛越来越剧烈,打了个踉跄,才发现我的钢圈胸罩破了。”[23]
由于钢圈可以撕开布料,大多数妇女在清洗胸罩时,会选择手洗,即便是机洗也要调到“缓和干洗”模式。一种名为胸罩清洗袋的拉链网眼袋,可以在机洗胸罩时,防止钢圈从胸罩中脱落[24]。
2002年,S&S Industries获得了钢圈设计专利,该设计在钢圈的一端或两端加装弹簧塑料垫,弹簧有助于防止钢圈外露。2008年,威尔士的斯科特·代顿发明了“胸罩天使”,一个简单的装置,用以修复钢圈弹出通道的胸罩。其上面的塑料盖要装配到钢圈的尾部,然后将其插入胸罩,并将倒钩放在适当的位置[25][26]。
健康问题
钢圈对乳房进行摩擦、挤捏时,会引起皮肤红肿和乳腺痛[27],若穿戴钢圈从面料中突出的破胸罩,会将皮肤划伤甚至切开[28]。少数女性的皮肤对镍和其他金属有过敏反应,她们穿着钢圈外露的胸罩可能会引发接触性皮炎[29][30]。有些针灸师反对依赖钢圈胸罩,当金属线穿过人体的经络时,会阻碍气和能量的流动[31]。
对哺乳期的影响
钢圈胸罩和其他紧缩性衣服一样,可能会导致哺乳期妇女输乳管堵塞[32][33]。怀孕期间乳房大小的波动亦是另一个问题,钢圈文胸是刚性的,不能很好地适应乳房大小的改变,导致胸罩不合身而不能正确地支撑乳房[34]。乳房切除术后数天,由于乳房还很脆弱,不宜使用胸罩[35][36]。
法律问题
美国交通运输管理局(TSA)建议妇女穿无钢圈胸罩,以防被金属探测器检出[16][41]。尽管大多数女性乘客穿胸罩没有任何问题,这取决于钢圈的材料。
运输安全
2008年8月24日,星期日,电影制片人南希·凯茨在安检时被金属探测器探测到,工作人员试图拍打她的乳房时进行检查时,遭到她的反对。她向工作人员表示:“你不能因我穿胸罩,就把我当成罪犯。”TSA主管告诉她,必须要在私人房间内接受拍身检查,否则就不允许登机。凯茨去卫生间将胸罩取下后交给主管,為了表示抗議,她以裸胸的姿态走向安检口。后来主管向她解釋,胸罩中的钢圈是导致金属探测器误报的主要原因[42][43]。
2010年8月,癌症康复者、美国航空公司值班乘务员凯茜·博西,前往夏洛特道格拉斯国际机场赶乘下一班机。TSA工作人员让她通过含大量辐射全身扫描仪后,才给她放行。“安检员让我把登机牌放在背上,”她表示,“当我照做时,工作人员让我去私人检查区。”當安检员强迫她脱光衣服,展示植入假体的乳房時,她不悅地表示,安检员的搜身检查讓她“深受冒犯”,[44]。但事實上,安檢人員的行为违反了TSA的指示規定,规定中清楚寫明,安检员不能触碰或检查切掉乳房的假体[45]。
2010年10月,CNN员工罗斯玛丽·菲兹帕特里克被金属探测器检测到后,接受了私人检查,期间安检员施加了侵略性的“手滑检查”。她“用手抚摸乳房周围,接着又摸了肚子、臀部和大腿内侧,还摸了最为隐私的地方。罗斯玛丽表示,她在搜身过程中哭了,“我感到很无助,这是对我的侵犯,我觉得备受侮辱。”[46]
对此,名为凯旋国际的瑞士公司,于2001年底推出一款以树脂制成的“飞行常客胸罩”。其采用的无金属扣设计,不会被金属探测器检测出[16][22][47]。这款胸罩目前未在北美上市,公司加拿大区发言人在2004年表示,尚未清楚这款胸罩是否继续生产[48]。
惩教机构规定
一些惩教机构,如圣昆丁州立监狱,让来访者要么剪开胸罩把钢圈取出,要么使用该机构为访客临时提供的无钢圈胸罩,这让不知情的访客很是尴尬和震惊[49] 。而其他机构则要求女性在洗手间内摘掉胸罩后再通过金属探测器,返回时到卫生间把胸罩拿回来[50]。
2010年6月,律师布兰妮·霍斯特曼前往迈阿密联邦拘留中心会见客户,接受安检时,她的钢圈胸罩被金属探测器测出。她在洗手间将胸罩脱去后,却以不戴胸罩有违拘留中心着装规定为由,被禁止进入监狱。联邦公共律师办公室联络典狱长琳达·麦格鲁调查此事,她得知狱警曾收到一份允许穿着钢圈胸罩者进入监狱的备忘录,但霍斯特曼造访期间的值班看守对修改后的规定毫不知情。典狱长将此事归结为“失常”,保证同类事件不会再次发生[51][52]。
意外事故
有一些胸罩钢圈造成子弹或其他物体偏离,挽救佩戴者生命的个案。1996年,钢圈胸罩挽救了一位女孩的生命。据医院工作人员的介绍,这名女孩的身子被栏杆穿透,胸罩的钢圈将栏杆从心脏致命处錯開,挽救了她的性命[53]。也有一些个案中,胸罩钢圈造成子弹跳開,或致使子弹穿入心脏以外的身体部分[54]。其中一件就发生在2004年,一位贫民窟男孩射擊的流彈飛向海伦·凯莉的胸部,因胸罩的钢圈而讓流彈跳彈而沒有傷害到心脏[1] 。2008年,一名抢劫受害者的胸部被刺时,攻击者的小刀恰好碰到钢圈后錯開重要器官,从而保全了她的性命[2]。
參考資料
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. London, England: The Mirror. 1996-07-05 [2009-04-22]. (原始内容存档于2012-11-04).
A girl's underwired bra saved her life when she was impaled on railings. Caroline Baptiste, 14, slipped as she climbed the fence after being locked inside a park at Dartford, Kent. An iron spike went into her body under the left arm. Mum Patricia said yesterday: "The hospital told me the spike was probably deflected from Caroline's heart by her underwired bra."
- . Geekologie. 2009-04-21 [2009-04-22]. (原始内容存档于2019-10-29).
The bullet shattered the woman's living room window but barely grazed her skin. Police said it was the underwire in her bra that deflected the bullet.