Games of the XXII Olympiad

Emblem of the 1980 Summer Olympics
Host city	Moscow, Soviet Union
Motto	О, спорт, ты мир ! (English: Oh, sport, you are the World!)
Nations	80
Athletes	5,256 (4,137 men, 1,119 women)
Events	203 in 21 sports (27 disciplines)
Opening	19 July 1980
Closing	3 August 1980
Opened by	Chairman Leonid Brezhnev[1][lower-alpha 1]
Cauldron	Sergei Belov[1]
Stadium	Grand Arena of the Central Lenin Stadium
Summer Winter 1980 Summer Paralympics

Part of a series on
1980 Summer Olympics
Bid process (bid details) Boycott Development (venues, torch relay) Marketing (mascot) Broadcasters Opening ceremony (flag bearers) Chronological summary Medal table (medallists) Olympic records World records Controversies Closing ceremony (flag bearers) IOC NOC USSR (ROC) OCOG-80)

The 1980 Summer Olympics (Russian: Летние Олимпийские игры 1980, romanized: Letnije Olimpijskije igry 1980), officially known as the Games of the XXII Olympiad (Russian: Игры XXII Олимпиады, romanized: Igry XXII Olimpiady) and commonly known as Moscow 1980 (Russian: Москва 1980, romanized: Moskva 1980), were an international multi-sport event held from 19 July to 3 August 1980 in Moscow, Soviet Union, in present-day Russia.^[2][3] The games were the first to be staged in an Eastern Bloc country, as well as the first Olympic Games and only Summer Olympics^{[lower-alpha 2]} to be held in a Slavic language-speaking country. They were also the only Summer Olympic Games to be held in a socialist state until the 2008 Summer Olympics held in China. These were the final Olympic Games under the IOC Presidency of Michael Morris, 3rd Baron Killanin before he was succeeded by Juan Antonio Samaranch, a Spaniard, shortly afterwards.^[4]

Eighty nations were represented at the Moscow Games, the smallest number since 1956. Led by the United States, 66 countries boycotted the games entirely, because of the Soviet–Afghan War. Several alternative events were held outside of the Soviet Union. Some athletes from some of the boycotting countries (not included in the list of 66 countries that boycotted the games entirely) participated in the games under the Olympic Flag.^[5] The Soviet Union later boycotted the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. The Soviet Union won the most gold and overall medals, with the USSR and East Germany winning 127 out of 203 available golds.

Host city selection

A Soviet stamp sheet showing the logo of the games and its mascot Misha holding the 1980 Olympic torch. The map shows the torch relay route from Olympia, Greece, the site of the ancient Olympic Games, to Moscow, Russian SFSR. It also depicts the number of gold, silver and bronze medals (80, 69, 46) won by the Soviet athletes at the Games.

As had happened four years earlier, Moscow and Los Angeles were again facing each other to host the Olympic Games, representing the then polarization that the world faced in that period. This time, Moscow was more favored, given the incidents that happened in Munich 1972 and the proximity of Montreal 1976, which was considered a gigantic failure, due to the delays of the works, the interference in its Organizing Committee and several problems that led to the inflation of expenses. Another factor that helped Moscow a lot was the holding in August of the previous year of the 1973 Summer Universiade in which the city's Olympic project was tested in part, and also that Lake Placid was the only candidate for the Winter Games that year and it would become unfeasible for the IOC to hold its main event twice in the same country in the same year. The choice between them was made at the 75th IOC Session in Vienna, Austria on 23 October 1974. Los Angeles would eventually host the 1984 Summer Olympics.^[6][7][8]

1980 Summer Olympics bidding result

City	Country	Votes
Moscow	Soviet Union	39
Los Angeles	United States	20
Abstentions		2

Participation overview and boycott

Participating nations

Countries boycotting the 1980 Games are shaded blue

Olympic Village in February 2004

Eighty nations were represented at the Moscow Olympics, the smallest number since 1956. Of the eighty participating nations,^[9] seven National Olympic Committees made their first appearance at these Games: Angola, Botswana, Cyprus, Jordan, Laos, Mozambique and Seychelles.^[10] None of these nations won a medal.

Although approximately half of the 24 countries that boycotted the 1976 Summer Olympics (in protest against the IOC not expelling New Zealand who sanctioned a rugby tour of apartheid South Africa) participated in the Moscow Games, the 1980 Summer Olympics were disrupted by another, even larger, boycott led by the United States in protest of the 1979 Soviet–Afghan War. The Soviet invasion spurred President Jimmy Carter to issue an ultimatum on 20 January 1980, which stated that the U.S. would boycott the Moscow Olympics if Soviet troops did not withdraw from Afghanistan within one month.^[11] 65 countries and regions invited did not participate in the 1980 Olympics. Many of these followed the United States' boycott initiative, while others cited economic reasons for not participating.^[11][12] Iran, under Ayatollah Khomeini hostile to both superpowers, boycotted when the Islamic Conference condemned the invasion.^[13] Neither the People's Republic of China nor Taiwan participated in the games.

Many of the boycotting nations participated instead in the Liberty Bell Classic, also known as the "Olympic Boycott Games", in Philadelphia. However, the nations that did compete had won 71 percent of all medals, and similarly 71 percent of the gold medals, at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal. This was in part due to state-run doping programs that had been developed in the Eastern Bloc countries.^[14][15] As a form of protest against the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan, fifteen countries marched in the Opening Ceremony with the Olympic Flag instead of their national flags, and the Olympic Flag and Olympic Hymn were used at medal ceremonies when athletes from these countries won medals. Competitors from New Zealand,^[16] Portugal, and Spain competed under the flags of their respective National Olympic Committees. Some of these teams that marched under flags other than their national flags were depleted by boycotts by individual athletes, while some athletes did not participate in the march.

The boycott impacted the competitiveness of swimming, track and field, boxing, basketball, diving, field hockey and equestrian sports. Whilst competitors from 36 countries became Olympic medalists, the great majority of the medals were taken by the Soviet Union and East Germany in what was the most skewed medal tally since 1904.^[17]

Events, records and drug tests overview

There were 203 events – more than at any previous Olympics. 36 world records, 39 European records and 74 Olympic records were set at the games. In total, this was more records than were set at Montreal. New Olympic records were set 241 times over the course of the competitions and world records were beaten 97 times.

Though no athletes were caught doping at the 1980 Summer Olympics, it has been revealed that athletes had begun using testosterone and other drugs for which tests had not been yet developed. According to British journalist Andrew Jennings, a KGB colonel stated that the agency's officers had posed as anti-doping authorities from the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to undermine doping tests and that Soviet athletes were "rescued with [these] tremendous efforts".^[18] A 1989 report by a committee of the Australian Senate claimed that "there is hardly a medal winner at the Moscow Games, certainly not a gold medal winner...who is not on one sort of drug or another: usually several kinds. The Moscow Games might well have been called the Chemists' Games".^[19]

A member of the IOC Medical Commission, Manfred Donike, privately ran additional tests with a new technique for identifying abnormal levels of testosterone by measuring its ratio to epitestosterone in urine. Twenty percent of the specimens he tested, including those from sixteen gold medalists would have resulted in disciplinary proceedings had the tests been official.^[19] The results of Donike's unofficial tests later convinced the IOC to add his new technique to their testing protocols.^[20] The first documented case of "blood doping" occurred at the 1980 Summer Olympics as a runner was transfused with two pints of blood before winning medals in the 5000 m and 10,000 m.^[21]

Media and broadcasting

Major broadcasters of the 1980 Games were USSR State TV and Radio (1,370 accreditation cards), Eurovision (31 countries, 818 cards) and Intervision (11 countries, 342 cards).^[22] TV Asahi with 68 cards provided coverage for Japan, while OTI, representing Latin America, received 59 cards, and the Seven Network provided coverage for Australia (48 cards).^[22] NBC, which had intended to be another major broadcaster, canceled its coverage in response to the U.S. boycott of the 1980 Games, and became a minor broadcaster with 56 accreditation cards,^[22] although they did air highlights and recaps of the Games on a regular basis. ABC aired scenes of the opening ceremony during its Nightline program, and promised highlights each night, but later announced that they could not air any highlights as NBC still had exclusive broadcast rights in the US. The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) almost canceled their plans for coverage after Canada took part in the boycott, and was represented by nine cards.^[22] The television center used 20 television channels, compared to 16 for the Montreal Games, 12 for the Munich Games, and seven for the Mexico City Games. This was also the first time North Korea was watching, as KCTV (Korea Central Television) broadcast it as their first satellite program.

Spectators and commemoration

150-rubles platinum coin (reverse)

The Games attracted five million spectators, an increase of 1.5 million from the Montreal Games. There were 1,245 referees from 78 countries. A series of commemorative coins was released in the USSR in 1977–1980 to commemorate the event. It consisted of five platinum coins, six gold coins, 28 silver coins and six copper-nickel coins.

Budget

According to the Official Report, submitted to the IOC by the NOC of the USSR, total expenditures for the preparations for and staging of the 1980 Games were US$1,350,000,000,^[23] total revenues being US$231,000,000.^[23] To obtain additional funds for the competition, the Organizing Committee organized Olympic lotteries. The proceeds from the lotteries covered 25% of the cost of holding the competition.^[24]

Cost

The Oxford Olympics Study established the outturn cost of the Moscow 1980 Summer Olympics at US$6.3 billion in 2015 dollars.^[25] This includes sports-related costs only, that is, (i) operational costs incurred by the organizing committee for the purpose of staging the Games, e.g., expenditures for technology, transportation, workforce, administration, security, catering, ceremonies, and medical services, and (ii) direct capital costs incurred by the host city and country or private investors to build, e.g., the competition venues, the Olympic village, international broadcast center, and media and press center, which are required to host the Games. Indirect capital costs are not included, such as for road, rail, or airport infrastructure, or for hotel upgrades or other business investment incurred in preparation for the Games but not directly related to staging the Games. The cost for Moscow 1980 compares with costs of US$4.6 billion for Rio 2016 (projected), US$40–44 billion for Beijing 2008 and US$51 billion for Sochi 2014, the most expensive Olympics in history. Average cost for the Summer Games since 1960 is US$5.2 billion.

Opening ceremony

Highlights of the different events

Athletics

Marathon in front of Saint Basil's Cathedral. The athlete 563 in the foreground is Koh Chun-son from North Korea

Main article: Athletics at the 1980 Summer Olympics

• Ethiopian Miruts Yifter won the 5,000 metres and 10,000 metres athletics double, emulating Lasse Virén's 1972 and 1976 performances.
• "I have a 90% chance of winning the 1,500 metres," wrote Steve Ovett in an article for one of Britain's Sunday papers just before the start of the Olympics. After he won the 800 metres Olympic gold, beating world-record holder Sebastian Coe, Ovett stated he would not only win the 1,500 metres race, but would beat the world record by as much as four seconds. Ovett had won 45 straight 1,500 metres races since May 1977. In contrast, Coe had competed in only eight 1,500 metres races between 1976 and 1980. Coe won the race, holding off Ovett in the final lap, who finished third.
• Aided by the absence of American opposition, Allan Wells beat Cuban Silvio Leonard to become the first Briton since 1924 to win the Olympic 100 metres race.
• Gerd Wessig, who had made the East German team only two weeks before the Games, easily won the gold medal with a 2.36 metres (7 ft 9 in) high jump. This was 9 cm higher than he had ever jumped before.
• In the 1980 Olympic women's long jump competition, Soviet jumper Tatiana Kolpakova bested her compatriots and other competitors by setting a new Olympic record of 7.06 metres (23 ft 2 in).
• Poland's Władysław Kozakiewicz won the pole vault with a jump of 5.78 metres (19 ft 0 in) – only the second pole vaulting world record to be established during an Olympics. The previous time had been at the Antwerp Olympics 1920.
• In the long jump competition, three women beat 23 feet (7.0 m) for the first time ever in one competition.
• Waldemar Cierpinski of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) won his second consecutive marathon gold.
• Bärbel Wöckel, also of the GDR, winner of the 200 metres in Montreal, became the first woman to retain the title.
• Tatiana Kazankina (USSR) retained the 1,500m title that she had won in Montreal.
• In the women's pentathlon, Nadiya Tkachenko (USSR) scored 5,083 points to become the first athlete to exceed 5,000 points in the event during Olympic competition, winning gold.
• For the first time in Olympic history, all eight male participants in the long jump final beat the mark of 8 metres (26 ft 3 in).
• Lutz Dombrowski (GDR) won the long jump gold. His was the longest jump recorded at sea level and he became only the second ever to jump further than 28 feet (8.5 m).
• In the triple jump final, Viktor Saneyev (USSR; present day-Georgia), who won gold at Mexico, Munich and Montreal, won silver behind Jaak Uudmäe (USSR; present day-Estonia) and ahead of Brazil's world record holder João Carlos de Oliveira. Both de Oliveira and Australia's Ian Campbell produced long jumps, but they were declared fouls by the officials and not measured; in Campbell's case, his longest jump was ruled a "scrape foul", with his trailing leg touching the track during the jump. Campbell insisted that he had not scraped, and it was alleged the officials intentionally threw out his and de Oliveira's best jumps to favor the Soviets, similarly to a number of other events.^[26][27][28]
• Yuriy Sedykh (USSR) won gold in the hammer throw event. As in Montreal, the USSR won gold, silver and bronze in this event.
• Evelin Jahl (GDR), the 1976 Olympic champion, won discus gold again. She won with a new Olympic record – 69.96 metres (229 ft 6 in) – having been undefeated since Montreal.
• Cuba's María Caridad Colón won the women's javelin, setting a new Olympic record.
• Sara Simeoni of Italy won the women's high jump, setting a new Olympic record. She had won a silver in the 1976 Games and would go on to win a silver in the 1984 Games.
• In track-and-field, six world records, eighteen Olympic records and nine best results of the year were registered.
• In women's track and field, events alone either a world or Olympic record was broken in almost every event.
• Daley Thompson of Great Britain won the gold in the Decathlon. He won gold again at the Los Angeles Olympics.
• Soviet Dainis Kula (later a Latvian) won gold in the men's javelin. He also had the best sum total of throws, showing his consistency. He finished ahead of his teammate Alexander Makarov.
• Polish gold medallist pole vaulter Władysław Kozakiewicz showed an obscene bras d'honneur gesture in all four directions to the jeering Soviet public, causing an international scandal and almost losing his medal as a result. There were numerous incidents and accusations of Soviet officials using their authority to negate marks by opponents to the point that IAAF officials found the need to look over the officials' shoulders to try to keep the events fair. There were also accusations of opening stadium gates to give Soviet athletes advantage, and causing other disturbances to opposing athletes.^[29][30][31]

Canoeing

All events in canoeing and rowing took place at the Moscow Canoeing and Rowing Basin in Krylatskoye

Main article: Canoeing at the 1980 Summer Olympics

• Uladzimir Parfianovich of the USSR (present day-Belarus) won three gold medals in canoeing.
• Apart from the boycotted Los Angeles Olympics, Birgit Fischer of East Germany won medals in each Olympics from 1980 to 2004. In the 500 metres kayak singles, she won gold in Moscow, silver in Seoul, gold in Barcelona.

Cycling

Olympic Velodrome in Krylatskoye

Main article: Cycling at the 1980 Summer Olympics

• Lothar Thoms of East Germany won the 1,000-metre individual pursuit cycling gold, breaking the world record by nearly four seconds.
• The winner of the bronze in that race was Jamaica's David Weller who also broke the sixteen-year-old world record.
• In the 4,000-metre team pursuit qualifying heats, new world indoor records were set eight times.
• The 189-kilometer individual road race gold was won by Sergei Sukhoruchenkov (USSR).
• The cycling team road race was won by the Soviet team as they had done in Munich and Montreal.
• In cycling, world records were toppled 21 times.

Football

Main article: Football at the 1980 Summer Olympics

Pins released by the USSR for the football event of the Olympics (with a British 50 pence coin for size comparison)

• The USSR won bronze. Czechoslovakia won the gold medal beating German Democratic Republic (East Germany) 1:0 in the final.
• The matches were played in Moscow and Leningrad (Russian SFSR), and some preliminary games were hosted by Kiev and Minsk, in the Ukrainian SSR and Byelorussian SSR (present day Belarus and Ukraine) respectively.

Handball

The USSR men's handball team celebrating their victory over Yugoslavia

Main article: Handball at the 1980 Summer Olympics

• In the men's event, East Germany beat the USSR 23–22 in the handball final.
• In the women's tournament, the USSR won all its matches and retained the Olympic handball title. Yugoslavia and East Germany gained silver and bronze medal respectively.

Swimming

Main article: Swimming at the 1980 Summer Olympics

Rica Reinisch with her gold medal in 200 m swimming.

• Vladimir Salnikov (USSR) won three gold medals in swimming. He became the first man in history to break the 15-minute barrier in the 1500 metre freestyle, swimming's equivalent of breaking the four-minute mile. He missed the 1984 Games because of the boycott but won gold again in this event at Seoul 1988.
• Salnikov also won gold in the 4 × 200 m relay and the 400m freestyle. In the 400m freestyle, he set a new Olympic record which was just eleven-hundredths of a second outside his own world record.
• In the Montreal final of the 400m freestyle, the seventh and eighth place finalists finished in over four minutes. In Moscow sixteen swimmers finished in under four minutes and eight of them did not make the final.
• Duncan Goodhew of Great Britain won the 100 metres breaststroke.
• Sweden's Bengt Baron won gold in the 100 meter backstroke.
• In the men's 4 × 100 metres medley relay, each of the eight teams taking part in the final broke its country's national record.
• The first Australian gold since 1972 came in the 4 × 100 men's medley relay,^[32] with Neil Brooks swimming the final leg, the Australians swam the second-fastest time in history.
• East German women dominated the swimming events, winning nine of eleven individual titles, both the relays and setting 6 world records. They also won all three medals in six different races. In total they won 26 of the available 35 medals. As it was revealed later, their results were aided by the state-sponsored doping system.
• Barbara Krause (East Germany) became the first woman to go under 55 seconds for the 100 m freestyle.
• Backstroker Rica Reinisch (East Germany) was 20th in the world rankings for 100m in 1979 and not in the top 100 for the 200 m. At the Olympics she broke the world records in both distances winning golds.
• In the 100m butterfly, Caren Metschuck (East Germany) beats her more experienced teammate Andrea Pollack to win gold.
• Petra Schneider (East Germany) shaved three seconds off the world record in the 400m medley.
• As in Montreal, the Soviet women made a clean sweep of the medals in the 200m breaststroke. The title in this event was won by Lina Kačiušytė, later a Lithuanian.
• Michelle Ford (Australia) won the 800m freestyle more than four seconds ahead of her East German rivals.
• In swimming, 230 national, 22 Olympic and ten World records were set.
• The youngest male gold medallist of these Olympics was Hungarian backstroke swimmer Sándor Wladár at 17 years old.

Closing ceremony

Misha, the mascot, formed in a mosaic as a tear runs down his face during the closing ceremony

Misha carried by balloons into the sky, commemorated by a 2000 postage stamp issued by Russia

Because of the U.S. boycott, changes were made to the traditional elements of the closing ceremony that represent the handover to the host city of the next Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. Among them, the flag of the city of Los Angeles instead of the United States flag was raised, and the Olympic Anthem instead of the national anthem of the United States was played. There was also no "Antwerp Ceremony", where the ceremonial Olympic flag was transferred from the Mayor of Moscow to the Mayor of Los Angeles; instead the flag was kept by the Moscow city authorities until 1984. Furthermore, there was no next host city presentation.

Both the opening and closing ceremonies were shown in Yuri Ozerov's 1981 film Oh, Sport – You Are The World! (Russian: О спорт, ты – мир!).

Venues

• Central Lenin Stadium area
  • Grand Arena² – opening/closing ceremonies, athletics, football (final), equestrian (jumping individual)
  • Minor Arena² – volleyball
  • Swimming Pool² – water polo
  • Sports Palace² – gymnastics, judo
  • Druzhba Multipurpose Arena¹ – volleyball
  • Streets of Moscow – Athletics (20 & 50 km walk, marathon)
• Olympiysky Sports Complex
  • Indoor Stadium¹ – basketball (final), boxing
  • Swimming Pool¹ – swimming, diving, modern pentathlon (swimming), water polo (final)
• CSKA (Central Sports Club of the Army) Sports Complex
  • CSKA Athletics Fieldhouse, Central Sports Club of the Army¹ – wrestling
  • CSKA Football Fieldhouse, Central Sports Club of the Army¹ – fencing, modern pentathlon (fencing)
  • CSKA Palace of Sports¹ – basketball
• Venues in metropolitan Moscow
  • Dynamo Central Stadium, Grand Arena² – football preliminaries
  • Dynamo Central Stadium, Minor Arena² – field hockey
  • Young Pioneers Stadium² – field hockey (final)
  • Dynamo Palace of Sports¹, Khimki-Khovrino – handball
  • Trade Unions' Equestrian Complex¹ – equestrian, modern pentathlon (riding, running)
  • Izmailovo Sports Palace¹ – weightlifting
  • Sokolniki Sports Palace² – handball (final)
  • Dynamo Shooting Range², Mytishchi – shooting, modern pentathlon (shooting)
• Krylatskoye Sports Complex
  • Krylatskoye Sports Complex Canoeing and Rowing Basin², Krylatskoye – canoeing, rowing
  • Krylatskoye Sports Complex Velodrome¹, Krylatskoye – cycling (track)
  • Krylatskoye Sports Complex Cycling Circuit – cycling (individual road race)
  • Krylatskoye Sports Complex Archery Field¹, Krylatskoye – archery
• Venues outside Moscow
  • Moscow-Minsk Highway – cycling (road team time trial)
  • Kirov Stadium², Leningrad, Russian SFSR – football preliminaries
  • Dinamo Stadium², Minsk, Byelorussian SSR – football preliminaries
  • Republican Stadium², Kiev, Ukrainian SSR – football preliminaries
  • Tallinn Olympic Yachting Centre¹, Tallinn, Estonian SSR – sailing

¹ New facilities constructed in preparation for the Olympic Games. ² Existing facilities modified or refurbished in preparation for the Olympic Games.

Sports

The 1980 Summer Olympic programme featured 203 events in the following 21 sports:

Calendar

All times are in Moscow Time (UTC+3)

Medal count

This is a list of all nations that won medals at the 1980 Games.

A "bronze" medal – actually tombac – from the 1980 Summer Olympics

  *   Host nation (Host nation (Soviet Union))

Rank	Nation	Gold	Silver	Bronze	Total
1	Soviet Union (URS)*	80	69	46	195
2	East Germany (GDR)	47	37	42	126
3	Bulgaria (BUL)	8	16	17	41
4	Cuba (CUB)	8	7	5	20
5	Italy (ITA)	8	3	4	15
6	Hungary (HUN)	7	10	15	32
7	Romania (ROU)	6	6	13	25
8	France (FRA)	6	5	3	14
9	Great Britain (GBR)	5	7	9	21
10	Poland (POL)	3	14	15	32
11	Sweden (SWE)	3	3	6	12
12	Finland (FIN)	3	1	4	8
13	Czechoslovakia (TCH)	2	3	9	14
14	Yugoslavia (YUG)	2	3	4	9
15	Australia (AUS)	2	2	5	9
16	Denmark (DEN)	2	1	2	5
17	Brazil (BRA)	2	0	2	4
	Ethiopia (ETH)	2	0	2	4
19	Switzerland (SUI)	2	0	0	2
20	Spain (ESP)	1	3	2	6
21	Austria (AUT)	1	2	1	4
22	Greece (GRE)	1	0	2	3
23	Belgium (BEL)	1	0	0	1
	India (IND)	1	0	0	1
	Zimbabwe (ZIM)	1	0	0	1
26	North Korea (PRK)	0	3	2	5
27	Mongolia (MGL)	0	2	2	4
28	Tanzania (TAN)	0	2	0	2
29	Mexico (MEX)	0	1	3	4
30	Netherlands (NED)	0	1	2	3
31	Ireland (IRL)	0	1	1	2
32	Uganda (UGA)	0	1	0	1
	Venezuela (VEN)	0	1	0	1
34	Jamaica (JAM)	0	0	3	3
35	Guyana (GUY)	0	0	1	1
	Lebanon (LIB)	0	0	1	1
Totals (36 entries)		204	204	223	631

List of participating countries and regions

In the following list, the number in parentheses indicates the number of athletes from each nation that competed in Moscow. Nations in italics competed under the Olympic flag (or, in the cases of New Zealand, Portugal and Spain, under the flags of their respective National Olympic Committees):

Number of athletes sent per nation. The rest of countries have boycotted the games.

See also

• 1980 Summer Paralympics
• 1980 Winter Paralympics
• 1980 Winter Olympics
• Olympic Games celebrated in Russia
  • 1980 Summer Olympics – Moscow
  • 2014 Winter Olympics – Sochi
• Olympic Games with significant boycotts
  • 1976 Summer Olympics – Montreal – African boycott
  • 1980 Summer Olympics – Moscow – United States-led boycott
  • 1984 Summer Olympics – Los Angeles – Soviet-led boycott
• List of IOC country codes
• Use of performance-enhancing drugs in the Olympic Games – 1980 Moscow

Notes

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1980 Summer Olympics.

• "Moscow 1980". Olympics.com. International Olympic Committee.
• Official Report from the Organizing Committee (3 volumes)
• The 1980 Summer Olympics Newsreels – Net-Film Newsreels and Documentary Films Archive (in Russian)
• (in Russian) Theme songs of the 1980 Summer Olympics – lyrics and links to MP3 files

Further reading

• John Goodbody, The Illustrated History of Gymnastics, 1982, ISBN 0-09-143350-9.
• Bill Henry, An Approved History of the Olympic Games, ISBN 0-88284-243-9.
• The Olympic Games, 1984, Lord Killanin and John Rodda, ISBN 0-00-218062-6.
• Stan Greenberg, Whitakers Olympic Almanack, 2004 ISBN 0-7136-6724-9.
• Olympics 1984, produced by Philips International B.V.
• Chronicle of the Olympics, ISBN 0-7894-2312-X.
• Peter Arnold, The Olympic Games, ISBN 0-603-03068-8
• Official British Olympic Association Report of the 1980 Games, published 1981, ISSN 0143-4799