雷尼替丁
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| 臨床資料 | |
|---|---|
| 商品名 | Zantac,[1]及其他 |
| 其他名稱 | Dimethyl [(5-{[(2-{[1-(methylamino)-2-nitroethenyl]amino}ethyl)sulfanyl]methyl}furan-2-yl)methyl]amine, ranitidine hydrochloride (JAN JP) |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
| MedlinePlus | a601106 |
| 核准狀況 |
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| 懷孕分級 | |
| 给药途径 | 口服給藥, 肌肉注射及靜脈注射 |
| 藥物類別 | H2受體拮抗劑(又稱H2受體阻斷劑)[1] |
| ATC碼 |
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| 法律規範狀態 | |
| 法律規範 |
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| 藥物動力學數據 | |
| 生物利用度 | 50% (by mouth)[9] |
| 血漿蛋白結合率 | 15% |
| 药物代谢 | 肝臟: 含黃素單加氧酶,簡稱FMO, 包含FMO3及其他的酶。 |
| 藥效起始時間 | 55–65分鐘 (150毫克劑量)[10] 55–115分鐘 (75毫克劑量)[10] |
| 生物半衰期 | 2–3小時 |
| 排泄途徑 | 30–70%經由腎臟 |
| 识别信息 | |
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| CAS号 | 66357-35-5 66357-59-3 |
| PubChem CID | |
| IUPHAR/BPS | |
| DrugBank |
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| ChemSpider | |
| UNII |
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| KEGG | |
| ChEBI |
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| ChEMBL | |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.060.283 |
| 化学信息 | |
| 化学式 | C13H22N4O3S |
| 摩尔质量 | 314.40 g·mol−1 |
| 3D模型(JSmol) | |
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雷尼替丁(INN:ranitidine)以Zantac等品牌名稱於市場上販售,是一種用於減少胃酸分泌的藥物。[9]它被用於治療消化性潰瘍、胃食道逆流以及卓-艾症候群。[9]
此藥物的給藥途徑有口服、肌肉注射或是靜脈注射。
因部分雷尼替丁產品中含有微量,可能致癌物質N-亞硝基二甲胺(NDMA),多家藥廠已於2019年9月起配合主管機關進行藥品回收,並提醒民眾注意所服用的胃藥批號。[11][12][13][14]因有這些疑慮,雷尼替丁於2020年4月從美國市場撤出,並在歐盟與澳大利亞暫停使用。[15][16][17][8][18][19]重新改良配方的雷尼替丁已分別於2024年10月在澳大利亞獲准上市,[20][21][22]並於2025年11月在美國獲准上市。[23]
使用後常見的副作用有頭痛,以及若透過注射給藥時會產生疼痛或灼熱感(主要在注射部位)。[9]嚴重的副作用有癌症、[24]肝臟問題、心跳過緩、肺炎,以及可能掩蓋胃癌徵兆的風險。[9]此外,它也與艱難擬梭菌結腸炎的風險增加有關。[25]雷尼替丁是一種H2受體拮抗劑,其作用原理是透過阻斷組織胺,進而減少胃部細胞分泌的胃酸數量。[9]
雷尼替丁於1976年在英國開發成功,並於1981年正式獲准上市。[26]它已列入世界衛生組織基本藥物標準清單之中。[27]
醫療用途
- 緩解胃灼熱。[1]
- 胃潰瘍與十二指腸潰瘍的短期及維持療法。[1]
- 與非類固醇抗發炎藥(NSAIDs)併用以降低潰瘍風險。[1]而氫離子幫浦抑制劑(PPIs)在預防NSAID誘發之潰瘍方面更為有效。[28]
- 病理性胃腸道胃酸分泌過多症,例如卓-艾症候群。
- 胃食道逆流疾病。
- 糜爛性食道炎。
- 作為根除幽門螺旋桿菌多藥並行療法中的一種藥物,以降低十二指腸潰瘍復發的風險。
- 手術後復發性潰瘍。
- 上消化道出血。
- 可於術前給藥以預防手術期間的酸抽吸性肺炎。此藥物會提高胃部的pH值,但通常對胃液總體積沒影響。在一項於2009年進行的PPIs與雷尼替丁在降低麻醉前抽吸風險之淨效益的統合分析比較中,發現雷尼替丁在減少胃分泌物體積方面比PPIs更為有效。[29]在術前給給予雷尼替丁可能具有抗嘔吐的效果。
- 預防危急病患出現的壓力性潰瘍。[30]
- 在使用首選藥物腎上腺素之後,與苯海拉明併用,作為嚴重過敏反應的二線治療。[31][32]
不良反應
雷尼替丁在臨床試驗中曾被通報發生過以下不良反應:
中樞神經系統
導致不適、頭暈、嗜睡、失眠及眩暈的報告較為罕見。在重症或高齡患者中,曾有可逆性精神錯亂、焦躁、憂鬱及幻覺的病例報告。[1]
心血管系統
此方面的通報有心跳過速、心跳過緩、房室傳導阻滯及心室早期收縮。[1]
胃腸道相關影響
H2受體阻斷劑(拮抗)類藥物具有導致維生素B12缺乏的潛力,這是繼發於食物結合型維生素B12吸收減少的結果。[33]服用H2受體類拮抗劑的高齡患者,比未服用者更有可能需要補充維生素B12 。[34]H2受體阻斷劑也可能降低需要酸性胃環境藥物(如唑類抗真菌藥、碳酸鈣)的吸收。[35]此外,多項研究顯示使用雷尼替丁等H2受體拮抗劑可能會增加感染性腹瀉的風險,包括旅行者腹瀉與沙門氏菌感染症 。[36][37][38][39][40]於2005年發表的一項研究報告,發現雷尼替丁透過抑制酸媒介的蛋白質分解,可能導致食物或藥物過敏風險升高,這是因為未消化的蛋白質進入胃腸道而發生致敏作用。服用這些藥劑的患者無論先前是否具有抗體,均會產生更高水平的抗食物免疫球蛋白E(IgE)。[41]
肝臟
曾有膽汁淤積性肝炎、肝衰竭、肝炎及黃疸的紀錄,出現這些症狀時必須立即停藥。[1]血液檢查可能會顯示肝酶升高或嗜酸性球增多。在罕見情況下可能出現嚴重的肝毒性反應,則需進行肝臟切片檢查。[42]
肺部
雷尼替丁與其他組織胺H2受體拮抗劑可能會增加住院患者罹患肺炎的風險。[43]雷尼替丁亦會增加成人與兒童罹患社區感染性肺炎的風險 。[44][45]
血液
血小板減少症是一種罕見但已知的副作用。藥物誘發的血小板減少症通常需要數週或數月才會顯現,但在已致敏的個體中則可能會在服藥後12小時內出現。血小板計數在典型情況下會降至正常值的80%,且可能伴隨嗜中性白血球低下與貧血。[46]
皮膚
曾觀察到會出現皮疹,包括罕見的多形性紅斑病例,以及罕見的脫髮與血管炎病例。[1]
注意事項
疾病相關疑慮
使用雷尼替丁可緩解症狀,但不能排除胃部存在惡性腫瘤的可能性。此外,腎臟或肝臟受損的患者使用雷尼替丁需謹慎。應避免將此藥用於罹患紫質症的個體,此藥物可能會誘發急性發作。[47][48]
兒童
在兒童中,使用胃酸抑制劑與發生急性腸胃炎及社區感染性肺炎的風險增加有關。[44]一項納入超過11,000名新生兒的世代分析報告指出,使用H2阻斷劑與極低體重新生兒發生壞死性小腸結腸炎的發生率增加具有關聯性。[49]此外,一項針對274名極低體重新生兒的世代分析報告顯示,接受雷尼替丁治療的,其死亡率、壞死性小腸結腸炎以及敗血症、肺炎、泌尿道感染等感染風險增加約六倍。[50]
藥物檢測
雷尼替丁已知會干擾部分商用尿液毒品篩檢試劑。在進行濫用藥物篩檢時,該藥物可能誘發偽陽性反應,而影響檢測結果的準確性。[51]
分子固有不穩定性出現致癌之風險
美國的在線藥局兼檢測實驗室Valisure於2019年6月指出雷尼替丁分子具"固有不穩定性",會於體內產生高濃度NDMA。[52][53]隨後美國食品藥物管理局(FDA)與多國監管機構確認該藥含有超標的NDMA亞硝胺雜質 (可能致癌物),引發全球性召回與下架 。[12][15][54][55][56]
雖然初期檢測方法(高溫氣相層析)引發數據落差爭議,但FDA隨後建議使用LC-HRMS法,確認NDMA雖非由胃酸反應產生,[57][58]但含量仍超過每日容許值。[14]於2020年4月進一步的研究,證實雷尼替丁中的NDMA濃度會隨"儲存時間"與"環境溫度"增加,[16]而導致歐盟全面禁用此產品。[59]
雷尼替丁受此安全事件影響,在美處方量於2019年大幅下降。[60]於2022年在台灣全國性群體研究亦發現其與癌症風險具關聯性。[61]針對此類藥物安全危機,歐洲藥品管理局(EMA)與FDA分別於2020年後發佈多項指南以管控人體藥物中的亞硝胺雜質 。[62][63][64]
藥物召回
受NDMA污染影響,奧貝泰克製藥、賽諾菲製藥及多家藥廠自2019年9月起對雷尼替丁展開全球規模回收。[65][66][67]英、美、加等國監管機構隨即要求下架所有品牌與通用名藥物(學名藥)製劑 。[68][69][70]FDA於2020年4月宣佈藥物全面撤市,EMA亦建議永久停用。[16][71][8]雖然原料藥商於2021年改良製程並獲歐盟認證,[72]但多數國際藥廠目前並無計劃讓該藥重新上市。[72]
藥理學
作用機轉
雷尼替丁是一種競爭性、可逆性的抑制劑,作用於胃壁細胞上的組織胺H2受體,進而阻斷組織胺的作用而導致胃酸分泌量(降低酸性)與胃酸容積減少,並降低氫離子濃度。[73]的降酸作用在抑制基礎胃酸分泌與夜間胃酸分泌方面,比抑制食物刺激引起的胃酸分泌更為顯著。雷尼替丁的其他間接效應還包括減少胃蛋白酶分泌,以及增加還原硝酸鹽的細菌叢。[73]
藥物動力學
- 口服吸收50%。[73]
- 蛋白質結合率:15%。[74]
- 代謝:尿液中的主要代謝物為雷尼替丁N-氧化物,其含量低於劑量的4%。雷尼替丁的其他代謝物有雷尼替丁S-氧化物(1%)與去甲基雷尼替丁(1%)。[1]
- 生物半衰期:在腎功能正常的情況下,口服雷尼替丁的半衰期為2.5–3.0小時。[73]若採靜脈注射,在腎功能與肌酸酐清除率正常的患者中,半衰期通常為2.0–2.5小時。在腎功能障礙者體內的半衰期可能會增加至4到5小時。[73]
- 排泄:主要的排泄路徑為尿液 。[73]此外,約有30%的口服劑量會在24小時內以未吸收藥物的形式從尿液中回收。[1]
高齡患者
在高齡族群中,由於腎功能下降導致清除率降低,雷尼替丁的血漿生物半衰期會延長至3–4小時。[1]
兒童
一般而言,針對1個月大至16歲使用者的研究顯示,在根據體重進行校正後,其藥物動力學參數值與健康成人相比並無顯著差異。[1]
歷史

雷尼替丁於1977年由早期英國葛蘭素史克體系的研發人員John Bradshaw開發成功,目的為與首款H2受體拮抗劑西咪替丁競爭。[75][76]該藥物開發過程採用理性的藥物設計模式,並根據定量結構活性相關性(QSAR)進行優化。研究人員將西咪替丁的咪唑環替換為帶有含氮取代基的呋喃環,成功研發出雷尼替丁。最終,葛蘭素史克歷經多次合併,於2000年正式成立現今的葛蘭素史克。 雷尼替丁於1981年上市,並於1987年成為全球最暢銷的處方藥。[77]雷尼替丁較西咪替丁具備更佳的耐受性、藥效更持久,且其活性為後者的10倍。此外,雷尼替丁對細胞色素P450的親和力僅為西咪替丁的10%,藥物交互作用顯著減少。然而,隨後出現的氫離子幫浦阻斷劑(PPI)如奧美拉唑,在潰瘍癒合率與症狀緩解速度上表現更優異,逐漸取代雷尼替丁的地位。[78][79]
多間廠商生產的雷尼替丁於2019年4月被驗出含有可能致癌物NDMA,引發全球召回。該藥於2020年4月正式從美、歐、澳市場撤市或停售。[80]NDMA也是一種環境污染物。澳大利亞於2024年重新核准雷尼替丁上市,主因是Zantac的當地代理商更換供應商與藥錠配方。[22]新配方證實能在效期內保持穩定,並將亞硝胺含量控制在國際公認的每日容許攝取量限值內。[21]
市售劑型
雷尼替丁產品的劑型包括口服錠劑(75、150與300毫克)、發泡錠、糖漿[1]以及注射液。[69]特定劑型的雷尼替丁產品在多個國家可作為非處方藥購買。在英國,僅有最低劑量的75毫克錠劑可無需處方購得 。[1]在澳大利亞,包含7劑或14劑的150毫克錠劑包裝可在超市購得,而150毫克與300毫克錠劑的小包裝則屬於第二級藥局藥物(Pharmacy Medicines)。較大劑量與大包裝規格則需要處方證明才能取得 。在美國,75毫克與150毫克的錠劑均可作為非處方藥購買。[81][82]在印度,該藥以多種品牌名稱銷售。[45]
參考文獻
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FDA observed the testing method used by a third-party laboratory uses higher temperatures. The higher temperatures generated very high levels of NDMA from ranitidine products because of the test procedure. The FDA published the method for testing angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) for nitrosamine impurities. That method is not suitable for testing ranitidine because heating the sample generates NDMA.
FDA recommends using an LC-HRMS testing protocol to test samples of ranitidine. FDA's LC-HRMS testing method does not use elevated temperatures and has shown the presence of much lower levels of NDMA in ranitidine medicines than reported by the third-party laboratory. International regulators using similar LC-MS testing methods have also shown the presence of low levels of NDMA in ranitidine samples.
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註記
外部連結
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