2008 Tibetan unrest
Tibetan monks in Chinese custody, April 2008
Location
Caused byAlleged mistreatment of Tibetans by the Chinese government
Parties

Han and Hui communities
Tibetan demonstrators
Casualties
Death(s)400 killed (Tibetan sources)

The 2008 Tibetan unrest, also referred to as the 2008 Tibetan uprising in Tibetan media,[1] was a series of protests and demonstrations over the Chinese government's treatment and persecution of Tibetans. Protests in Lhasa, the capital of Tibet, by monks and nuns on 10 March have been viewed as the start of the demonstrations. Numerous peaceful protests and demonstrations were held to commemorate the 49th anniversary of the 1959 Tibetan Uprising Day, when the 14th Dalai Lama escaped from Tibet.[2] The protests and demonstrations spread spontaneously to a number of monasteries and throughout the Tibetan plateau, including into counties located outside the designated Tibet Autonomous Region.[1] The arrest of monks at Labrang Monastery increased the tension of the situation. Violence began when Chinese police and People's Liberation Army units used force on non-violent protests by monks and nuns, and spread when protesting Tibetans later clashed with security forces. Clashes also occurred between Tibetans and Chinese Han and Hui residents, resulting in Han and Hui stores and buildings being destroyed and numerous Chinese civilians being injured or killed.[3][4][5][6]

The use of force by Chinese police and military forces during the demonstrations has been controversial, with some deeming it excessive force. The demonstrations in Lhasa were met with electric prods, tear gas, and shootings,[7] according to a report by Human Rights Watch on the use of force by Chinese forces.[8][3][9] The International Campaign for Tibet estimates a total of 235 protests occurred from 10 March until the end of October 2009.[10] The Chinese government's Xinhua News Agency estimated that 150 protests occurred between 10 March and 25 March.[11][10] A casualty estimate according to the Chinese government stated 23 people were killed during the riots themselves, the Central Tibetan Administration stated 203 were killed in the aftermath alone,[12] and the Dalai Lama stated 400 Tibetans were killed in total. Foreign journalists were expelled or forced to leave during the uprising anniversary. Amnesty International reported 1,000 Tibetan protestors remained "unaccounted for" by June 2008,[13] while the Central Tibetan Administration reported 5,600 arrests of Tibetans between March 2008 and January 2009, with 1,294 injuries within the same period.

Protests supporting Tibetans were held in cities in North America and Europe,[14] as well as in Beijing, Australia,[15] India,[16] and Nepal.[17] Many of the international protests also called for a boycott of the Beijing Olympics. On 24 March, the torch lighting ceremony in Greece was disrupted by activists, including some from Reporters Without Borders. At Chinese embassies, protests ranged from pelting the embassies with eggs and rocks[18] to protestors entering the premises and raising Tibetan flags, which was outlawed in Tibet by the Chinese government in 1959.[19][20][21][22]

Protesters in Tibet that were arrested and detained claimed they were tortured and told to admit they were paid to protest by the 14th Dalai Lama.[8] The Chinese government stated the unrest was motivated by separatism and blamed the Dalai Lama for orchestrating it.[23] The Dalai Lama denied the accusation and said that the situation was caused by "deep seated disillusionment and despair" in Tibet, and invited Chinese officials to come to India with its evidence.[24] Representatives of the Chinese government and the Dalai Lama held talks on China's Tibet policies on 4 May and 1 July of the same year.[25][26]

Background

Orange refers to Tibet's original land boundaries, subdivided into provinces by China and designated as Tibetan (and other ethnic minorities) autonomous areas.

The protests erupted amidst growing frustrations with China's persecution of Tibetans and of Tibetan Buddhists,[27][28] which Tibetans assert began after China's annexation in 1951. Unresolved situations remained regarding Tibet's three highest spiritual leaders - the 14th Dalai Lama and the 17th Gyalwang Karmapa both escaped to India, while the 11th Panchen Lama's location remains unknown since his 1995 forced disappearance by the Chinese government. Photographs of the Dalai Lama remain outlawed,[29] as are Tibetan flags. Efforts at brokering agreements on behalf of Tibetans by the Dalai Lama with China had stalled.[30]

The protests and uprisings in Tibet since 1950 include earlier mass protests in Lhasa—the 1959 Tibetan uprising, and the 1987 protests which were likewise led by monks from Sera monastery, Drepung monastery and Ganden monastery.[31][32]

Of the 1989 bloody suppression in Lhasa, journalist Jim Yardley wrote:

"In the past China has not hesitated to crush major protests in Tibet or to jail disobedient monks. [Former] President Hu Jintao, who [was] also the general secretary of the Communist Party, served as party boss in Tibet during a violent crackdown in 1989. His support for the bloody suppression of unrest that year earned him the good will of Deng Xiaoping, then the paramount leader, and led directly to his elevation to the Politburo Standing Committee and eventually to China’s top leadership posts."[33]

The Dalai Lama and the Central Tibetan Administration (CTA) proposed the Middle Way Approach to address the government of China's policies in Tibet. Specific agreements offered to China include the Five Point Peace Plan in 1987, the Strasbourg proposal in 1988, and the Memorandum on Genuine Autonomy in 2008.[34]

Tibetan loyalty to the Dalai Lama is considered disloyalty to the Chinese Communist Party (CCP),[35][9][27] and is viewed by the Chinese government as a crime of separatism and a threat to China's national security and expansionism. Kelsang Dolma wrote, "when the 2008 Tibet protests erupted, fomented by discontent with decades-long repression, the CCP ruthlessly responded by killing and arbitrarily arresting protesters".[28]

As a policy begun by Chairman Mao in 1950, Beijing promotes settlements of Han Chinese within Tibet, which dilute Tibetan culture and identity, as the Dalai Lama and others have stated.[36][37] The CTA also states, "[u]nder the guise of the economic and social development, Beijing encourages its population to migrate to Tibet with the clear aim to marginalize Tibetans from the economic, educational, political and social life of the region." [38] A railway link opened in 2006 delivers three thousand Han a day to the region. Within Lhasa, Tsering Woeser reports that Tibetans are discriminated against at spiritual sites, and residents were relocated to rural areas, as urban areas were redeveloped for Han residents and businesses.[39][40][38] Nomadic Tibetans are forced to build homes and borrow money for construction costs,[41][29] while their grazing lands are redistributed, as reported by Free Tibet.[42]

China's policies which the Dalai Lama describes as "cultural genocide"[43] marginalize Tibetans and create simmering socio-economic issues in Lhasa.[44]

According to the Tibetan Independence Movement, Tibetans in Lhasa were angered by inflation that caused the prices of food and consumer goods to increase.[45] Prices also continued to rise in other parts of the country,[46] while Tibetan youth stated that equal access to jobs and education is another economic issue related to the mass settling of Han Chinese.[47]

According to the Central Tibetan Administration, environmental concerns also motivated the protests.[27] Some of Asia's most important rivers flow from the Tibetan plateau, and "are being polluted and diminished by careless industrialisation and unplanned irrigation" as stated by the Dalai Lama.[36]

Protests in Tibet

Lhasa

On 10 March near midday, a group of 300–400 monks from Drepung monastery marched to Lhasa's center demanding religious freedom according to a report by the Human Rights Watch.[9] According to eyewitnesses in the report, a sitting protest began after Chinese police blocked their route.[9] According to witness accounts in the report, monks were kicked and beaten with batons and 60 monks were arrested that day.[9] Journalist Barbara Demick's account of the demonstrations did not mention any violence occurring that day, however.[48]

The next day on 11 March as 300–400 monks from Sera monastery departed in a line to demand the release of the arrested Sera monks. An eyewitness told the BBC that around 300 monks from Sera monastery moved onto the street and were kicked and beat by 10 to 15 plainclothes Chinese police officers in what he described as "gratuitous violence".[49] Outside the monastery, the monks began a sitting protest and were surrounded by riot police and armed military units. Radio Free Asia reported that an eyewitness saw tear gas being fired into the crowd.[9][50] The Human Rights Watch report stated hundreds of monks and nuns from Ganden Monastery and Mani Nunnery also began marching into Lhasa on 11 March.[9] According to the report, participants claimed that they were stopped by police and returned to their monastic centers, which were promptly cordoned off.[9]

On 14 March, a group of monks preparing to depart from Ramoche Temple in the center of Lhasa to demand the release of monks from Drepung and Sera were barred from leaving by police. They began throwing stones at the police, some of which were hard enough to break their shields. As the police withdrew, the enraged crowd began targeting ethnic Chinese passersby.[48] According to the Toronto Star, businesses that had Chinese markings were targeted to be burned, smashed or looted.[51] Fires were spread to buildings, and Han and Hui Chinese people were beaten,[52] while a building's fire killed four Han women and a Tibetan woman hiding in same building.[53]

When Chinese police and military units reentered Lhasa on 14 March, reports state tear gas canisters were launched and shootings began. Amnesty International reports that machine guns were used.[54] State hospitals were reported by Human Rights Watch as closed to protestors by Chinese authorities, and reports of wounded and killed Tibetans were suppressed.[9]

Police cars, fire engines and other official vehicles were reportedly set on fire. Reports state Tibetans attacked Han and Hui passerby using stones, and an eyewitness stated from their hotel window, "It seems like it's ethnic—like they want to kill anyone not Tibetan." The witness also said he saw a group of 20 armed men firing guns, and that he was unsure if they were police officers or armed rioters.[55] Chinese state media reported non-Tibetan-owned businesses and banks were robbed and houses were attacked and burned down, including government buildings and schools. Police used tear gas and cattle prods. According to Chinese state media, 18 civilians were killed by rioters.[56]

A crowd tried to storm the Lhasa Great Mosque and set fire to the front gate. Shops and restaurants in the Muslim quarter were destroyed.[52] A Chinese businessman reported that many Hui Muslim stores were burnt. Also burnt were stationery shops, banks, and a wholesale market at Tsomtsikhang, where many shops are owned by Han Chinese and Hui Muslims.[5]

Throughout Lhasa, raids, security sweeps and arrests by Chinese security forces reportedly continued for several days. Tsondru, a monk, is reported to have died after being thrown off a roof while under arrest by Chinese security forces. An early official statement by Tibet Autonomous Region Chairman Pema Trinley reported, "Only three law-breakers died during the pacification of the Lhasa unrest, no participation from the PLA" was revised to add that another person "jumped from a building" to avoid arrest.[57]

Amdo/Gansu

Gansu Province

On 14 March, 200 Labrang Monastery monks led a crowd of 300 people in demonstrations outside of their monastery in Gansu.[58] The Guardian reported witness accounts of security vehicles being set on fire and Tibetan mob violence.[58]

On 15 March, 4,000 Tibetans gathered near the Labrang Monastery and clashed with Chinese forces.[59][60] The clashes centered around the Gelug school's Labrang monastery, one of the largest Buddhist monasteries in Tibet.[60] Demonstrators marched through the streets of Xiahe.[61] There were reports of government offices being damaged by the protesters, as well as reports of police using tear gas and shooting at protesters.[60]

In Lanzhou on 16 March, 100 students participated in a sitting protest.[62]

In Machu on 16 March, rioters set a government building on fire, while clashes continued on 18 March.

In Hezou on 19 March, footage emerged showing protestors tearing Chinese flags and raising Tibetan flags in their place.[63]

China's Xinhua News Agency reported the cost of damage in Gansu at an estimated ¥230 million (US$32.7 million).[64]

The Tibetan government-in-exile stated that 19 Tibetans were shot and killed on 18 March.[65]

Amdo/Qinghai

Qinghai Province

Chinese authorities arrested twelve Tibetan monks after an incident in the historic region of Rebkong, which is located in the Huangnan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Qinghai (known to Tibetans as Amdo).[61] Chinese security forces surrounded the Ditsa monastery in Bayan County.[61] Qinghai province borders the Tibet Autonomous Region.

On 19 March, Chinese forces cordoned off the village of Taktser, where the 14th Dalai Lama was born.[62]

In Tongren, demonstrations occurred at the Rongwo Monastery between 14 and 16 March.

In the capital city of Xining, a journalist with Neue Zürcher Zeitung reported that residents were receiving intimidating calls from the Public Security Bureau. A call received by a Tibetan professor was reported as having said "Take good care of yourself" in a threatening manner.[66]

During special classes for students in the region, videos of Tibetan demonstrators demolishing stores and attacking police were shown. The sessions have been deemed propaganda by some. Tibetan students at the Medical University of Xining held demonstrations to express their solidarity with the protestors, as well as a vigil for killed protestors in Lhasa.[66]

Passports belonging to Tibetans were confiscated to prevent returns to India and the delivery of reports on events to Tibetan exiles. Tourists and foreign residents were surveilled and informed about their possible expulsion in case they got involved in Tibetan protests.[66]

Kham & Amdo/Sichuan

Sichuan Province

On 16 March, Tibetan monks and local residents clashed with police in Ngawa after monks held a protest at the traditional Tibetan grounds of Kham and Amdo. A witness told the BBC that approximately 17 Tibetans were killed, including a school girl. By 18 March, the town was "teeming with police and soldiers".[5]

The India-based Tibetan Centre for Human Rights and Democracy reported that at least seven people were shot.[67] There are other reports that police shot between 13 and 30 protesters after a police station was set on fire, reports of at least one policeman being killed, and the burning three or four police vans. Reports on the exact number of deaths were difficult due to the expulsion of journalists.[68] The Chinese government stated that it opened fire on protestors in self defense on 20 March, reporting that four were wounded.[62][69]

In Ngawa Town, after days of protests by 3,000 monks and 300 nuns, 27 of the nuns at the Kirti monasteries and nunneries were arrested by Chinese police forces on 20 March. Photographs of killed protestors near Kirti were circulated.[62]

Neue Zürcher Zeitung reported that phone calls into the region from Zurich were intercepted, and exiled Tibetans were harassed during the calls. The arrested nuns were not heard from afterwards. During a telephone call, a nun stated she and the other nuns had no regrets, and that "the road of liberty is long and arduous".[70]

A wave of arrests occurred in Sertar on 21 March, where police shot and killed a protestor. Chinese army troops blocked roads in Sertar, and many Tibetans were arrested. The London-based Free Tibet Campaign reported that troops had been sent to the county after residents used explosives to destroy a bridge near the village of Gudu.[71][70]

Radio Free Asia reported demonstrations in Kardze on 23 April, and on 11–12 May when 14 of the nuns demanding the release of two arrested in April were beaten and detained. The report states nuns were from nearby nunneries, and armed Chinese forces continued to patrol the area.[72] Other protests were held in Chori.

The TCHRD reported that three people were killed by Chinese forces on 15–16 March.

The BBC reported that around 16 March, 600 monks from Lhasa were flown to Chengdu by Chinese security forces.[62]

Chinese and Dalai Lama responses

CNN Beijing reported Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao "blamed supporters" of the Dalai Lama for the recent violence in Tibet. During a televised news conference, he claimed, "there is ample fact and we also have plenty of evidence proving that this incident was organised, premeditated, masterminded and incited" by them.[73] A spokesman for the 14th Dalai Lama said the accusations were "absolutely baseless".[33]

Contrastingly, Tibetan news website Phayul reported the protests were spontaneous and not orchestrated by the Dalai Lama. It claimed the younger generation of Tibetans were impatient with the Middle Way diplomatic approach and chose action instead.[43]

The Dalai Lama said pacifism is the only path to stop the "ethnic genocide", caused by migrating Han Chinese and by religious restrictions.[43] The Dalai Lama has also stated that Tibetans are treated by China as second-class citizens in their own land,[73] which has caused simmering resentment, and has repeatedly denied any involvement in organizing or inciting the unrest,[74] and proposed to resign as the political leader if the violence continued.[43]

A reporter for The Economist, James Miles, when asked in an interview if the Dalai Lama was responsible for the riots, responded that he "didn't see any evidence of any organized activity", opining that "it's more likely that what we saw was inspired by a general desire of Tibetans both inside Tibet and among the Dalai Lama's followers, to take advantage of this Olympic year, but also inspired simply by all these festering grievances on the ground in Lhasa."[75] He noted in another report that the rioting "seemed to be primarily an eruption of ethnic hatred".[46]

On April 1, rhetoric increased when the Chinese Public Security Ministry alleged that Tibet's supporters were planning suicide attacks, but provided no evidence or details. Samdhong Rinpoche, prime minister of the Tibetan government-in-exile, denied these allegations, stating "Tibetan exiles are one-hundred-percent committed to nonviolence. There is no question of suicide attacks. But we fear that Chinese might masquerade as Tibetans and plan such attacks to give bad publicity to Tibetans".[76]

On 14 April, Chinese forces claimed that they had found semi-automatic firearms hidden throughout a temple in Ngawa.[77][78] Chinese police officers told Chinese reporters, "they were modified semi-automatic weapons."[77]

Riot actions

China responded by deploying the People's Armed Police. The BBC reported seeing over 400 troop carriers mobilizing into Tibet,[79] which would represent a deployment of up to 4,000 troops. The Chinese authorities ordered all Hong Kong and foreign journalists to leave Lhasa.[80] According to General Yang Deping, regular military troops from the People's Liberation Army were not deployed.[81]

Chinese authorities were also reportedly concerned that the Tibetan protests could "embolden activists in restive Xinjiang province" to organise street protests as well.[61] The Chinese government's People's Daily reported a statement by Gyaincain Norbu, which condemned the unrest, stating

"the rioters' acts not only harmed the interests of the nation and the people, but also violated the aim of Buddhism [...] We strongly condemn the crime of a tiny number of people to hurt the lives and properties of the people."[82]

In addition to sealing off monasteries, an eyewitness at Sera Monastery claimed, "they [Chinese authorities] were grabbing monks, kicking and beating them."[83] In Ngawa, police fired at the crowd after protestors reportedly burned down government buildings including the local police station, destroyed vehicles including police vehicles, stabbed police officers with swords, and attempted to take firearms from the police, during which the police fired warning shots to no avail.[69] The government stated that the police acted in self-defense. According to the Chinese government, four protesters were wounded, and 18 civilians, along with a police officer, were killed. The Tibetan government-in-exile claimed there were at least 99 deaths across the region.[84]

PRC and Dalai Lama dialogues

On March 19, Premier Wen Jiabao condemned the Dalai Lama's alleged role in the riot, but said the possibility for a dialogue remained open if he renounced Tibetan independence, and if he "recognizes Tibet and Taiwan as inalienable parts of the Chinese territory".[85][86] The Dalai Lama has repeatedly stated he seeks autonomy, not independence, citing the need for Tibet to develop as a modern nation.

On May 4, two representatives of the PRC government, Zhu Weiqun and Sitar met with two representatives of the Dalai Lama, Lodi Gyari and Kelsang Gyaltsen, in the southern Chinese city of Shenzhen. The two sides exchanged views and agreed that a further round of talks should be held at an appropriate time.[87]

Plans for the meeting had been announced by the Xinhua News Agency on April 25,[88] and was confirmed by the Dalai Lama's spokesman.[89]

This was the first high-level dialogue between the Dalai Lama's representatives and the PRC government since the March unrest, and was the continuation of a series of talks between the Chinese government and the Dalai Lama's representatives, including his immediate family and close aides.[90][91]

A second meeting was scheduled for June 11. However, due to the 2008 Sichuan earthquakes, the two sides agreed to postpone the meeting.[92] The second meeting was held on July 1.[26]

Casualties and fatalities

Reports of casualties,[93] deaths and machine gun fire[94] from independent news sources contradicted reports from Chinese government sources.

China's state media Xinhua News Agency reported on early Saturday, 15 March, that 10 people had been burned to death by Tibetans, including two hotel employees and two shop owners.[95] It also reported that the victims were all innocent civilians[96] and that most of them were business people.[97] The state-run People's Daily reported on 21 March that, according to the Tibet regional government, 18 civilians and 1 police officer had been confirmed dead in the unrest by the night of Friday, 14 March. It also reported the number of injured civilians rose to 382 from 325, 58 of whom were critically wounded. 241 police officers were injured, 23 of whom were critically wounded.[98]

On 17 March, Tibet Autonomous Region governor Champa Phuntsok announced that 16 had been confirmed dead over the weekend's violence and dozens injured.[99] Other sources published after the same press conference indicate that China put the death toll in Lhasa at 13.[100][101] The Associated Press later reported that the Chinese government's official death toll from the previous week's rioting in Lhasa had risen to 22.[102] Accordingly, the death toll reported by Xinhua had risen to 19.[103]

The 14th Dalai Lama said China was causing a cultural genocide in Tibet, and the Central Tibetan Administration reported by 16 March to have confirmed at least 80 deaths of Tibetans,[104] then increased the death count by Chinese forces to more than 140 people, as reported on 5 April.[105] The Central Tibetan Administration's number of Tibetans killed since increased to 220, including subsequent deaths through to January 2009.

A month after the unrest began on 10 March, the Dalai Lama stated that since the beginning of the demonstrations in Tibet at least 400 people had been killed, and thousands of others arrested.[106]

Foreign tourists and Chinese eyewitnesses in Lhasa said "they saw and heard repeated gunfire there on Friday", 14 March.[93] Although Phuntsok claimed that Chinese police did not fire their guns or use anti-personnel weapons against the Tibetan protesters, additional reports from BBC, Central Tibetan Administration, Tibetan Review, Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International contradict Puncog's claim and state "indiscriminate shootings" by Chinese forces occurred, and that leaked evidence of machine gun use has been documented.[8][107][108][54] Puncog also states Tibetans wounded 61 police officers, including six seriously,[109] and reported that 13 civilians had been killed.[110] According to reporter James Miles, the police fatalities included both Tibetans and the Han Chinese.

A blockade by China of monasteries was reported by an Indian newspaper and Phayul, a news source affiliated with Central Tibetan Administration. The police had blocked off water, electricity, food and health facilities in Sera Monastery, Drepung monastery, Ganden monastery and at other monasteries active in the demonstrations. As a consequence, monks were suffering starvation, and on 25 March one monk died from starvation at Ramoche Temple.[111][112][113]

On 28 March, the International Herald Tribune reported 5 female retail workers had been burned alive when Tibetan rioters set fire to the Yishion clothing store where they worked. The article noted one of them was Tibetan.[114]

In October 2009, four Tibetans were executed in connection with their involvement with the unrest.[115] According to the Tibetan Centre for Human Rights and Democracy, "the executions were not announced by the Chinese news media, and a woman who answered the phone at the Lhasa Municipal Intermediate People’s Court hung up when asked to confirm the accounts provided by the exile group.

Arrests and disappearances

Tibetans arrested by Chinese authorities. The signs list their crime and their name.

The BBC, sourcing information from a Human Rights Watch report, reported that "witnesses recounted that monks who initially tried to go through the police lines were thrown to the ground, kicked, and taken away."[8][9] The arrest of 15 monks from Sera Monastery was confirmed by state-run China Tibet News, which added 13 of the monks were prosecuted. The Human Rights Watch report stated that "up to 60 monks were arrested" on 10 March in Lhasa.[9]

The first non-monastic Tibetans were reportedly arrested in Barkhor Square on 11 March.[5]

In Aba Town, Free Tibet reported on 21 March that dozens of nuns from Mani Nunnery were arrested, while many more Tibetans in the area were reported as missing.[42]

Another report on the Kardze area from Radio Free Asia in May 2008 states at least 200 people were detained after 24 March, while 7 nuns were sentenced to prison and 107 nuns were detained.[72] The Tibetan Centre for Human Rights and Democracy reported that three nuns from Dragkar Nunnery detained in Kardze were tortured, reportedly leading to the death and disappearance of one of the nuns.[116]

During a Chinese state sponsored tour for journalists on 7 April, two monks at Labrang Monastery that spoke out to reporters have since disappeared.[117]

Amnesty International reported in June 2008 that over 1,000 Tibetan protesters detained by Chinese authorities were "unaccounted for",[118] while more than 1,000 monks, nuns, students and citizens had disappeared by 2008.[117][116] Another report from Amnesty International stated 5,600 Tibetans were arrested through to January 2009.[54]

By 5 April, the Tibetan Centre for Human Rights and Democracy reported that the Chinese authorities had arrested over 2,300 Tibetans from various parts of Tibet,[119] and claimed that "Tibetans are sometimes secretly killed in detention".[120]

The TCHRD also reported that a 38-year-old Tibetan woman, who was involved in peaceful protests on 16 and 17 March in Ngaba County, died after reportedly being tortured in a Chinese prison. Following her release, the government hospital had reportedly refused to admit her.[121]

According to a 10 October 2009 report by the U.S. Congressional-Executive Commission on China, at least 670 Tibetans had been imprisoned in 2009 for activities that included peaceful protest or leaking information to the outside world.[115][122]

On 7 November, the state-run Lhasa Evening News reported a retired doctor was sentenced in Lhasa to 15 years imprisonment on espionage charges for passing information to the Central Tibetan Administration. The sentencing corresponds to the PRC's concealment of hospital records, as Human Rights Watch reported.

Media coverage

Protest in San Francisco

During the protests and demonstrations, Chinese authorities prohibited foreign and Hong Kong media from entering Tibet and expelled those already there.[123][124] Two German reporters, Georg Blume of Die Zeit and Kristin Kupfer of Profil, left Tibet on March 18 due to pressure from the authorities, and James Miles, a correspondent from The Economist, said that China "insisted however that when my permit did expire on the 19th that I had to leave. I asked for an extension and they said decisively no."[125][126] Domestic Chinese media initially downplayed the riots, but this changed relatively quickly as they began to focus on the violence against Han citizens.[127] There was speculation that the violence would affect attendance at the 2008 Olympic Games,[128] particularly amid pressure for leaders to boycott the games,[129] but the calls for boycott went largely unheeded.[130][131]

Tania Branigan of The Guardian reported the Chinese government blocked foreign broadcasters and websites, and denied journalists access to protest areas. Websites such as YouTube, The Guardian website, portions of the Yahoo! portal, and sections of The Times website had been restricted.[132]

The Chinese media accused Western media of reporting with inaccuracy and little independent cross-checking. The Chinese state-run newspaper China Daily claiming Western media deliberately misrepresented the situation. The newspaper stated that The Washington Post used pictures of baton-wielding Nepalese police in clashes with Tibetan protesters in Kathmandu, claiming that the officers were Chinese. The article stated that Chinese citizens had been angered by what they saw as biased and sometimes dishonest reporting by Western media.[133] There was also criticism of CNN's use of a cropped picture that shows only the military truck but not rioters who were attacking it. John Vause, who reported this story, responded to the criticism saying, "technically it was impossible to include the crashed car on the left".[134] The CNN image was later replaced with one that was cropped differently. On 24 March, the German TV news channel RTL Television disclosed that a photograph depicting rioters had been erroneously captioned. Separately, another German station, n-tv, admitted that it had mistakenly aired footage from Nepal during a story on Chinese riots.[135] The Agence France-Presse reported that Chinese students abroad had set up the website Anti-CNN to collect evidence of "one-sided and untrue" foreign reporting. Media accused of falsified reporting include CNN, Fox News, The Times, Sky News, Der Spiegel, and the BBC. Der Spiegel has rejected the accusations in an article.[136][137] According to The New York Times, CNN apologized on May 18 over some comments made on April 9.[138]

Riots against non-Tibetans began on Friday, 14 March. Chinese TV channels aired hours of anti-Chinese riots in Lhasa and the aftermath. Employees at the state television service CCTV's English service were instructed to keep broadcasting footage of burned-out shops and Chinese wounded in attacks. As of 18 March, no footage of demonstrators acting peacefully was shown.[139] China's Communist Party newspaper, the People's Daily, called on the government to "resolutely crush the 'Tibet independence' forces' conspiracy and sabotaging activities".[102][140] The People's Daily also accused the Dalai Lama and the Central Tibetan Administration of orchestrating the protests in its commentary.[102] Yahoo! China published "most wanted" posters across its homepage to assist Chinese police in apprehending protestors; 24 Tibetans are believed to have been arrested as a result.[141]

On 17 March, the Toronto Star reported the accounts of various Canadian witnesses who were caught up in the violence.[51] One Canadian witnessed an attack by a mob on a motorcyclist, others recounted how the violence of the riots forced them to escape with help from taxi drivers and guides, and another described how they intervened to save a Han Chinese man from a mob.[6]

Foreign reporter group

After expelling foreign journalists, the Chinese government selected a group of foreign journalists which were given restricted access to the region.[142][143] The Agence France-Presse and Deutsche Welle reported on the decision by the Chinese government, which allowed a small group of reporters to tour Tibet. The journalists allowed to tour Tibet included those from The Wall Street Journal, USA Today, Financial Times, Kyodo News Agency, the Korean Broadcasting System, Al-Jazeera, and the Associated Press.[144] The journalists were kept under close control while in Lhasa. Chinese authorities said the limited number of journalists permitted to attend and the restrictions on their movements were based on logistical considerations.[145]

On 27 March, the media tour through Lhasa was disrupted by a group of detained monks from Jokhang Monastery.[146] Reports from Taiwanese journalists also invited on the tour stated that the Jokhang monks told them that they had been locked down in the temple even though they had not participated in the riots, and implored the journalists to report the information. Padma Choling, the vice-chairman of the Tibetan Autonomous Region, stated that they were locked down pending police interviews in relation to the riots, and that they were released once interviewed. He also promised that the monks involved in the protest would be "dealt with" according to law.[147][148] The Tibetan activist group International Campaign for Tibet stated on 28 March that it feared for the welfare and whereabouts of the monks which spoke out during the media tour, specifically those monks from Sera Monastery, Drepung Monastery, Ganden Monastery and Ramoche Temple.[149] The group did not explain why it identified four monasteries when the protest involved only monks from Jokhang. Choling later told reporters the monks would not be punished.[150] Detained monks at Labrang Monastery also reportedly spoke to the journalists on tour, and likewise implored them to report their detainment. Subsequent reports of blockades by Chinese authorities at Sera, Drepung, Ramoche and Labrang monasteries reportedly led to starvation conditions.

International reaction

A Free Tibet rally outside the Chinese consulate in San Francisco, California, on March 17, 2008

According to Wen Jiabao, the Premier of the People's Republic of China, attacks on between ten and twenty Chinese embassies and consulates occurred around the same time as attacks on non-Tibetan interests in the Tibet Autonomous Region and several other ethnic Tibetan areas.[151]

According to an article by Doug Saunders published in The Globe and Mail, the protests were loosely coordinated by a group of full-time organizers hired by two umbrella groups that were loyal to the Tibetan government in exile. Documents were sent to more than 150 Tibet support groups around the world giving them detailed notes on how to behave when organizing similar disruptions as the Olympic flame made its six-month trip around the world. This included advice on maintaining non-violence and following the Dalai Lama's opposition to Tibetan national independence. Protesters were to advocate a more autonomous Tibet within China. However, many of the protestors did not follow this advice.[152] Doug Saunders further stated that the torch-relay protests had no relationship with the unrest in Tibet.[153]

Impact on the 2008 Summer Olympics

Sign from 2008 Olympic protests

There were rumors that some athletes were considering boycotting the 2008 Summer Olympics over the unrest. The vice-president of the International Olympic Committee discouraged this,[154] as well as the European Union and the Olympic Committees of Europe and Australia, who condemned politicizing sport.[155] The 14th Dalai Lama also reiterated that he was against any boycott.[156]

The attendance of government leaders at the 2008 Summer Olympics opening ceremony was watched by the media, because some groups called for a boycott of the ceremony on both human rights and Tibetan violence grounds. Nonetheless, by the end of July 2008, the leaders of more than 80 countries had decided to attend the opening ceremony of the Beijing Olympics, more than in any of the preceding Olympics.[131] All but one leader of the countries that did not attend the opening ceremonies emphasized that it was not to boycott the Olympics;[157][158][159][160] one German chancellor said that there was "no link to Tibet".[161] Prime Minister of Poland Donald Tusk was the one European head of government to boycott the opening ceremonies because of the violence in Tibet.[162]

On 20 March, the U.S. Department of State issued a warning to U.S. citizens attending the Beijing Olympics, stating that "Americans' conversations and telephones could be monitored and their rooms could be searched without their knowledge or consent".[163][164]

Aftermath

According to the People's Daily, normalcy returned on 24 March to some affected areas in Sichuan Province, as schools, shops and restaurants reopened to the public.[165]

On March 26, a small group of foreign journalists were taken by bus into Tibet, in a move that appeared calculated to bolster government claims that authorities were in control and that the protests which began peacefully were acts of destruction and murder. The heavily armed police presence indicated Lhasa remained under lockdown. Reporters were guided to burned streets in Lhasa hung with a red banner that read, "Construct a Socialist Harmonious Society", a catchphrase from the Chinese president's efforts to deal with social unrest created by an increasing gap between an urban middle class and the poor. The Dalai Lama called the trip "a first step", provided that reporters were given complete freedom.[144]

The Open Constitution Initiative, operated by several Weiquan lawyers and intellectuals, issued a paper in May 2009 challenging the official narrative and suggesting that the protests were a response to economic inequities, Han Chinese migration, and religious sentiments. The OCI recommended that Chinese authorities better respect and protect the rights and interests of the Tibetan people, including religious freedom.[166]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 tibetanreview (June 21, 2018). "The 2008 uprising and the Olympics". Tibetan Review. Retrieved October 6, 2022.
  2. "Tibet protests". The Guardian. March 14, 2008. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved October 6, 2022.
  3. 1 2 "Tibetan riots spread outside region". The New York Times. March 16, 2008. Archived from the original on February 25, 2020. Retrieved January 7, 2011.
  4. "Transcript: James Miles interview on Tibet – CNN.com". CNN. April 11, 2008. Archived from the original on April 11, 2008. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
  5. 1 2 3 4 "Accounts from Lhasa and beyond". March 18, 2008. Retrieved October 6, 2022.
  6. 1 2 "'I can't just let this guy die on the ground'". thestar.com. March 17, 2008. Retrieved October 6, 2022.
  7. Yardley, Jim (March 15, 2008). "Violence in Tibet as Monks Clash With the Police". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 26, 2018. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
  8. 1 2 3 4 "China accused of excessive force over Tibet unrest". BBC News. July 22, 2010. Retrieved October 6, 2022.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 ""I Saw It with My Own Eyes": Abuses by Chinese Security Forces in Tibet, 2008-2010". Human Rights Watch. July 21, 2010.
  10. 1 2 "2008-2009 Protest Logs". International Campaign for Tibet. Retrieved October 6, 2022.
  11. "达赖和"西藏人民大起义运动"脱不了干系_新闻中心_新浪网". news.sina.com.cn. Archived from the original on March 26, 2018. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
  12. "China's Forbidden Zones". Human Rights Watch: 32–33. July 7, 2008. Archived from the original on March 2, 2010. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  13. "Tibet protesters missing, Amnesty says - CNN.com". edition.cnn.com. Retrieved October 6, 2022.
  14. Stratton, Allegra; agencies (March 24, 2008). "Tibet protesters disrupt Olympic flame ceremony". the Guardian. Archived from the original on March 27, 2018. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
  15. "TIMELINE: Day-by-day record of Tibet protests". Reuters. Archived from the original on March 26, 2018. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
  16. Kumar, Hari (April 1, 2008). "Tibetans Protest in Delhi, but March Is Off". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 26, 2018. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
  17. "Nepal police break up Tibet protests, 284 held". U.S. Archived from the original on March 26, 2018. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
  18. "Eggs, flags and tempers fly at Chinese consulate". The Age. March 17, 2008. Archived from the original on March 27, 2018. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
  19. "Tibetan protesters attack London's Chinese embassy". U.K. Archived from the original on March 26, 2018. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
  20. "Tibetans protest near China embassy in Nepal". U.S. Archived from the original on March 26, 2018. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
  21. "Tibetans storm Chinese Embassy in Paris". Phayul.com. Archived from the original on March 27, 2018. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
  22. "Tibetans activists try to storm Chinese embassy in Delhi". News18. Archived from the original on March 26, 2018. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
  23. "China Accuses Tibetan Protesters of Killing Innocent People". Voice of America. October 27, 2009.
  24. "Dalai Lama Calls Again For Crackdown Probe". Phayul.com. Archived from the original on March 26, 2018. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
  25. "Dalai Lama calls for end to anti-Olympic protests". The Guardian. September 2, 2013. Archived from the original on September 2, 2013. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
  26. 1 2 "China, Dalai Lama's envoys resume talks". Reuters. July 1, 2008. Archived from the original on March 13, 2009. Retrieved July 1, 2008.
  27. 1 2 3 Tibetan protests 2008 Central Tibetan Administration, https://tibet.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/tibetprotest2008.pdf Archived September 27, 2020, at the Wayback Machine
  28. 1 2 Dolma, Kelsang (August 31, 2020). "Tibet Was China's First Laboratory of Repression, Xi Jinping is bringing methods honed in Xinjiang back to the Himalayas". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on September 26, 2020. Retrieved September 26, 2020.
  29. 1 2 Wong, Edward (July 24, 2010). "China's Money and Migrants Pour Into Tibet". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 18, 2022.
  30. "Protests in Tibet erupt into violence". the Guardian. March 14, 2008. Retrieved October 6, 2022.
  31. "URGENT Chinese Block Roads, Arrest Monks After Protest". Associated Press. October 5, 1987.
  32. "30 years of resistance". Tibet Watch. Retrieved October 6, 2022.
  33. 1 2 Yardley, Jim (March 15, 2008). "Violence in Tibet as Monks Clash With the Police". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 6, 2022.
  34. Staff Reporter (May 23, 2019). "The 17-point Agreement - What China promised, what it really delivered and the future?". Central Tibetan Administration. Retrieved October 6, 2022.
  35. Topgyal, Tsering (2013). "Identity Insecurity and the Tibetan Resistance Against China". Pacific Affairs. 86 (3): 515–538. doi:10.5509/2013863515. ISSN 0030-851X. JSTOR 43590713.
  36. 1 2 "Tibet could be 'swamped' by mass Chinese settlement after Olympics, says Dalai Lama". the Guardian. May 23, 2008. Retrieved October 6, 2022.
  37. International Commission of Jurists, 1997, https://www.icj.org/wp-content/uploads/1997/01/Tibet-human-rights-and-the-rule-of-law-thematic-report-1997-eng.pdf Archived February 21, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
  38. 1 2 AsiaNews.it. "Beijing sends a new flood of Han migrants to Lhasa: Tibetans risk disappearing". www.asianews.it. Retrieved October 6, 2022.
  39. ""Lhasa's Tibetans will soon be nothing but decorations for tourists"". The Observers - France 24. May 21, 2013. Retrieved October 6, 2022.
  40. Tibet, International Campaign for (May 20, 2013). "Destruction of Lhasa revealed in new images". International Campaign for Tibet. Retrieved October 6, 2022.
  41. "Is development killing Tibet's way of life?". BBC News. July 15, 2010. Retrieved October 6, 2022.
  42. 1 2 "Latest". Free Tibet. Retrieved October 6, 2022.
  43. 1 2 3 4 Gavin Rabinowitz (March 18, 2008). "Protests expose rifts among Tibetans". Phayul.com. Phayul. Archived from the original on October 19, 2017. Retrieved October 18, 2017.
  44. "Rethinking China's Tibet Policy". The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus. Retrieved October 6, 2022.
  45. "REASONS FOR UNREST ARE ANCIENT". Tampa Bay Times. Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
  46. 1 2 "Fire on the roof of the world". The Economist. March 14, 2008. Archived from the original on May 26, 2009. Retrieved March 19, 2008.
  47. "Sie haben sich am heftigsten beklagt, dass sie nicht die gleichen Stellen oder die gleiche Schulbildung bekommen wie die Chinesen, dass die Chinesen mehr Geld haben.""Die Jugend will mehr". Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in German). March 23, 2008. Archived from the original on March 27, 2008. Retrieved April 9, 2008.
  48. 1 2 Barbara Demick (March 22, 2008). "Tales of horror from Tibet". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on November 9, 2020.
  49. "Eyewitness: Monk 'kicked to floor'". March 14, 2008. Retrieved October 6, 2022.
  50. Radio Free Asia, (12 March 2008), http://www.rfa.org/english/news/2008/03/12/tibet_march/ Archived March 30, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  51. 1 2 Bill Schiller, "Canadians caught in Tibet's violence", Toronto Star, March 17, 2008. Accessed 2009-07-17. Archived 2009-07-23.
  52. 1 2 Barbara Demick (June 23, 2008). "Tibetan-Muslim tensions roil China". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on June 22, 2010.
  53. Barboza, David (March 28, 2008). "Putting Faces on 5 Victims of Tibetan Riots". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 6, 2022.
  54. 1 2 3 "Leaked internal document shows China used machine guns to kill Tibetans in March 2008 protest". www.amnesty.org.uk. Retrieved October 6, 2022.
  55. Guardian Staff (March 15, 2008). "Eyewitness account of violence between protesters and police in Tibet". the Guardian. Retrieved October 6, 2022.
  56. As long as there are separists, there will be 3-14 event again Archived October 6, 2017, at the Wayback Machine (Trad Chinese) China Review News Agency, 22 June 2008
  57. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Materials on the March 14 Incident in Tibet (I), Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 2008, p. 32.
  58. 1 2 "Tibet gripped by violent clashes". the Guardian. March 14, 2008. Retrieved October 6, 2022.
  59. Yardley, Jim (March 15, 2008). "Chinese Forces Say They've Secured Tibet's Capital". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 6, 2022.
  60. 1 2 3 Spencer, Richard (March 15, 2008). "Tibet riots continue after day of violence". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on March 19, 2008. Retrieved March 15, 2008.
  61. 1 2 3 4 Spencer, Richard (March 15, 2008). "Q&A: The showdown in Tibet. Why would Tibet boil over right now". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on March 18, 2008. Retrieved March 16, 2008.
  62. 1 2 3 4 5 "Key places and events in Tibet unrest". March 19, 2008. Retrieved October 6, 2022.
  63. "Key places and events in Tibet unrest". BBC News. March 19, 2008. Archived from the original on October 19, 2020. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
  64. "Questions, answers about casualties, damages of recent riots". Xinhua News Agency. March 25, 2008. Archived from the original on March 30, 2008. Retrieved March 26, 2008.
  65. "Dalai Lama calls for calm in Tibet". Al Jazeera. March 19, 2008. Archived from the original on March 19, 2008. Retrieved March 19, 2008.
  66. 1 2 3 ""Take Care": Control like in Mao's Days in Tibetan Territory". Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in German). March 28, 2008. Archived from the original on March 31, 2008. Retrieved March 28, 2008.
  67. "Tibet protests spread to other provinces". Yahoo! News. March 16, 2008. Archived from the original on March 18, 2008. Retrieved March 19, 2008.
  68. Watts, Jonathan; Branigan, Tania (March 18, 2008). "Tension rises as armed police mass in capital". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on March 18, 2008. Retrieved March 19, 2008.
  69. 1 2 "川阿壩警開槍自衛 四暴徒受傷 (Sichuan, Ngawa police fire in self defence; four rioters wounded)". Hong Kong: Da Kung Pao. March 21, 2008. Archived from the original on March 28, 2008. Retrieved March 30, 2008.
  70. 1 2 "Beijing deploys army against nuns". Neue Zürcher Zeitung. March 23, 2008. Archived from the original on June 26, 2008. Retrieved March 23, 2008.
  71. "China blankets Tibetan areas with troops". Yahoo News. 20 March 2008. Archived from the original on 24 March 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-25.
  72. 1 2 "Tibetan Nuns Jailed, Detained". Radio Free Asia. Retrieved October 6, 2022.
  73. 1 2 "Report: Over 100 surrender, admit involvement in Tibet clashes". CNN. March 19, 2008. Archived from the original on March 18, 2008. Retrieved March 19, 2008.
  74. "An Appeal to the Chinese People". Archived from the original on April 1, 2008. Retrieved March 29, 2008. An Appeal to the Chinese People
  75. "Transcript: James Miles interview on Tibet". CNN. March 20, 2008. Archived from the original on April 11, 2008. Retrieved April 9, 2008.
  76. Bodeen, Christopher (April 1, 2008). "China Alleges Tibet 'Suicide Squads'". Archived from the original on April 12, 2008.
  77. 1 2 "China finds firearms in Tibetan temple". The Sydney Morning Herald. April 14, 2008. Archived from the original on October 19, 2017. Retrieved October 18, 2017.
  78. "China says firearms found in Tibetan temple". Reuters. Reuters. April 14, 2008. Archived from the original on October 19, 2017. Retrieved October 18, 2017.
  79. "China steps up Tibetan crackdown". BBC News. March 20, 2008. Archived from the original on March 25, 2008. Retrieved March 26, 2008.
  80. "Tibet media ban damages Beijing's cause". South China Morning Post. March 19, 2008. Archived from the original on December 14, 2018. Retrieved March 19, 2008.
  81. Yardley, Jim (March 16, 2008). "Tibetans Clash With Chinese Police in Second City". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 11, 2009. Retrieved March 19, 2008.
  82. "11th Panchen Lama condemns Lhasa riot". People's Daily. March 16, 2008. Archived from the original on March 21, 2008. Retrieved March 19, 2008.
  83. "Eyewitness: Monk 'kicked to floor'". BBC News. March 14, 2008. Archived from the original on March 18, 2008. Retrieved March 26, 2008.
  84. Agence France Presse, "Defiant China rejects dialogue, vows to smash Tibetan protests," March 22, 2008
  85. "Premier: ample facts prove Dalai's role in Lhasa riot, door of dialogue still open". Government of the People's Republic of China. March 18, 2008. Archived from the original on December 1, 2008. Retrieved March 20, 2008.
  86. "Premier: Door of dialogue still opens to Dalai". Government of the People's Republic of China. March 18, 2008. Archived from the original on March 22, 2008. Retrieved March 24, 2008.
  87. "China's central gov't officials meet with Dalai Lama's private representatives". Xinhua News Agency. May 4, 2008. Archived from the original on May 8, 2008. Retrieved May 6, 2008.
  88. "China's decision to meet Dalai's representative receives positive responses". Xinhua News Agency. April 26, 2008. Archived from the original on May 1, 2008. Retrieved April 26, 2008.
  89. "China to meet Dalai Lama aides". Sydney Morning Herald. April 26, 2008. Archived from the original on April 29, 2008. Retrieved April 26, 2008.
  90. "China says door 'wide open' on Dalai Lama talks". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. July 26, 2007. Archived from the original on September 26, 2020. Retrieved May 11, 2009.
  91. Zacharia, Janine (April 26, 2008). "China's Tibet Talks May Skirt Autonomy Demands of Dalai Lama". Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on September 26, 2020. Retrieved April 26, 2008.
  92. "Tibet, China talks postponed after quake – Dalai aide". Reuters. June 6, 2008. Archived from the original on August 21, 2008. Retrieved June 12, 2008.
  93. 1 2 "China denies claims hundreds were killed". France 24. March 17, 2008. Retrieved October 6, 2022.
  94. "Gunfire on the streets of Lhasa as rallies turn violent". the Guardian. March 15, 2008. Retrieved October 6, 2022.
  95. "Chinese security forces swarm Tibet". Yahoo! News. March 15, 2008. Archived from the original on March 18, 2008. Retrieved March 19, 2008.
  96. "The victims are all innocent civilians". Independent Online. March 15, 2008. Retrieved March 19, 2008.
  97. "Ten people killed in Tibet riots". Channel NewsAsia. March 15, 2008. Archived from the original on March 18, 2008. Retrieved March 19, 2008.
  98. "18 civilians, 1 police officer killed by Lhasa rioters". People's Daily. March 22, 2008. Archived from the original on July 6, 2008. Retrieved March 22, 2008.
  99. "Tibet governor promises leniency, says death toll is 16 as protests spread". Yahoo! News. March 17, 2008. Archived from the original on March 20, 2008. Retrieved March 19, 2008.
  100. "China and Dalai Lama face off over Tibet unrest". Reuters. March 18, 2008. Archived from the original on April 3, 2008. Retrieved March 21, 2008.
  101. "13 civilians burned or stabbed to death in Lhasa riot". Xinhua. March 17, 2008. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved March 26, 2008.
  102. 1 2 3 "China official paper: crush protesters". Free Republic. Associated Press. March 22, 2008. Archived from the original on September 26, 2020. Retrieved October 17, 2017.
  103. "Arrest warrants issued for 29 suspects in Lhasa riots". Xinhua. March 25, 2008. Archived from the original on April 22, 2008. Retrieved March 26, 2008.
  104. "Dalai Lama: China causing 'cultural genocide'". CNN. March 17, 2008. Archived from the original on March 16, 2008. Retrieved March 19, 2008.
  105. "Burning debate over relay boycott". April 5, 2008. Retrieved October 6, 2022.
  106. Le dalaï-lama, la Chine et Hitler Archived April 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, Radio-Canada.ca, Citation: Selon lui, depuis le début des manifestations au Tibet, il y a un mois, au moins 400 people ont été tuées et des milliers d'autres arrêtées. Il déplore que les armes l'emportent maintenant sur la raison.
  107. Staff Reporter (August 22, 2014). "Leaked documents: Chinese security forces used machine guns to kill Tibetans in 2008 protest". Central Tibetan Administration. Retrieved October 6, 2022.
  108. tibetanreview (August 24, 2014). "Internal report shows China used lethal force during '08 Lhasa repression". Tibetan Review. Retrieved October 6, 2022.
  109. "China's premier blames Dalai Lama 'clique' for violence in Tibet". CNN. March 18, 2008. Archived from the original on March 19, 2008. Retrieved March 19, 2008.
  110. "UN calls for restraint in Tibet". BBC News. March 17, 2008. Archived from the original on March 21, 2008. Retrieved March 19, 2008.
  111. "Ramoche monk dies from starvation as tight restrictions continue in Monasteries". Tibet.net. March 25, 2008. Archived from the original on April 3, 2008. Retrieved March 25, 2008.
  112. "China tightens monastery blockade, monk dies of starvation (1st Lead)". Monsters and Critics. March 26, 2008. Archived from the original on April 3, 2008. Retrieved March 26, 2008.
  113. "Monk in Lhasa monastery died of starvation". Thaindian News. March 26, 2008. Archived from the original on April 1, 2008. Retrieved March 26, 2008.
  114. "For victims of Tibet riots, a complex fate – International Herald Tribune". Iht.com. Archived from the original on May 29, 2008. Retrieved September 1, 2008.
  115. 1 2 Jacobs, Andrew (October 23, 2009). "Group Says China Has Executed 4 for Roles in Tibet Riots". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 27, 2011. Retrieved November 11, 2009.
  116. 1 2 "Tibetan nun disappeared since 2008 died of torture". Retrieved October 6, 2022.
  117. 1 2 AsiaNews.it. "More than a thousand monks and many civilians have disappeared since the March crackdown". www.asianews.it. Retrieved October 6, 2022.
  118. CNN, Tibet protesters missing, Amnesty says Archived January 26, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, June 19, 2008
  119. China arrests over 2300 Tibetans in Tibet Archived April 8, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  120. Jacobs, Andrew (October 24, 2009). "Group Says China Has Executed 4 for Roles in Tibet Riots". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 6, 2022.
  121. "A Tibetan woman succumbs to torture". Tibetan Center for Human Rights and Democracy. Archived from the original on May 13, 2008. Retrieved May 5, 2008.
  122. Congressional Executive Commission On China, Annual Report 2009 (October 10, 2009) Archived November 3, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  123. (www.dw.com), Deutsche Welle. "China Expels Last Foreign Journalists From Tibet | Germany| News and in-depth reporting from Berlin and beyond | DW | 20.03.2008". DW.COM. Archived from the original on March 26, 2018. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
  124. "HK journalists thrown out of Tibet". The Standard. March 18, 2008. Archived from the original on April 8, 2008. Retrieved March 19, 2008.
  125. "Transcript: James Miles interview on Tibet - CNN.com". edition.cnn.com. Retrieved October 6, 2022.
  126. "China's Forbidden Zones: Shutting the Media Out of Tibet and Other "Sensitive" Stories: V. The Closure of Tibet". www.hrw.org. Archived from the original on July 30, 2019. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
  127. Yardley, Jim (March 30, 2008). "Nationalism at core of China's angry reaction to Tibetan protests". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 26, 2018. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
  128. "China says storm of bad publicity may hurt Olympic turnout". U.S. Archived from the original on October 13, 2018. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
  129. "A sporting chance". The Economist. March 27, 2008. Archived from the original on March 26, 2018. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
  130. Walt, Vivienne (July 16, 2008). "Why Nobody's Boycotting Beijing". Time. ISSN 0040-781X. Archived from the original on March 13, 2018. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
  131. 1 2 Cutler, David; Murdoch, Gillian (August 6, 2008). "World leaders to attend Olympics opening in Beijing". Factbox. Reuters. Archived from the original on September 26, 2020. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
  132. Richards, Jonathan (March 17, 2008). "China blocks YouTube, Yahoo! over Tibet". The Times. London. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved March 19, 2008.
  133. "Lhasa riot reports show media bias in West". China Daily. March 22, 2008. Archived from the original on March 25, 2008. Retrieved March 23, 2008.
  134. "China bars foreign journalists, tourists from Tibet". IBN. March 21, 2008. Archived from the original on March 25, 2008. Retrieved March 24, 2008.
  135. "Earth Times: show/194241,german-tv-channel-admits-film-error-in-tibet-coverage.html". www.earthtimes.org. Archived from the original on August 29, 2012. Retrieved March 26, 2008.
  136. http://www.spiegel.de/netzwelt/web/0,1518,542545,00.html Archived March 23, 2008, at the Wayback Machine Spiegel Online: Schlachtfeld der tausend Wahrheiten (in German)
  137. The caption under the Spiegel Online picture in question reads "Chinesisches Sicherheitspersonal im Steinhagel. Das Militär reagiert mit Härte". anti-cnn.com translates only the second sentence, to "army responded with cruel act". [sic] In fact, "Härte" has been routinely used in German media and by German police to describe robust measures in the past: Archived April 8, 2008, at the Wayback Machine Archived April 8, 2008, at the Wayback Machine Archived April 8, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
  138. Barboza, David (May 16, 2008). "China: CNN Apologizes Over Tibet Comments". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 23, 2016. Retrieved February 21, 2017.
  139. Branigan, Tania (March 18, 2008). "State TV switches to non-stop footage of Chinese under attack". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on March 20, 2008. Retrieved March 19, 2008.
  140. "Crush "Tibet independence" forces' conspiracy, People's Daily urges". People's Daily Online. March 22, 2008. Archived from the original on March 26, 2008. Retrieved April 2, 2008.
  141. "Yahoo and MSN helping to root out Tibetan rioters". France24. March 21, 2008. Archived from the original on March 24, 2008. Retrieved March 22, 2008.
  142. Foreign press taken to Tibet, China says 660 surrendered, AFP, March 26, 2007
  143. China escorts foreign press to Tibet Archived April 8, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, Deutsche Welle, March 26, 2007
  144. 1 2 Hutlzer, Charles (March 26, 2008). "Foreign journalists allowed in Tibet". Yahoo! News. Archived from the original on March 28, 2008. Retrieved March 26, 2008.
  145. "Mönche stören Journalistenbesuch in Lhasa". Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in German). March 27, 2008. Archived from the original on April 8, 2008. Retrieved March 27, 2008.
  146. "Tibet Monks Disrupt Tour by Journalists". Associated Press. March 27, 2008. Archived from the original on July 1, 2012. Retrieved March 27, 2008.
  147. Huang, Jikuan (March 27, 2008). "拉薩大昭寺僧侶要求向世人傳達真象 (Lhasa Jokhang monks request truth be told to the world)". Central News Agency (in Chinese). Taipei. Archived from the original on April 10, 2008. Retrieved March 29, 2008.
  148. Wu, Ningkang (March 27, 2008). "大昭寺抗議事件 新華社和親中媒體口徑一致 (Jokhang protest incident: Xinhua and pro-China media say the same thing)". Central News Agency (in Chinese). Taipei. Archived from the original on July 20, 2011. Retrieved March 29, 2008.
  149. "Activists fear for Tibetan monks who protested at media tour". CNN. March 27, 2008. Archived from the original on March 29, 2008. Retrieved March 28, 2008.
  150. "Police shut Muslim quarter in Lhasa". CNN. March 28, 2008. Archived from the original on April 2, 2008. Retrieved March 28, 2008.
  151. "温总促达赖停止西藏暴力 (Premier: ample facts prove Dalai's role in Lhasa riot, door of dialogue still open)" (in Chinese). Hong Kong: Wen Wei Po. March 31, 2008. Archived from the original on September 14, 2008. Retrieved March 31, 2008.
  152. "How three Canadians upstaged Beijing". The Globe and Mail. March 29, 2008. Archived from the original on April 1, 2008. Retrieved April 3, 2008.
  153. "Beijing has become the guardian of the Chinese brand". The Globe and Mail. April 19, 2008. Retrieved April 20, 2008.
  154. "Olympic official: athletes mulling Beijing boycott". The Straits Times. March 17, 2008. Archived from the original on March 19, 2008. Retrieved August 6, 2010.
  155. "China vows to protect its territory, blames Dalai Lama for attacks on embassies". Yahoo! News. March 18, 2008. Retrieved March 19, 2008.
  156. "Dalai Lama against Olympic boycott". ABC News. March 18, 2008. Archived from the original on September 6, 2018. Retrieved October 18, 2017.
  157. "Olympic Torch Draws Buenos Aires Protests for Boycott". Bloomberg News. April 11, 2008. Archived from the original on September 26, 2020. Retrieved March 4, 2017.
  158. "Brazilian president will not attend Olympic ceremony: official". turkishpress. April 2, 2008. Archived from the original on April 5, 2008. Retrieved April 2, 2008.
  159. "Harper says Olympics boycott would be ineffective: report". CTV.ca. April 8, 2008. Archived from the original on April 10, 2008. Retrieved April 8, 2008.
  160. "Greens call for Olympic boycott". NZCity News. April 11, 2008. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved April 12, 2008.
  161. Lungescu, Oana (March 28, 2008). "Call for Olympic boycott rejected". BBC News. Archived from the original on March 29, 2008. Retrieved March 29, 2008.
  162. "Polish government to boycott opening of Olympics". Warsaw Business Journal. Warsaw. March 27, 2008. Archived from the original on April 5, 2008. Retrieved March 27, 2008.
  163. Berkes, Howard (March 23, 2008). "Tibet Activists Plan Olympic-Relay Protests". NPR. Archived from the original on April 8, 2008. Retrieved March 26, 2008.
  164. ABC News: Headed for Olympics? Beware of Big Brother: https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/story?id=4492008&page=1 Archived February 25, 2019, at the Wayback Machine
  165. "Schools in SW China ethnic Tibetan area resume classes after riots - People's Daily Online". en.people.cn. Archived from the original on October 6, 2018. Retrieved October 6, 2022.
  166. Congressional Executive Commission. 2009 Annual Report Archived November 3, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. Oct 10, 2009.

Further reading

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.