丙泊酚
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| 臨床資料 | |
|---|---|
| 商品名 | Diprivan及其他[1] |
| 其他名稱 | 2,6-Diisopropylphenol |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
| 核准狀況 |
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| 懷孕分級 |
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| 依賴性 | 身體依賴: 非常高 Psychological: no data |
| 成癮性 | 中等[2] |
| 给药途径 | 靜脈注射 |
| 藥物類別 | γ-胺基丁酸受體激動劑、 鎮靜劑; 全身麻醉劑 |
| ATC碼 |
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| 法律規範狀態 | |
| 法律規範 |
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| 藥物動力學數據 | |
| 血漿蛋白結合率 | 95–99% |
| 药物代谢 | 肝臟葡糖苷酸化 |
| 藥效起始時間 | 15–30秒[5] |
| 生物半衰期 | 1.5–31小時[5] |
| 作用時間 | ~5–10分鐘[5] |
| 排泄途徑 | 肝臟 |
| 识别信息 | |
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| CAS号 | 2078-54-8 |
| PubChem CID | |
| IUPHAR/BPS | |
| DrugBank | |
| ChemSpider | |
| UNII | |
| KEGG | |
| ChEBI | |
| ChEMBL | |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.016.551 |
| 化学信息 | |
| 化学式 | C12H18O |
| 摩尔质量 | 178.28 g·mol−1 |
| 3D模型(JSmol) | |
| 水溶性 | ΔGsolvH2O = -4.39kcal/mol[6] |
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丙泊酚 (INN:propofol[7])旧称(双)异丙酚[8][9](disoprofol[10]),是一种烷基酚类的快速短效静脉注射麻醉药,用于全身麻醉的诱导和维持以及危重患者镇静;具有麻醉诱导起效快、苏醒迅速、恢复较为舒适,以及副作用(例如:嗜睡、苏醒后噁心 、嘔吐)发生率低等优点[11][12][13]。
丙泊酚常见商品名有得普利麻(Diprivan)等,目前已有許多通用名藥物(學名藥)於市場中流通,其化学名为2, 6-双异丙基酚(2,6-diisopropylphenol[14][15]);由于本品外观如牛奶一样,常俗称「牛奶針」[16][17][18][19]。本品亦可作為兽医用藥物使用[20]。
丙泊酚起效时间约30秒,給藥後2分鐘藥效達到最強,且一般可以維持5至10分鐘[5],可透過單次推注給藥、連續輸注給藥,或是兩者的組合。除上述全身麻醉的誘導及維持,亦用作成人機械呼吸器或手術的鎮定劑,以及治療其他藥物治療無效的癲癇重積狀態。丙泊酚常与镇痛药、肌肉松弛剂及吸入麻醉药同用,也与硬膜外或脊髓麻醉同时应用。可引起血压下降、心动过速或过缓、呼吸抑制及脑血流量降低等不良反应[5]。
丙泊酚於1973年由在英國帝國化學工業公司(ICI)下屬的製藥部門(此單位後來併入阿斯特捷利康製藥)工作的獸醫麻醉師約翰·B·格倫(John B. Glen)首次製成[21]。並於1986年在英國和紐西蘭作為脂質乳化劑而引入治療用途。丙泊酚於1989年10月獲得美國食品藥物管理局(FDA)批准。它已列入世界衛生組織的基本藥物清單之中[22]。
用途
麻醉
丙泊酚已大致取代硫噴妥鈉,而幾乎成為唯一受採用,作為誘導全身麻醉的藥物。[23]
它也經常用作一種稱為全靜脈麻醉麻醉維持技術中的一種藥物,主要使用手動編程輸注泵(用於簡單持續輸注),或是電腦控制輸注泵(用於目標控制輸注,TCI)。[24]
丙泊酚還用於接受機械通氣,但未接受手術的個體(例如進入加護病房中的患者)作鎮靜之用。[25]對於危重病患,丙泊酚在有效性和總體成本方面都優於勞拉西泮的。[26]由於使用丙泊酚可縮短住院時間,較用途相似的藥物所造成的總體成本相對為低。[26]丙泊酚被認為更有效的原因之一(它的生物半衰期比勞拉西泮更長),是經研究後發現苯二氮平類藥物如咪達唑侖和勞拉西泮在危重病患體內有積聚的傾向,而將鎮靜時間延長的結果 。[26]
丙泊酚也被建議用作加護病房病中危重成人患者的安眠藥,然而這種藥物在重現患者睡眠的心理和生理方面(即讓使用者獲得真正的休息和恢復)的有效性尚不明確。[25]
丙泊酚可通過周邊靜脈注射或中心靜脈導管給藥。在插管和鎮靜的患者中,丙泊酚通常與吩坦尼配對使用(後者用於止痛)。[27]這兩種藥物的分子在靜脈注射混合物中可相容。[27]
丙泊酚也用於加深麻醉,以緩解喉痙攣。它可單獨使用,或在之後再使用琥珀膽鹼(琥珀膽鹼為緩解喉痙攣的二線藥物)。使用丙泊酚可避免麻痺的需要,並在某些情況下可避免琥珀膽鹼的潛在副作用(琥珀膽鹼會導致全身肌肉失去活動能力) 。[28]
常規程序鎮靜
丙泊酚用於胃腸內窺鏡檢查程序(例如大腸鏡檢查等)既安全且有效。它比使用咪達唑侖後所需的恢復時間更短。[29]它也可與阿片類藥物或苯二氮平類藥物組合使用.[30][31][32]由於丙泊酚的快速誘導和較短的恢復時間,也廣泛用於對接受磁振造影(核磁共振)程序的嬰兒和兒童進行鎮靜用途。[33]它也經常與氯胺酮組合使用,副作用很小。[34]
COVID-19
FDA於2021年3月發佈緊急使用授權(EUA)給"Propofol‐Lipuro 1%",用於連續輸注以維持在加病房中需要機械通氣,且年齡超過十六歲,疑似或確診COVID-19患者,作鎮靜用途。[35][36][37][38]在公共衛生緊急時期內,將"Fresenius Propoven 2% Emulsion"或"Propofol-Lipuro 1%"僅供疑似或確診COVID-19的患者被認為並不可行,因此它被提供給所有接受機械通氣的患者。[38]此EUA後來已被撤銷。[39]
癲癇持續狀態
癲癇持續狀態可被定義為持續超過五分鐘的癲癇發作,且需使用抗癲癇藥來管理。有數個處理指南皆建議使用丙泊酚來治療難治性癲癇持續狀態。[40]
其他用途
在加拿大的醫療協助死亡
在加拿大,致命劑量的丙泊酚用於醫療協助死亡的用途,迅速誘導個體深度昏迷和死亡。過程中會追加一劑羅庫溴銨作麻痺用途,以確定死亡達成。[41]
執行死刑
丙泊酚作為處決程序之用已受到考慮,但尚未有人經由此執刑。主要是由於歐洲製造商和政府禁止用於此目的的丙泊酚出口。[42][43]
娛樂性使用
目前已有透過自身給藥,進行娛樂性使用丙泊酚的報導。[44][45]但由於其藥效強勁,如要安全使用需要高度監測,且自我給藥致死的案例不斷受到報導,而致作娛樂用途的案例相對罕見。[46][47]娛樂性使用所所得的短期效果包含有輕微的欣快感 、幻覺和去抑制作用(指解除或減弱通常用來控制衝動、情緒、行為或社會適當性的約束和限制)。[48][49]
平日有機會接觸到此藥物的醫務人員(如麻醉師)中,已有人發現它可作娛樂性用途 。[50][51]根據報導,此情況在輪班工作中有短暫休息時間的麻醉師中較為常見 - 使用後通常會產生已充分休息的感覺。[52]但已有報導,長期使用會導致成癮。[50][53]
製造
商業化製造乳化的無菌丙泊酚製劑,過程較為繁複及困難。[54][55][56]
最初供人類使用的製劑是以聚乙氧基化蓖麻油(商品名稱"Cremophor")來配製, 但出現數量過多的過敏性休克事件。最終改為添加大豆油,含1%丙泊酚的乳化劑。無菌乳化劑穩定性,取決於表面活性劑的膠束大小與多重因素的相互作用。[57][58]
副作用
使用丙泊酚最常見的副作用之一是注射部位疼痛,尤其是在較小的靜脈中進行時。 其他副作用有與血管舒張相關的低血壓、誘導劑量後短暫的呼吸暫停,以及腦血管效應 。
丙泊酚還可能導致全身血管阻力、心肌血流量和氧氣消耗量降低,可能是由於直接血管舒張而導致。[59]雖然丙泊酚廣泛在加護病房的成人患者中使用 ,但與發生在兒童患者中的副作用似乎更令人擔憂。在1990年代曾發生多起與丙泊酚鎮靜相關的兒童死亡報告,而促使FDA發佈用藥警示。[60]
丙泊酚還會導致腦血流量、腦代謝耗氧量和顱內壓降低。[61]此外,丙泊酚可能會讓眼壓本來正常的個體出現眼內壓降低達50%的程度。[62]
一個罕見,但更嚴重的副作用是肌張力障礙。[63]輕微的肌陣攣很常見,與其他靜脈注射催眠劑一樣。
丙泊酚還被報導會在一些個體中引起陰莖異常勃起,[64][65]且觀察到它會抑制快速動眼期睡眠,並在某些患者中惡化其原本已經不佳的睡眠品質。[66]
罕見的副作用有:[67]
- 焦慮
- 視力改變
- 尿液渾濁
- 咳血
- 譫妄或幻覺
- 排尿困難
- 吞嚥困難
- 眼睛、嘴巴、鼻子或喉嚨乾燥
丙泊酚與其他的全身麻醉製劑一樣,只能由受過適當訓練的人員,在配備完善的監測設備、氣道管理工具、氧氣供應、人工通氣和心肺復甦設施的環境下使用。[68]
由於丙泊酚製劑中使用卵磷脂和大豆油,縱然添加有細菌抑制劑苯甲醇,仍易受到細菌污染。因此一些醫院要求連續丙泊酚輸注的輸注管路,需每隔12小時進行更換,以策安全。[69]
丙泊酚輸注症候群
丙泊酚輸注症候群是一種罕見但可能致命的副作用。這種嚴重的代謝異常,主要發生在那些危重症患者身上。當他們長期接受高劑量藥物輸注時,特別是如果同時合併使用兒茶酚胺或皮質類固醇等藥物,就可能引發。[70]
藥物交互作用
如果丙泊酚與其他呼吸抑制劑,包括苯二氮平類藥物一起給予,對呼吸系統的影響會增加。 [71]
藥理學
藥效學
丙泊酚被提出具有多種作用機制,[72][73][74]既通過增強活性,而成為γ-胺基丁酸受體正變構調節劑 ,藉此減緩通道關閉時間。在高劑量的丙泊酚下,有可能在沒γ-胺基丁酸的情況下活化γ-胺基丁酸受體,而同時充當γ-胺基丁酸受體激動劑。[75][76][77]
藥代動力學

丙泊酚在體內具有高度的蛋白質結合性,並在肝臟中通過結合作用代謝。[78]丙泊酚的生物半衰期估計在2到24小時之間。然而,因為丙泊酚會迅速分佈到周邊組織中,它的臨床作用持續時間會短得多。
歷史
丙泊酚由約翰·B·格倫耗時13年開發成功,他因此於2018年獲頒拉斯克獎。該藥物最初於1973年被確定為全身麻醉的候選藥物,[79]並於1977年開始臨床試驗。[80]
最初含cremophor EL的配方因引發過敏反應而被撤回。經過重新配製,於1986年以水包油乳化劑形式,用商品名稱Diprivan重新推出。這種乳化製劑使用大豆油、卵磷脂等成分,呈不透明白色。 Diprivan含有乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA),而較新的學名藥則可能含有苯甲醇,作抗菌用途。[54]
發展
丙泊酚朝多個方向發展。水溶性前體藥物磷丙泊酚(fospropofol)於2008年獲FDA批准,商品名稱為"Lusedra"。[81]它被鹼性磷酸酶分解為丙泊酚,能減少注射部位疼痛。
在基礎研究方面,科學家開發光開關製劑(AP2),可用光學控制γ-胺基丁酸受體。[80]並識別出丙泊酚在哺乳動物γ-胺基丁酸受體上的結合位點。[82]
賽丙酚是另一種效力強4至6倍的衍生物,截至2022年,第III期臨床試驗在進行中,其導致注射疼痛和呼吸抑制的發生率較低。[83]
此外,丙泊酚也被研究用於治療難治性憂鬱症。[84]
獸醫用途
FDA於2024年11月批准商品名稱為PropofolVet Multidose的藥物,這是首個用於犬類的丙泊酚注射麻醉劑的學名藥。[85][86]
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外部連結
- GB patent 1472793,John B. Glen; Roger James & Bob-James Munroe,「Pharmaceutical Compositions」,发表于1977-05-04,指定于Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd 互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期2021-06-05.

