梵語
詞源
來自原始印歐語 *h₃rdʰwo- （“high, upright”）。同源包括古希臘語 ὀρθός (orthos) 拉丁語 arduus。在構詞上形成自動詞詞根 √vṛdh （“to grow; elevate”）。
形容詞
ऊर्ध्व (ūrdhvá)
- rising (上升)或 tending upwards(趨於向上), raised(突起的), elevated(提高的), erected(勃起的), erect(豎立), upright(垂直), high(高), above(上面的)
- ऊर्ध्व ऊ षु ण ऊतये तिष्ठा देवो न सविता |
- ऊर्ध्वोवाजस्य सनिता यदञ्जिभिर्वाघद्भिर्विह्वयामहे ||
- ūrdhva ū ṣu ṇa ūtaye tiṣṭhā devo na savitā |
- ūrdhvovājasya sanitā yadañjibhirvāghadbhirvihvayāmahe ||
- Stand up erect to lend us aid, stand up like Savitar the God:
- Erect as strength-bestower we call aloud, with unguents and with priests, on thee.
變格
| ऊर्ध्व 的陰性 ā-詞幹變格 | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| 主格單數 | (ūrdhvā) | ||
| 屬格單數 | (ūrdhvāyāḥ) | ||
| 單數 | 雙數 | 複數 | |
| 主格 | (ūrdhvā) | (ūrdhve) | (ūrdhvāḥ) |
| 呼格 | (ūrdhve) | (ūrdhve) | (ūrdhvāḥ) |
| 賓格 | (ūrdhvām) | (ūrdhve) | (ūrdhvāḥ) |
| 工具格 | (ūrdhvayā) | (ūrdhvābhyām) | (ūrdhvābhiḥ) |
| 與格 | (ūrdhvāyai) | (ūrdhvābhyām) | (ūrdhvābhyaḥ) |
| 離格 | (ūrdhvāyāḥ) | (ūrdhvābhyām) | (ūrdhvābhyaḥ) |
| 屬格 | (ūrdhvāyāḥ) | (ūrdhvayoḥ) | (ūrdhvānām) |
| 位格 | (ūrdhvāyām) | (ūrdhvayoḥ) | (ūrdhvāsu) |
用法
在古典梵語中主要出現在複合詞中。
名詞
ऊर्ध्व (ūrdhvá) （n）
- height(高度，高處), elevation(高地)
- anything placed above or higher (位於上方或更高處的任何東西)(+ 離格)
- ऊर्ध्वं (ūrdhvaṃ)-√gam — to go upwards or into heaven, die
變格
介詞
(ūrdhvá)
- in the sequel(結果), in the later part (在后來部分)(比如一本書或手稿的后來部分；因為在梵語手稿中后來的書葉位於上面), subsequent(后來的), after(后面的，在……之後)(連同離格)
- अत ऊर्ध्वम् (ata ūrdhvam), 或 इत ऊर्ध्वम् (ita ūrdhvam) — hence forward, from that time forward, after that passage, hereafter
- ऊर्ध्वं संवत्सरात् (ūrdhvaṃ saṃvatsarāt) — after a year
- ऊर्ध्वं देहात् (ūrdhvaṃ dehāt), — after life, after death
- after(在……之後), after the death of (在……死後)(+ 離格)
- ऊर्ध्वं पितुः (ūrdhvaṃ pituḥ) — after the father's death
- in a high tone(用高音調), aloud(大聲)
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