山茶属

山茶属（学名：），或稱茶屬，是山茶科的一大属。品種約有200余種。主要分布中國的長江以南至雲南及越南等東亞與東南亞地區。其中的茶樹產茶葉，許多种也可以做觀賞植物[1]。

山茶属
茶树（Camellia sinensis）
科学分类 编辑
界： 植物界 Plantae
演化支： Tracheophyta
演化支： 被子植物 Angiosperms
演化支： 真双子叶植物 Eudicots
演化支： 菊类植物 Asterids
目： 杜鹃花目 Ericales
科： 山茶科 Theaceae
族： 山茶族 Theeae
属： 山茶属 Camellia
L., 1753
模式種
山茶花
Camellia japonica
L., 1753

属名Camellia为纪念耶稣会传教士乔治·约瑟夫·卡梅尔（George Joseph Kamel，1667-1706）而命名。

山茶木横切面

特征

山茶属为一类灌木或乔木植物。叶多为革质，羽状脉，有锯齿，具柄，少数抱茎叶近无柄。花两性，顶生或腋生，单花或2-3朵并生，有短柄；苞片2-6片，或更多；萼片5-6，分离或基部连生，有时更多，苞片与萼片有时逐渐转变，组成苞被，从6片多至15片，脱落或宿存；花冠白色或红色，有时黄色，基部多少连合；花瓣5-12片，栽培种常为重瓣，覆瓦状排列；雄蕊多数，排成2-6轮，外轮花丝常于下半部连合成花丝管，并与花瓣基部合生；花药纵裂，背部着生，有时为基部着生；子房上位，3-5室，花柱5-3条或5-3裂；每室有胚珠数个。果为蒴果，5-3爿自上部裂开，少数从下部裂开，果爿木质或栓质；中轴存在，或因2室不育而无中轴；种子圆球形或半圆形，种皮角质，胚乳丰富。[2]

物種

根据世界植物在线数据库的记录，本属目前包含以下224种：[3]

  • Camellia albata Orel & Curry
  • Camellia amplexicaulis (Pit.)Cohen-Stuart
  • 抱茎短蕊茶 Camellia amplexifolia Merr. & Chun
  • Camellia anderseniae Orel
  • Camellia andrefrancisii Orel & Curry
  • 安龙瘤果茶 Camellia anlungensis Hung T.Chang
  • Camellia annamensis N.S.Lý, V.D.Lương, N.Đ.Đỗ, T.H.Lê & T.L.Nguyễn[4]
  • 大萼毛蕊茶 Camellia assimiloides Sealy
  • 五室金花茶 Camellia aurea Hung T.Chang
  • 假大头茶 Camellia azalea C.F.Wei
  • Camellia bidoupensis Truong Luong & Tran
  • Camellia brevistaminata Orel & Curry
  • 短柱茶 Camellia brevistyla (Hayata)Cohen-Stuart
  • Camellia bugiamapensis Orel Curry,Luu & Q.D.Nguyen
  • Camellia campanulata OrelCurry & Luu
  • 白毛蕊茶 Camellia candida HungT.Chang
  • Camellia capitata Orel Curry & Luu
  • Camellia cattienensis Orel
  • 长尾毛蕊茶 Camellia caudata Wall.
  • 浙江红山茶 Camellia chekiangoleosa Hu
  • Camellia cherryana Orel
  • Camellia chinmeiae S.L.Lee & T.Y.A.Yang
  • 薄叶金花茶 Camellia chrysanthoides Hung T.Chang
  • Camellia columna Orel & Curry
  • Camellia compacta Orel & Curry
  • Camellia concinna Orel & Curry
  • 泰国管蕊茶 Camellia connata (Craib)Craib
  • Camellia corallina (Gagnep.)Sealy
  • 心叶毛蕊茶 Camellia cordifolia (F.P.Metcalf)Nakai
  • 突肋茶 Camellia costata S.Y.Hu & S.Y.Liang
  • 贵州连蕊茶 Camellia costei H.Lév.
  • 红皮糙果茶 Camellia crapnelliana Tutcher
  • 厚轴茶 Camellia crassicolumna HungT.Chang
  • 厚柄连蕊茶 Camellia crassipes Sealy
  • Camellia crassiphylla Ninh & Hakoda
  • Camellia crassisepala Orel & Curry
  • Camellia cuongiana Orel & Curry
  • 滇南连蕊茶 Camellia cupiformis T.L.Ming
  • Camellia curryana Orel & Luu
  • 尖连蕊茶 Camellia cuspidata (Kochs)Bean
  • Camellia dalatensis V.D.Luong Ninh & Hakoda
  • 德保金花茶 Camellia debaoensis R.C.Hu & Y.Q.Liu fu, 2019[5]
  • Camellia decora Orel Curry & Luu
  • Camellia dilinhensis Ninh & V.D.Luong
  • Camellia discorsa Orel & Curry
  • Camellia dongnaicensis Orel
  • Camellia dormoyana (Pierre)Sealy
  • Camellia drupifera Lour.
  • Camellia duyana Orel Curry & Luu
  • 尖萼红山茶 Camellia edithae Hance
  • Camellia elizabethae Orel & Curry
  • 长管连蕊茶] Camellia elongata (Rehder & E.H.Wilson)Rehder
  • Camellia erubescens Orel & Curry
  • Camellia euphlebia Merr. ex Sealy, 1949
  • 显脉金花茶 Camellia euphlebia Merr.ex Sealy
  • 柃叶连蕊茶 Camellia euryoides Lindl.
  • Camellia exigua Orel & Curry
  • 防城茶 Camellia fangchengensis S.Ye Liang & Y.C.Zhong
  • Camellia fansipanensis J.M.H.Shaw Wynn-Jones & V.D.Nguyen
  • 簇蕊金花茶 Camellia fascicularis Hung T.Chang
  • Camellia flava (Pit.)Sealy
  • 淡黄金花茶 Camellia flavida Hung T.Chang
  • Camellia fleuryi (A.Chev.)Sealy
  • Camellia flosculora Curry V.S.Le,T.Q.Cuong & V.D.Luong
  • 窄叶短柱茶 Camellia fluviatilis Hand.-Mazz.
  • Camellia foleyana Orel & Curry
  • 蒙自连蕊茶 Camellia forrestii (Diels)Cohen-Stuart
  • Camellia fragilis Orel & Curry
  • 毛柄连蕊茶 Camellia fraterna Hance
  • Camellia fulva Orel & Curry
  • 糙果茶 Camellia furfuracea (Merr.)Cohen-Stuart
  • 硬叶糙果茶 Camellia gaudichaudii (Gagnep.)Sealy
  • Camellia gilbertii (A.Chev.)Sealy
  • 秃助连蕊茶 Camellia glabricostata T.L.Ming
  • Camellia gracilipes Merr.ex Sealy
  • 大苞茶 Camellia grandibracteata Hung T.Chang,Y.J.Tan,F.L.Yu & P.S.Wang
  • 大苞山茶 Camellia granthamiana Sealy
  • 长瓣短柱茶 Camellia grijsii Hance
  • 秃房茶 Camellia gymnogyna Hung T.Chang
  • 海南油茶 Camellia hainanica Y.L.Zhao & Z.G.Xu
  • Camellia harlandii Orel & Curry
  • Camellia hatinhensis V.D.Luong Ninh & L.T.Nguyen
  • 河口超长柄茶 Camellia hekouensis C.J.Wang & G.S.Fan
  • 冬红短柱茶 Camellia hiemalis Nakai
  • Camellia hirsuta Hakoda & Ninh
  • Camellia honbaensis Luu Q.D.Nguyen & G.Tran
  • Camellia hongiaoensis Orel & Curry
  • 香港红山茶 Camellia hongkongensis Seem.
  • 贵州金花茶 Camellia huana T.L.Ming & W.J.Zhang
  • Camellia huulungensis Rosmann & Ninh
  • 冬青叶山茶 Camellia ilicifolia Y.K.Li
  • Camellia illia Orel & Curry
  • 凹脉金花茶 Camellia impressinervis Hung T.Chang & S.YeLiang
  • 中越山茶 Camellia indochinensis Merr.
  • Camellia ingens Orel & Curry
  • Camellia insularis Orel & Curry
  • Camellia × intermedia (Tuyama) Nagam.
  • Camellia inusitata Orel Curry & Luu
  • 山茶 Camellia japonica L.
  • Camellia kirinoi Ninh
  • 落瓣短柱茶 Camellia kissii Wall.
  • Camellia krempfii (Gagnep.)Sealy
  • 广西茶 Camellia kwangsiensis Hung T.Chang
  • 管蕊茶 Camellia lanceolata (Blume)Seem.
  • Camellia langbianensis (Gagnep.)P.H.Hô
  • Camellia laotica (Gagnep.)T.L.Ming
  • Camellia latifolia Orel & Curry
  • 四川毛蕊茶 Camellia lawii Sealy
  • 膜叶茶 Camellia leptophylla S.Ye Liang ex Hung T.Chang
  • Camellia ligustrina Orel Curry & Luu
  • 长萼连蕊茶 Camellia longicalyx Hung T.Chang
  • Camellia longii Orel & Luu
  • 长柄山茶 Camellia longipedicellata (Hu)Hung T.Chang & D.Fang
  • 超长柄茶 Camellia longissima Hung T.Chang & S.YeLiang
  • Camellia lucii Orel & Curry
  • Camellia luongii Ninh & Le
  • Camellia lutchuensis T.Itô
  • 云南管蕊茶 Camellia luteocalpandria S.X.Yang & E.D.Liu
  • Camellia luteocerata Orel
  • 小黄花茶 Camellia luteoflora Y.K.Li ex Hung T.Chang & F.A.Zeng
  • Camellia luteonerva Orel & Curry
  • Camellia luteopallida V.D.Luong T.Q.T.Nguyen & Luu
  • Camellia maiana Orel
  • 毛蕊红山茶 Camellia mairei (H.Lév.)Melch.
  • 牦牛山山茶 Camellia maoniushanensis J.L.Liu & Q.Luo
  • Camellia megasepala Hung T.Chang & Trin Ninh
  • 广东毛蕊茶 Camellia melliana Hand.-Mazz.
  • 小花金花茶 Camellia micrantha S.Ye Liang & Y.C.Zhong
  • 弥勒糙果茶 Camellia mileensis T.L.Ming
  • 富宁金花茶 Camellia mingii S.X.Yang
  • Camellia minima Orel & Curry
  • Camellia mollis Hung T.Chang & S.X.Ren
  • Camellia montana (Blanco)Hung T.Chang & S.X.Ren
  • Camellia multigemma Orel & Curry
  • Camellia murauchii Ninh & Hakoda
  • Camellia namkadingensis Soulad. & Tagane
  • Camellia nematodea (Gagnep.)Sealy
  • Camellia nervosa (Gagnep.)Hung T.Chang
  • Camellia ngheanensis N.D.DoV.D.Luong,N.S.Lý,T.H.Lê & D.H.Nguyễn
  • Camellia ninhii V.D.Luong & Le
  • Camellia oconoriana Orel Curry & Luu
  • 油茶 Camellia oleifera C.Abel
  • 厚短蕊茶 Camellia pachyandra Hu
  • Camellia pallida Orel & Curry
  • 细花短蕊茶 Camellia parviflora Merr. & ChunexSealy
  • 小瘤果茶 Camellia parvimuricata Hung T.Chang
  • Camellia parvula Orel & Curry
  • 腺叶离蕊茶 Camellia paucipunctata (Merr. & Chun)Chun
  • Camellia pentagonalema Orel & Curry
  • 四季花金花茶 Camellia perpetua S. Ye Liang & L. D. Huang
  • 金花茶 Camellia petelotii (Merr.)Sealy
  • Camellia phanii Hakoda & Ninh
  • Camellia philippinensis Hung T.Chang & S.X.Ren
  • 毛籽离蕊茶 Camellia pilosperma S.Yun Liang
  • 平果金花茶 Camellia pingguoensis D.Fang
  • Camellia piquetiana (Pierre)Sealy
  • Camellia pirifructa Orel & Curry
  • 西南红山茶 Camellia pitardii Cohen-Stuart
  • Camellia pleurocarpa (Gagnep.)Sealy
  • 多齿红山茶 Camellia polyodonta F.C.How ex Hu
  • Camellia proensis V.D.Luong Dudkin & V.H.Quach
  • Camellia psilocarpa X.G.Shi & C.X.Ye
  • 毛叶茶 Camellia ptilophylla HungT.Chang
  • Camellia pubicosta Merr.
  • 毛糙果茶 Camellia pubifurfuracea Y.C.Zhong
  • 毛瓣金花茶 Camellia pubipetala Y.Wan & S.Z.Huang
  • Camellia puhoatensis N.S.Lý V.D.Luong,T.H.Lê,D.H.Nguyễn & N.D.Do
  • Camellia pukhangensis N.D.Do V.D.Luong,S.T.Hoang & T.H.Lê
  • Camellia pulchella Orel & Curry
  • 斑枝毛蕊茶 Camellia punctata (Kochs)Cohen-Stuart
  • Camellia pyriparva Orel & Curry
  • Camellia pyxidiacea Z.R.XuF.P.Chen & C.Y.Deng
  • Camellia quangcuongii L.V.Dung S.T.Hoang & Nhan
  • Camellia reflexa Orel & Curry
  • Camellia renshanxiangiae C.X.Ye & X.Q.Zheng
  • 滇山茶 Camellia reticulata Lindl.
  • 皱果茶 Camellia rhytidocarpa HungT.Chang & S.YeLiang
  • Camellia rosacea Tagane Soulad. & Yahara
  • 玫瑰连蕊茶 Camellia rosiflora Hook.
  • Camellia rosmannii Ninh
  • 川萼连蕊茶 Camellia rosthorniana Hand.-Mazz.
  • 喙果金花茶 Camellia rostrata S.X.Yang & S.F.Chai[6]
  • 圆基茶 Camellia rotundata Chang et Yu，接受名为：厚轴茶 Camellia crassicolumna
  • Camellia rubriflora Ninh & Hakoda
  • 柳叶毛蕊茶 Camellia salicifolia Champ.
  • 怒江红山茶 Camellia saluenensis StapfexBean
  • 茶梅 Camellia sasanqua Thunb.
  • Camellia scabrosa Orel & Curry
  • 老挝茶 Camellia sealyana T.L.Ming
  • 南山茶 Camellia semiserrata C.W.Chi
  • 七瓣连蕊茶 Camellia septempetala Hung T.Chang & L.L.Qi
  • Camellia siangensis T.K.Paul & M.P.Nayar
  • 茶树 Camellia sinensis (L.)Kuntze，茶
  • Camellia sonthaiensis Luu V.D.Luong,Q.D.Nguyen & T.Q.T.Nguyen
  • Camellia stellata Orel & Curry
  • 五室连蕊茶 Camellia stuartiana Sealy
  • 全缘红山茶 Camellia subintegra P.C.Huang
  • Camellia suddeeana D.Wei Zhao[7]
  • Camellia synaptica Sealy
  • 半宿萼茶 Camellia szechuanensis C.W.Chi
  • 思茅短蕊茶 Camellia szemaoensis Hung T.Chang
  • 大厂茶 Camellia tachangensis F.S.Zhang
  • Camellia tadungensis Orel Curry & Luu
  • 大理茶 Camellia taliensis (W.W.Sm.)Melch.
  • 大姚短柱茶 Camellia tenii Sealy
  • Camellia thailandica Hung T.Chang & S.X.Ren
  • Camellia thanxaensa Hakoda & Kirino
  • Camellia thuongiana V.D.Luong A.Le & T.L.Nguyen
  • Camellia tienyenensis Orel & Curry
  • Camellia tomentosa Orel & Curry
  • 东京金花茶 Camellia tonkinensis (Pit.)Cohen-Stuart
  • 阿里山连蕊茶 Camellia transarisanensis (Hayata)Cohen-Stuart
  • 毛枝连蕊茶 Camellia trichoclada (Rehder)S.S.Chien
  • Camellia triquetra Orel & Curry
  • 云南连蕊茶 Camellia tsaii Hu
  • 金屏连蕊茶 Camellia tsingpienensis Hu
  • 瘤果茶 Camellia tuberculata S.S.Chien
  • Camellia tuyenquangensis V.D.Luong Le & Ninh
  • 单体红山茶 Camellia uraku Kitam.
  • Camellia vanlangensis V.D. Luong & V.T. Pham[8]
  • Camellia venusta Orel & Curry
  • 小果毛蕊茶 Camellia villicarpa S.S.Chien
  • 绿萼连蕊茶 Camellia viridicalyx Hung T.Chang & S.YeLiang
  • Camellia viscosa Orel & Curry
  • Camellia vuquangensis V.D.Luong Ninh & L.T.Nguyen
  • 滇缅离蕊茶 Camellia wardii Kobuski
  • Camellia wilkesiana Orel & Curry
  • 武鸣金花茶 Camellia wumingensis S.Ye Liang & C.R.Fu ex Hai L.Chen[9]
  • 黄花短蕊茶 Camellia xanthochroma K.M.Feng & L.S.Xie
  • Camellia yokdonensis Dungbis & Hakoda
  • 五柱滇山茶 Camellia yunnanensis (Pit. ex Diels)Cohen-Stuart
  • Camellia zhaiana S.X.Yang
  • 紫金短柱茶 Camellia zijinica M.Lin, Q.L.Ye & Q.Fan, 2024[10]

品种

山茶属植物具有重要的经济价值，茶叶是世界三大植物饮料之一；茶花是中国十大名花，深受世界各国人民的喜爱；油茶还是一种优良的木本油料植物。根据世界山茶属植物品种数据库的记录，世界范围内1253年至2023年的茶花、茶叶、茶油品种有26,087种[11][12]。

参考文献
  1. . United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008: 1136. ISBN 1405332964.
  2. 中国植物志. 中国科学院中国植物志编纂委员会 , 编. 第一版. 北京: 科学出版社. 1998: 4 [2022-11-13]. ISBN 7-03-006265-5. （原始内容存档于2022-11-13）.
  3. . Plants of the World Online. The Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. n.d. [2022-11-13]. （原始内容存档于2023-02-03）.
  4. Ngọc-Sâm Lý, Văn-Dũng Lương, Thị-Hương Lê, Ngọc-Đài Đỗ, Ninh TRẦN, Anh-Đức Nguyễn, Thị-Liễu Nguyễn, Chiyomi Uematsu and Hironori Katayama. 2022. Camellia annamensis (Theaceae), A New Species from central Vietnam. Taiwania. 67(2); 243-249 DOI: 10.6165/tai.2022.67.243
  5. Hu, Renchuan,Wei, Sujuan,Liufu, Yongqing,et al. Camellia debaoensis (Theaceae), a new species of yellow camellia from limestone karsts in southwestern China[J]. PHYTOKEYS,2019(135):49-58.
  6. Zhen-Wen Liu, Sheng-Feng Chai, Fang-Yuan Wu, Pin-Ming Ye, Chang-Jie Jiang, Zhi-Rong Zhang, Xiang-Qin Yu, Jin-Lin Ma and Shi-Xiong Yang. 2020. Camellia rostrata, A New Species of Yellow Camellias from Southwest China. Phytotaxa. 459(1); 61–68. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.459.1.6
  7. Dongwei Zhao. 2023. Camellia suddeeana (Theaceae), A New Species from Thailand. Phytotaxa. 594(3); 232-236. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.594.3.7，http://Researchgate.net/publication/370328018_Camellia_suddeeana_a_new_species_from_Thailand
  8. Ngoc Bon Trinh, Van Dung Luong, Nguyet Hai Ninh Le and Van The Pham. 2023. Camellia vanlangensis (Theaceae, Sect. Archecamellia), A New Yellow-flowered Species from Vietnam. Taiwania. 68(4); 465-471. taiwania.ntu.edu.tw/abstract/1965
  9. Hai-Ling Chen, Su-Juan Wei, Shao-Qing Tang and Yan Liu. 2023. Camellia wumingensis (Theaceae), A neglected Species from Guangxi, China. Taiwania. 68(4); 472-479. taiwania.ntu.edu.tw/abstract/1966
  10. Min Lin, Qin-Liang Ye, Zhi-Jian Zhang, Wen-Bo Liao and Qiang Fan. 2024. Camellia zijinica (Theaceae), A New Species endemic to Danxia Landscape from Guangdong Province, China. PhytoKeys. 237: 245-255. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.237.114768
  11. . camellia.iflora.cn. [2023-02-11]. （原始内容存档于2023-02-11）.
  12. Wang, Yanan; Zhuang, Huifu; Shen, Yunguang; Wang, Yuhua; Wang, Zhonglang. . Biodiversity Data Journal. 2021-01-19, 9 [2023-02-11]. ISSN 1314-2828. PMC 7838149 可免费查阅. PMID 33519266. doi:10.3897/BDJ.9.e61646. （原始内容存档于2023-02-11）.

延伸阅读

[在维基数据编辑]

维基文库中的相关文本： 《欽定古今圖書集成·博物彙編·草木典·山茶部》，出自陈梦雷《古今圖書集成》
维基文库中的相关文本： 《植物名實圖考·山茶》，出自吳其濬《植物名實圖考》

外部連接
维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：山茶属
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