Friendship Games
Friendship Games logo
MottoSport, Friendship, Peace
PurposeFor athletes from countries of the "people's democracy"
and (substitution of the 1984 Summer Olympics unofficially)

The Friendship Games, or Friendship-84 (Russian: Дружба-84, Druzhba-84), was an international multi-sport event held between 2 July and 16 September 1984 in the Soviet Union and eight other socialist states which boycotted the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles.

Although Friendship Games officials denied that the Games were a counter-Olympic event[1][2] to avoid conflicts with the International Olympic Committee,[1][3][4] the competition was often dubbed the Eastern Bloc's "alternative Olympics".[3][5][6][7] Some fifty states took part in the competition. While the boycotting countries were represented by their strongest athletes, other states sent their reserve teams, consisting of athletes who failed to qualify for the games in Los Angeles.[2]

Background

Juan Antonio Samaranch (2000 photograph), President of the IOC, held a conference with the Eastern Bloc countries in May 1984, attempting to change their decision on boycotting the Los Angeles Olympics. Instead, the socialist states used this meeting to discuss details of their own multi-sport event, the Friendship Games. Samaranch's only success was Romania's confirmation that it would not join the boycott.

On 8 May 1984, less than three months before the 1984 Summer Olympics were scheduled to begin, the Soviet Union announced its decision to boycott the Games, citing lack of security for Soviet athletes in Los Angeles.[8] The TASS news agency further accused the United States of trying to "exploit the Games for its political purposes"[9] stating that the "arrogant, hegemonic course of the Washington administration in international relations is at odds with the noble ideals of the Olympic movement".[9] In an article published by the London Evening Standard several hours before the official announcement, Victor Louis – a Soviet journalist writing for the Western press and thought to be used by the Kremlin as an unofficial means of leaking information to the West[10][11] – first informed the world of the USSR's decision to boycott, adding that detailed plans for the "Soviet bloc's alternative games" had already been made. Louis claimed they would "probably be announced at the last minute to throw the American organization into chaos".[11] The article named Bulgaria as the possible host country.[11] On 10 May, Bulgaria became the first Soviet ally to join the boycott,[11] soon followed by East Germany (also 10 May),[12] Mongolia and Vietnam (both 11 May).[13]

Louis wrote another article on 13 May, for the French Le Journal du Dimanche,[10] once again stating that the Soviet Union was contemplating counter-Olympic Games, possibly held in Sofia, the capital of Bulgaria. However, this time he noted that the idea was unlikely, as the Soviets feared that organizing such an event might prompt the International Olympic Committee to exclude the USSR.[10] On the same day, Soviet sports commentator Vsevolod Kuskuskin, during an interview for ABC television program This Week with David Brinkley, said the Eastern Bloc would definitely not organize such games.[10] Also on 13 May, Laos, Czechoslovakia and Afghanistan announced their decision to boycott the Los Angeles games.[10][14]

On 14 May, Marat Gramov, head of the Soviet Olympic Committee, called a press conference to discuss the boycott.[15] During the conference, Gramov assured "Moscow would not support any alternative games staged to compete with the Olympics".[15] On the same day, Poland stated that, while Eastern Bloc officials had vetoed a counter-Olympics idea, the Bloc would instead "sponsor sports events in various nations as a substitute for participation in the Los Angeles games",[15] holding them at a different time than the Olympics.[15]

Hungary became the ninth country to boycott the 1984 Summer Olympics on 16 May, followed by Poland a day later.[16][17]

On 20 May, Olaf Brockmann of Austrian newspaper Die Presse, citing Alexander Ushakov, head trainer of the Soviet decathlon team, said Eastern Bloc countries were hastily arranging a series of sports events.[18] Brockmann named five competitions: two track and field athletics meets, one to be held in Prague, Czechoslovakia, and the other in East Berlin and Potsdam, East Germany; plus fencing, modern pentathlon and boxing events to be held in Poland.[18] Ushakov reportedly said the events would be held either before or after the Olympics, to avoid conflicts with the IOC, which would ban any form of counter-Olympic Games.[18]

Juan Antonio Samaranch, President of the IOC, held a conference with National Olympic Committees of eleven Eastern Bloc countries (eight of the boycotting states – Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Mongolia, Poland, the Soviet Union and Vietnam – plus Cuba, North Korea and Romania)[19] in Prague, Czechoslovakia, starting on 21 May.[20] Samaranch hoped to convince the boycotting states to change their position,[20] but while Romania assured him it would attend the 1984 Summer Olympics,[5][19] the remaining ten countries did not change their stance and even used the meeting to discuss "their own summer games".[5][19] The official announcement was made by Antonin Himl, president of the Czechoslovak Olympic Committee, who appeared on Prague television on 24 May.[5][19] Himl said that, after the Olympic Games ended, various Eastern bloc countries would hold their own sport events in Olympic disciplines.[19] Himl stated that the games' intention would be to "give athletes who have conscientiously prepared for the past four years a possibility to sell their abilities".[19] Thus, the Friendship Games idea was officially proclaimed.

Himl said the games would be held after 12 August (i.e. after the Summer Olympics), and that his country, Czechoslovakia, would host gymnastics, archery, women's handball, and women's track and field athletics.[21] He also gave assurances that the events would be open to all athletes, including those from non-boycotting nations.[21]

Soon after the meeting, Cuba also announced its decision to boycott the 1984 Summer Olympics.[22] By the end of June, North Korea, South Yemen, Ethiopia and Angola announced their decisions to boycott.[23][24][25]

In June, the Soviet Union officials asked Ted Turner and his Turner Broadcasting System to televise the events held in Hungary for American audiences.[7] Turner eventually declined, but assured that his network would give spot coverage to the Games and treat it as any other sporting event.[26]

Participating nations

Hosting nations shown in blue, other participants in green, and countries not competing are gray

Initial estimates placed the number of athletes participating in Soviet event venues at approximately 8,000.[3][27] Later, the number of expected participants was lowered to 2,300, representing 49 countries.[3][28][29] However, not all the expected athletes showed up.[30] The exact number of athletes who took part in events held outside of the Soviet Union is unknown.

While Olympic-boycotting countries were represented by their strongest athletes, other states sent their reserve teams, consisting of athletes who failed to qualify for the 1984 Summer Olympics.[2] Some athletes competed at both the Los Angeles Olympics and the Friendship Games, such as Claudia Losch of West Germany, who won the Olympic gold in the shot put, and the United States' Alice Brown, the Olympic 100m silver medallist: neither Losch nor Brown was able to place in the medals at the Friendship Games.[31] In a 2021 interview, long jumper Joyce Oladapo, who competed for Great Britain at the Friendship Games, said that she had initially been under the impression that the event was to be more along the lines of a regular athletics meeting, and only realised its significance when she arrived at the hotel in Prague where athletes were staying: "Literally anyone who was anyone in the Eastern Bloc was there".[32]

Opening ceremony

Although the Games began on 2 July with table tennis events held in North Korea, the official opening ceremony was held on 18 August in Moscow, soon after the first events hosted by the Soviet Union started.[30][33] The two-hour ceremony held at the Central Lenin Stadium[33] included "girls in white leotards [spinning] red and white beachballs in unison, (...) dozens of children in traditional costumes of the Soviet republics",[33] a "squadron of young performers" which created "a human weaving machine by ducking and turning to mesh their colored banners"[33] and "red-attired teenage girls with silver hula hoops", which spelled the words 'USSR' and 'peace'.[33] The ceremony was described as being "reminiscent of Olympic galas".[33]

As in Olympic opening ceremonies,[33] a torch bearer (Soviet runner and 1980 gold medalist Viktor Markin) carried the flame into the stadium[33] and lit a giant bowl which had been built for the 1980 Moscow Olympics.[30] The torch had been lit from an eternal flame for World War II victims located in the Kremlin.[30]

Teams marched onto the stadium behind flags, but unlike in the Olympics, they were not national teams but sporting organisations, such as Dynamo or Spartak.[30]

Songs performed during the ceremony included a 1918 military march dedicated to the Red Army, "Stadium of My Dreams", written for the 1980 Olympics,[34] and a specially composed song with the chorus "To a sunny peace – yes, yes, yes / To a nuclear blast – no, no, no."[4][30]

General Secretary Konstantin Chernenko did not attend the ceremony[33] as expected,[34] but five Politburo members were present: Dimitri Ustinov, Mikhail Gorbachev, Grigory Romanov, Vitaly Vorotnikov and Viktor Grishin.[33]

Summary

Events were hosted by nine countries (Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, North Korea, Mongolia, Poland, and the Soviet Union) between 2 July and 16 September 1984. With the exception of equestrian jumping, no events were held during the Summer Olympics in Los Angeles (held between 28 July and 12 August).

The Games were contested in 22 Olympic disciplines (all except association football and synchronized swimming), and in non-Olympic table tennis, tennis, and sambo wrestling.

Archery

The Soviet Union won five out of six possible medals.

Uwe Hohn won the gold medal in javelin throw

Athletics

In an interview shortly before the events began, the Soviet team's coach Igor Ter-Ovanesyan said his athletes beat more than ten world records during the preparations for the competition.[34] While the Soviet athletes set no new records during the Games, they still dominated, winning more than a half of the gold medals. The only new world record was set by East German Irina Meszynski in women's discus throw, with 73.36 m.

In an unusual feat, Alberto Juantorena (Cuba) and Ryszard Ostrowski (Poland) both crossed the finish line at exactly the same moment in the men's 800-metre run. After the officials were unable to decide who came first – even after examining a photograph – both were declared winners.[4]

The annual Moscow Marathon was declared to be a Friendship Games event in 1984. This caused a minor controversy, as the United States Marine guards of the American embassy, who usually took part in it, withdrew after learning it would be treated as a Friendship Games competition.[4]

Basketball

The Soviet Union won the men's final against Czechoslovakia 105–70, and Cuba came in third ahead of Poland. The USSR also finished first in the women's event, but since it was a round-robin tournament, there were no semifinals or finals.

Boxing

The host nation, Cuba, fully dominated the event, winning eleven out of twelve gold medals. East German Torsten Schmitz in the welterweight category was the only non-Cuban to win gold. Teófilo Stevenson, three-time consecutive Olympic gold medalist who lost the chance to win his fourth gold when Cuba boycotted the Los Angeles Games, won the super heavyweight category.

Boxing was one of just three disciplines in which the Soviet Union did not win a gold medal, the others being modern pentathlon and table tennis.

Canoeing

Hosts East Germany and the Soviet Union won all twelve gold medals, six apiece.

Cycling

The Schleizer Dreieck in Schleiz, East Germany, usually used as a car or motorcycle race track, served as cycling venue for the individual road race. The event saw participation of top cyclists of the era, including numerous Peace Race veterans such as Uwe Ampler and Uwe Raab.

Diving

Diving was yet another event dominated by East Germans and Soviets. Gold medalists included Aleksandr Portnov and Brita Baldus.

Equestrian

Equestrian events were the only discipline contested at the same time as the 1984 Summer Olympics, as jumping events took place between 6 and 10 August. It was also the only discipline in which West German and Italian athletes won medals.

In individual dressage, Yuri Kovshov won both gold and silver, riding two different horses.

Fencing

Soviet fencers won most of the men's events, while Hungary won both women's events, thanks to Gertrúd Stefanek and Edit Kovács.

Field hockey

The Soviet Union "A" team won the men's tournament, and while the Soviet Union "B" team came in third, fourth-place finishers Zimbabwe were awarded the bronze medal.

A team representing the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan also competed in the men's event, but lost all its matches, including a 0:27 loss to East Germany.

Gymnastics

In artistic gymnastics, Olga Mostepanova achieved perfect "10" scores ten times: four in individual competitions, and six in team events.[35] All fifteen medals in rhythmic gymnastics were won by just four athletes: Bulgarians Anelia Ralenkova and Diliana Gueorguieva, and Soviets Galina Beloglazova and Dalia Kutkaitė.

Handball

East Germany won the men's event, thanks to an 18:17 win over the Soviet Union, while Poland came in third. Péter Kovács of Hungary was the top scorer with 26 goals. The USSR finished first in the women's tournament.

Judo

The Soviet Union again won most of the gold medals. The event was also particularly successful for Poland, which won seven medals.

Modern pentathlon

Hungarian László Fábián won the individual competition, and Hungary also won the team event.

Rowing

The USSR took 11 out of 14 gold medals, while East Germany captured the remaining three.

Sailing

Sailing took place on the Baltic Sea, near Tallinn, Estonian SSR (where the sailing at the 1980 Summer Olympics also took place), with the exception of 470 and Finn classes, which were contested on Lake Balaton in Hungary. Soviets and East Germans won all of the gold medals. Canada and Finland won their only Friendship Games medals.

Shooting

While most disciplines mimicked the Olympic Games in terms of events, women's shooting included non-Olympic competitions, namely the 10 metre air pistol and 50 metre rifle three positions events.

Sylvia Gerasch (1987 photograph), a 15-year-old, set the world record in women's 100 m breaststroke.

Swimming

Five new world records were set during the competition. Sergei Zabolotnov's result of 1:58.41 in men's 200 metre backstroke excited the crowd, as it was some one and a half seconds better than Rick Carey's result during the Olympics.[36] Fifteen-year-old Sylvia Gerasch of East Germany set the world record in women's 100 m breaststroke and was also part of the relay team that beat the 4 × 100 m medley record.[6]

Table tennis

Table tennis, a non-Olympic sport at that time, was the only event hosted by North Korea, which won four out of seven gold medals. Notably, the People's Republic of China, which was at odds with most socialist states following the Sino-Soviet split, took part in the event.

Tennis

Soviet players dominated the singles category, and also won the men's doubles event. The Czechoslovakian women's double team was the only non-Soviet team to win gold.

Volleyball

Not surprisingly, the Soviet team finished first in the men's event, over Cuba and Poland. In the women's tournament, Cuba won the final against the USSR.

Water polo

The Soviet team – composed mostly of the players who won gold during the 1980 Summer Olympics – finished first, while Hungary and Cuba took the second and third spots.

Weightlifting

Dominated by Bulgaria and the Soviet Union, the event saw thirty world records broken,[37] including two in the super heavyweight category, set by Anatoly Pisarenko.

Wrestling

In addition to freestyle and Greco-Roman events, non-Olympic sambo wrestling events were also contested. Sambo was the only event hosted by Mongolia.

Medal table

The following table is based on statistics from the books Na olimpijskim szlaku 1984 and Gwiazdy sportu '84 and does not include sambo results.

RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1 Soviet Union (URS)1268769282
2 East Germany (GDR)504543138
3 Bulgaria (BUL)21252975
4 Cuba (CUB)15111238
5 Hungary (HUN)10172451
6 Poland (POL)7173458
7 North Korea (PRK)551020
8 Czechoslovakia (TCH)2182848
9 China (CHN)2147
10 Ethiopia (ETH)1225
11 West Germany (FRG)1113
12 Italy (ITA)1102
13 Japan (JPN)1001
14 Mongolia (MGL)0257
15 Canada (CAN)0101
16 Venezuela (VEN)0022
17 Finland (FIN)0011
 Sweden (SWE)0011
 Zimbabwe (ZIM)0011
Totals (19 entries)242233266741

Comparisons to the Olympic Games

Marlies Göhr won the women's 100 metre event with 10.95, slightly faster than Evelyn Ashford's winning time of 10.97 at the Olympics.

Media on both sides of the Iron Curtain frequently compared the results of 1984 Summer Olympics and the Friendship Games.[2][38][39][40][41] Over sixty Friendship Games results would have secured medals at the Olympic Games.[2] East Bloc athletes outperformed Olympic winners in 20 of 41 track-and-field events, and eleven of 29 swimming events.[40] Had Li Yuwei, who won the 1984 Olympic gold medal in 50 metre running target shooting, obtained the same score in the Friendship Games, he would have only placed sixth.[42] Indeed, in events such as weightlifting or wrestling, the Friendship Games included almost all of the top athletes of the time.[41] It must also be noted that Eastern bloc countries ran massive state-sponsored doping programs at the time.[43]

However, some journalists noted that such comparisons were unjustified due to differing conditions and equipment. For example, Marlies Göhr's result of 10.95 in women's 100 metre run was slightly better than Evelyn Ashford's winning time of 10.97 at the 1984 Olympics, but when the two met head-to-head a week after the Friendship Games, Ashford was much faster than Göhr and set a new world record.[39][44] Similarly, Eastern Bloc results in track cycling were better than Olympic results, but Friendship Games cyclists competed on an indoor wooden track, while the Olympic events took place on an outdoor concrete track.[2] "It is like saying Carl Lewis was faster than Jesse Owens, Muhammad Ali would have beaten Joe Louis or Secretariat would have outrun Man o' War", Sam Lacy of The Afro-American concluded.[39]

The comparisons also had political significance. While Friendship Games organizers repeatedly assured the press that their event was not an "alternative Olympics",[1][2][45] presumably to avoid punitive IOC measures,[1][3][4] Soviet state-run media often alluded to such comparisons.[4] The TASS agency declared that the Eastern Bloc's games were a "major event in the Olympic year",[27] while the Sovietsky Sport newspaper described the Games as the "main event of the Olympic quadrennium".[45] Marat Gramov, head of the Soviet Olympic Committee, said that the "socialist nations remain faithful to the task of strengthening the unity of the Olympics movement",[45] while describing the Los Angeles Games as full of "chauvinism and mass psychosis".[45]

When asked about the Friendship Games, Monique Berlioux, then director of the IOC, said she had "no reaction whatsoever" to the competition.[3]

Aftermath

In 2006, the Law and Justice party in Poland proposed granting Friendship Games medalists sports retirement benefits similar to those given to Olympic medalists.[46] It was signed into law in 2007.

In 2023, facing international sporting isolation in the wake of its invasion of Ukraine, Russia announced plans to revive the Friendship Games and host its second edition in 2024.[47] In May 2023, Russia announced it would be reviving the event as World Friendship Games, to take place after the 2024 Summer Olympics from 15 - 29 September 2024. Chess is to be included, as well as 26 sports.[48][49]

Venues

EventStarting dateEnding dateVenueLocationCountry
Archery23 August26 AugustPlzeň Czechoslovakia
Athletics
Men's events		17 August18 AugustGrand Arena of the Central Lenin StadiumMoscow Soviet Union
Athletics
Women's events		16 August18 AugustEvžen Rošický StadiumPrague Czechoslovakia
Basketball22 August30 AugustCSKA Sports Palace and Dynamo Sports PalaceMoscow Soviet Union
Boxing18 August24 AugustCiudad DeportivaHavana Cuba
Canoeing21 July22 JulyGrünau, East Berlin East Germany
Cycling
Road events		23 August26 AugustSchleizer DreieckSchleiz and Forst East Germany
Cycling
Track events		18 August22 AugustVelodrome of the Trade Unions Olympic Sports CentreMoscow Soviet Union
Diving16 August19 AugustBudapest Hungary
Equestrian6 August26 AugustKsiąż Landscape Park and the Modern Pentathlon and
Equestrian Centre of the Lubusz Sports Club "Lumel"		Drzonków, Sopot
and Wałbrzych		 Poland
Fencing15 July21 JulyBudapest SportcsarnokBudapest Hungary
Field hockey
Men's event		18 August26 AugustMinor Arena of the Central Dynamo StadiumMoscow Soviet Union
Field hockey
Women's event		28 August30 AugustPoznań Poland
Gymnastics
Artistic gymnastics		20 August26 AugustOlomouc Czechoslovakia
Gymnastics
Rhythmic gymnastics		17 August19 AugustWinter Sports PalaceSofia Bulgaria
Handball
Men's event		17 July21 JulyRostock and Magdeburg East Germany
Handball
Women's event		21 August26 AugustHala na SihotiTrenčín Czechoslovakia
Judo24 August26 AugustMilitary University of Technology Sports HallWarsaw Poland
Modern pentathlon5 September9 SeptemberWarsaw Poland
Rowing24 August26 AugustMan-made Basin at the Trade Unions Olympic Sports CentreMoscow Soviet Union
Sailing
470, Finn classes 		20 August25 AugustLake BalatonLake Balaton Hungary
Sailing
Flying Dutchmen, Soling, Star,
Tornado, Windglider classes 		19 August26 AugustPirita Yachting CentreTallinn Soviet Union
Shooting19 August25 AugustDynamo Shooting RangeMoscow Soviet Union
Swimming19 August25 AugustSwimming Pool at the Olimpiysky Sports ComplexMoscow Soviet Union
Table tennis2 July10 JulyPyongyang North Korea
Tennis20 August26 AugustBaildon Katowice courtsKatowice Poland
Volleyball
Men's event		18 August26 AugustCiudad DeportivaHavana Cuba
Volleyball
Women's event		8 July15 JulyVarna Bulgaria
Water polo19 August26 AugustCiudad DeportivaHavana Cuba
Weightlifting12 September16 SeptemberPalace of Culture and SportsVarna Bulgaria
Wrestling
Freestyle		20 August22 AugustWinter Sports PalaceSofia Bulgaria
Wrestling
Greco-Roman		13 July15 JulyBudapest SportcsarnokBudapest Hungary
Wrestling
Sambo		1 September2 SeptemberUlan Bator Mongolia

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Eastern-bloc athletes exceed 10 golden efforts". The Miami News. 17 August 1984.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Friendship Games show what might have been at LA". The Sydney Morning Herald. 28 August 1984.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Lowitt, Bruce (14 August 1984). "Generic competition". The Times-News. Hendersonville, North Carolina.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Eaton, William (19 August 1984). "Peace dominating message at Friendship Games opening". The Daily Courier.
  5. 1 2 3 4 "Eastern Bloc calls for alternative Olympics". Lodi News-Sentinel. 25 May 1984.
  6. 1 2 "Soviet officials shy from comparing Olympic, Friendship games". Ottawa Citizen. 24 August 1984.
  7. 1 2 "Will Turner televise Soviet bloc games?". Eugene Register-Guard. 7 July 1984.
  8. ↑ "Soviet pullout rocks Games". The Montreal Gazette. 9 May 1984.
  9. 1 2 "Alternate Games Would Repudiate Charter". The Palm Beach Post. 10 May 1984.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Lowitt, Bruce (14 May 1984). "Afghanistan Joins Boycott (part 1)". The Victoria Advocate. Lowitt, Bruce (14 May 1984). "Afghanistan Joins Boycott (part 2)". The Victoria Advocate. Archived from the original on 3 March 2020. Retrieved 20 September 2016.
  11. 1 2 3 4 "Bulgaria pulls out, Reagan intervenes". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 10 May 1984.
  12. ↑ "East Germany withdraws from Summer Games". The Evening Independent. St. Petersburg, Florida. 10 May 1984.
  13. ↑ "Vietnam, Mongolia join Games bailout". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 12 May 1984.
  14. ↑ Joyce, Dick (13 May 1984). "Czechoslovakia, Laos join the list". Anchorage Daily News.
  15. 1 2 3 4 "Soviets, slamming Olympics door, charge US plot". The Christian Science Monitor. 15 May 1984.
  16. ↑ "Hungary joins Soviet boycott". Lodi News-Sentinel. 16 May 1984.
  17. ↑ Barnard, William R. (17 May 1984). "Poland 10th to join Olympic boycott". The Deseret News.
  18. 1 2 3 "Soviet Bloc Discussing Own Games". Ocala Star-Banner. 20 May 1984.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Communist nations plan own games". Mohave Daily Miner. 25 May 1984.
  20. 1 2 "Communist leaders confer on Olympics". The Tuscaloosa News. 21 May 1984.
  21. 1 2 "Boycott nations will stage own games". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 25 May 1984.
  22. ↑ Maxwell, Evan (24 May 1984). "Cuba Joins Olympic Boycott". The Los Angeles Times.
  23. ↑ "Marxist South Yemen Becomes 12th Country to Drop Out of L.A. Games". The Los Angeles Times. 27 May 1984.
  24. ↑ "Ethiopia, North Korea join Olympic boycott". The Times-News. Hendersonville, North Carolina. 2 June 1984.
  25. ↑ Reich, Kenneth (27 June 1984). "Angola Becomes 15th Nation to Join Olympic Boycott". The Los Angeles Times.
  26. ↑ "Sports People; Turner Backs Off". The New York Times. 7 July 1984.
  27. 1 2 "Moscow to stage games". The Sydney Morning Herald. 10 August 1984.
  28. ↑ "Good times are in order at the Friendship Games". The Deseret News. 18 August 1984.
  29. ↑ "Infosport ("1984" section)". Archived from the original on 26 October 2009. Retrieved 29 June 2010.
  30. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Schmemann, Serge (19 August 1984). "Friendship Games open with a Soviet challenge". The Sydney Morning Herald.
  31. ↑ Powers, John (18 August 1984). "Undermining Olympic Gold". The Boston Globe. ISSN 0743-1791. ProQuest 294271999. Retrieved 6 November 2021 – via ProQuest.
  32. ↑ Henson, Mike (18 October 2021). "Friendship Games 1984: When Great Britain took part in the 'Iron Curtain Olympics'". bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  33. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Friendship Games open with pomp". The Spokesman-Review. Spokane. 19 August 1984.
  34. 1 2 3 "Games open but just who is coming?". The Spokesman-Review. 17 August 1984.
  35. ↑ Chmielewski (1987), p. 169
  36. ↑ Chmielewski (1987), p. 173
  37. ↑ Chmielewski (1987), p. 186
  38. ↑ "Olympic vs. Friendship Games comparison". The Deseret News. 18 August 1984.
  39. 1 2 3 Lacy, Sam (1 September 1984). "For what it means: Olympic vs. Friendship". The Afro-American.
  40. 1 2 Henry III, William A.; Cazeneuve, Brian; Donnelly, Sally B. (19 September 1988). "Olympics: Colliding Myths After a Dozen Years". Time. Archived from the original on 11 November 2007.
  41. 1 2 Chmielewski (1987), p. 151
  42. ↑ Chmielewski (1987), p. 183
  43. ↑ Ruiz, Rebecca R. (13 August 2016). "The Soviet Doping Plan: Document Reveals Illicit Approach to '84 Olympics". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
  44. ↑ Hollobaugh, Jeff (14 September 1998). "Szabo is in the money ("No. 94" section)". ESPN.com. Retrieved 29 June 2010.
  45. 1 2 3 4 "Russians Host Their Own '84 Games". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. 12 August 1984.
  46. ↑ "Projekt ustawy o zmianie ustawy o sporcie kwalifikowanym" (in Polish). Law and Justice party. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 29 June 2010.
  47. ↑ History repeats itself as Russia reveals plans to launch World Friendship Games in 2024
  48. ↑ "Russia to launch Friendship Games after 40-year gap, sports minister says". www.reuters.com. Reuters. 4 May 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
  49. ↑ "Chess Included into World Friendship Games 2024 Programme". ruchess.ru. Chess Federation of Russia. Retrieved 16 September 2023.

Further reading

  • Druzhba-84 (in Russian). Moscow: Fizkultura i sport. 1985.
  • Yearbook of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (in Russian). Moscow: Sovetskaya Enciklopediya. 1985. pp. 549–555.
  • Panorama of the 1984 Sports Year (in Russian). Moscow: Fizkultura i sport. 1985. pp. 72–98.
  • Chmielewski, Zbigniew; et al. (1987). Na olimpijskim szlaku 1984. Sarajewo, Los Angeles (in Polish). Warsaw: Sport i Turystyka. ISBN 83-217-2610-0.
  • Trzciński, Tomasz; et al. (1985). Gwiazdy sportu '84 (in Polish). Warsaw: Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza. ISBN 83-03-01177-4.
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