2018 Wentworth by-election
20 October 2018
The Division of Wentworth (NSW) in the House of Representatives
Registered103,747
Turnout78.13% Decrease 8.11
  First party Second party Third party
 
Kerryn Phelps 2012 interview.jpg
Candidate Kerryn Phelps Dave Sharma Tim Murray
Party Independent Liberal Labor
Popular vote 22,219 32,795 8,777
Percentage 29.19% 43.08% 11.53%
Swing Increase 29.19 Decrease 19.18 Decrease 6.20
2CP 51.22% 48.78%
2CP change Increase 51.22 Decrease 18.96
The Division of Wentworth is located in eastern Sydney.
MP before election

Malcolm Turnbull
Liberal

 Elected MP

Kerryn Phelps
Independent

A by-election for the Australian House of Representatives seat of Wentworth took place on 20 October 2018 after the parliamentary resignation of the former Prime Minister of Australia and incumbent Liberal MP Malcolm Turnbull.[1]

The seat was won by independent candidate Kerryn Phelps, with a swing of almost twenty percent away from the Liberal Party.[2] In early counting, just over an hour after the close of polls, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's election analyst Antony Green predicted Phelps would win the by-election.[3][4] It is the first time since the inaugural 1901 election that the seat has not been represented by the Liberals, its predecessors, or party defectors.[1]

Background

Wentworth

The Liberal Party of Australia and its predecessors have continuously held Wentworth since the inaugural 1901 election, except for the brief party defections of Walter Marks in 1929 and Peter King in 2004. Wentworth was a stronghold for over 80 years, until the 1984 expansion of parliament and its redistribution saw Wentworth's Liberal margin notionally reduced by 7%, changing Wentworth from a safe Liberal seat with margins usually well in excess of 10%, to a more marginal seat which produced single-digit Liberal margins for the next 25 years. Defeating former Liberal and independent incumbent Peter King, Liberal candidate Malcolm Turnbull first won Wentworth at the 2004 election on a reduced 5.5% Liberal margin, following a 2.4% swing against the national and state trend. At the change-of-government 2007 election a redistribution reduced the Liberal margin to a notional 2.5%, but was retained with an increased Liberal margin of 3.9%, also against the national and state trend. Turnbull replaced Brendan Nelson as Liberal leader at the September 2008 Liberal leadership ballot, however Tony Abbott replaced Turnbull as Liberal leader at the December 2009 Liberal leadership ballot. At the 2010 election, the seat went from being marginal to safe in one stroke with a 14.9% margin from an 11% swing which saw the seat become the ninth-safest Liberal seat in the nation. At the change-of-government 2013 election there was a further increase which saw the seat become the sixth-safest Liberal seat in the nation with a 17.72% Liberal margin. Turnbull replaced Abbott as Liberal leader and prime minister at the September 2015 Liberal leadership ballot. A redistribution in Wentworth increased the Liberal margin to a notional 18.9%, however at the 2016 election, a swing away saw the Liberal margin slightly reduced to 17.75% but became the fifth-safest Liberal seat in the nation.[1]

Liberal Party leadership spills

The by-election came after Scott Morrison replaced Turnbull as Liberal leader and prime minister on 24 August 2018, following the second of two Liberal leadership ballots held that month, which saw Morrison win the ballot against Peter Dutton with 45 votes to 40 after third-placed Julie Bishop was eliminated and the 11 votes she achieved were re-cast in the final two-candidate run-off. Turnbull won the first Liberal leadership ballot against Dutton, which was held three days before the second ballot, by 48 votes to 35. In the secondary spill, Turnbull did not contest the ballot for leader after losing a motion to spill the leadership by 45 votes to 40. Turnbull had previously indicated that he would leave parliament immediately if his party removed him as Liberal leader and prime minister.[1] On 31 August 2018, one week after the second leadership spill, Turnbull submitted his resignation to the Speaker of the House of Representatives.[5]

Minority Coalition government

Turnbull's departure dropped the Liberal-National Coalition in to minority government, with Nationals MP Kevin Hogan having declared he would move to the crossbench in protest immediately following the second spill. Hogan indicated he would remain a Nationals MP and provide confidence and supply support to the Coalition.[6] Independent Cathy McGowan has indicated that she will not support a motion of no confidence in the Morrison government before the Wentworth by-election has been decided.[7] Rebekha Sharkie stated that she would review her position after the Wentworth by-election.[8]

Liberal Party pre-selection

The Liberal Party preselected their candidate, Dave Sharma, on 14 September.[1][9] Other candidates for preselection included: Peter King, barrister and Turnbull's predecessor in Wentworth; Mary-Lou Jarvis, Woollahra councillor; Richard Shields, Woollahra councillor; Katherine O'Regan, Sydney East Business Chamber chair; Michael Feneley, cardiologist; Carrington Brigham, digital campaign business director; and Maxine Szramka, rheumatologist.[1][10] Christine Forster, City of Sydney councillor and the sister of former Prime Minister Tony Abbott, announced her intention to seek preselection but then withdrew.[1] Preselection front-runner Andrew Bragg, former Acting Federal Director of the Liberal Party and current executive at the Business Council of Australia, withdrew from the preselection contest on 10 September, citing his preference for a female Liberal candidate.[1] Prime Minister Scott Morrison reportedly endorsed O'Regan for preselection, while former prime ministers Turnbull and John Howard endorsed Sharma.[9] Following this, Katherine O'Regan called for the Liberal Party's fighting fund for women to be accessible to women seeking pre-selection.[11]

Campaign

After his resignation, Turnbull left Australia for New York and did not campaign for the Liberal Party's candidate Sharma in the by-election. This decision was criticized by some in the party who had hoped Turnbull would assist in retaining the one-seat Parliamentary majority.[12] While in New York, Turnbull told an audience: "When you stop being prime minister, that's it. There is no way I'd be hanging around like embittered Kevin Rudd or Tony Abbott. Seriously, these people are like, sort of miserable, miserable ghosts."[13] At the outset of Liberal preselection, he tweeted support for preselection of candidate Dave Sharma after Morrison had called for a female candidate.[14] On October 18, he liked a tweet favouring Phelps.[15] From New York, Turnbull lobbied his former colleagues to refer his leadership rival Peter Dutton to the High Court over his eligibility to sit in Parliament and tweeting "The point I have made to @ScottMorrisonMP and other colleagues is that given the uncertainty around Peter Dutton's eligibility, acknowledged by the Solicitor General, he should be referred to the High Court, as Barnaby was, to clarify the matter."[16] In September 2018, it was reported that his son Alex Turnbull was supporting the Labor Party at the by-election.[17]

When announcing her campaign, Kerryn Phelps urged voters to "put the Liberals last".[18] She later published how-to-vote cards giving the Liberals a preference above Labor.[19] Phelps became a prominent candidate in the by-election, with it being suggested that her preferences would be able to get Sharma over the line.[20]

During the 2018 Wentworth by-election, after independent candidate Phelps directed her preferences to the Liberal candidate Sharma, the Australian Labor Party (ALP) adopted the strategy of "running dead". They hoped that their candidate, Tim Murray, would secure third place in the election, and that ALP preferences would then be redirected to Phelps to increase her chances of winning the seat.[21][22]

The Lord Mayor of Sydney, Clover Moore, backed independent candidate Licia Heath, despite having worked with Phelps on the City of Sydney council.[23]

On 26 September 2018 Sharma's campaign team was accused by other candidates of removing their campaign posters and replacing them with Sharma's posters.[24]

On 7 October, The Sunday Telegraph reported allegations that Katter's Australian Party candidate Robert Callanan was a former director of a company associated with a brothel, leading Callanan to be disendorsed by the party.[25]

On 10 October, part of the Ruddock review into religious freedoms in Australia was leaked.[26]

Former Liberal Party leader and former MP for Wentworth John Hewson publicly said the seat is "ripe for protest vote", and urged constituents to vote against the Liberal Party, especially due to its lack of climate change policies.[27][28]

On 15 October, Scott Morrison announced a review of whether Australia's embassy in Israel should be moved from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem.[29] Morrison also announced funding of $2 million for a surf lifesaving club in the electorate, and $2.2 million for security at Jewish community venues and events.[30]

In the last week of the campaign, an email was sent to hundreds of Wentworth constituents which falsely reported that Phelps was withdrawing from the by-election due to being diagnosed with HIV. The email then encouraged the recipient to give their first preference vote to the Liberal candidate Sharma and to remove Phelps' campaign posters. An investigation into the email revealed that it was likely sent from one of 500,000 Dodo and iPrimus email addresses. Sharma and the Liberal Party condemned the email and denied any involvement.[31]

Key dates

Key dates in relation to the by-election were:[1][32]

  • Monday, 17 September 2018 – Issue of writ
  • Monday, 24 September 2018 – Close of electoral rolls (8pm)
  • Thursday, 27 September 2018 – Close of nominations (12 noon)
  • Friday, 28 September 2018 – Declaration of nominations (12 noon)
  • Tuesday, 2 October 2018 – Start of early voting
  • Saturday, 20 October 2018 – Polling day (8am to 6pm)
  • Friday, 2 November 2018 – Last day for receipt of postal votes
  • Wednesday, 26 December 2018 – Last day for return of writs

Candidates

Candidates (16) in ballot paper order[1]
Party Candidate Background
  Katter's Australian (disendorsed) Robert Callanan Treasurer of Sydney United 58 FC. Disendorsed by party after allegations he was a former director of a company associated with a brothel.
  Greens Dominic Wy Kanak Waverley deputy mayor since 2017 and councillor 1999–2017. Contested Kogarah at the 1999 state election.
  Voluntary Euthanasia Shayne Higson Head of the party's New South Wales branch. Lead upper house candidate at the 2013 and 2016 federal elections and the 2015 state election.
  People Steven Georgantis Senior technical officer and other management positions at Australian Tax Office for 31 years.
  Labor Tim Murray Investment analyst, Tamarama Surf Life Saving Club president, local campaigner.
  Justice Ben Forsyth Eastern suburbs real estate business owner, victim advocate during the Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse.
  Liberty Alliance Tony Robinson Orthopaedic surgeon. Party co-founder. Contested the 2016 federal election, the 2017 Bennelong by-election and the 2018 Perth by-election.
  Liberal Democrats Sam Gunning Law student. Liberal Democrat North Sydney councillor since 2017.
  Liberal Dave Sharma Businessman and former public servant. Ambassador to Israel 2013−17.
  Independent Angela Vithoulkas Entrepreneur and small business advocate. Sydney councillor since 2012.
  Animal Justice Deb Doyle Book editor and vocational trainer.[33]
  Science Andrea Leong Research scientist with PhD from the University of New South Wales. Contested Kingsford Smith at the 2016 election.
  Independent Licia Heath Financial services background, campaigner for increased female representation in politics.
  Arts Barry Keldoulis Small business owner, local arts figure and CEO of Sydney Contemporary.
  Independent Kerryn Phelps General practitioner (GP) and former Australian Medical Association (AMA) president. Sydney councillor since 2016 and deputy lord mayor 2016–17.
  Sustainable Australia Kay Dunne Scientific officer, high school teacher, and senior public servant in strategy & corporate policy.

Polling

Wentworth by-election polling
Date Firm Commissioned by Sample Primary vote TPP vote TCP vote
LIB ALP GRN Phelps Heath OTH UND LIB ALP LIB Phelps
15 October 2018 ReachTEL Greenpeace [34] 661 32.7% 21.6% 9.1% 25.8% 5.6% 3.2% 2.0% N/A N/A
6−9 October 2018 Voter Choice Voter Choice[35][36] 736 38.8% 17.2% 5.9% 23.5% 7.4% 6.5% 0.8% 44.3% 55.7% 44.6% 55.4%
2 October 2018 uComms/ReachTEL Refugee Council[37] 870 38.1% 24.5% 8.7% 15.9% − 12.8% − 50% 50% 47% 53%
27 September 2018 ReachTEL Heath[38][39] 727 40.6% 19.5% 6.2% 16.9% 9.4% 1.8% 5.6% 51% 49%
17 September 2018 ReachTEL GetUp! [40] 860 35.8% 15.3% 12.6% 20.9% 2.8% 2.9% 9.7% 52% 48%
27 August 2018 ReachTEL Australia Institute [41] 886 39.6% 29.9% 15.2% − − 6.8% 6.3% 50% 50%
2016 election 62.3% 17.7% 14.9% 5.1% 67.7% 32.3%

The first public opinion poll of the by-election, conducted by ReachTEL during the evening of Monday 27 August 2018, produced a tied 50-50 two-party-preferred result between Liberal and Labor, which represented a massive 17.7% swing from Liberal to Labor since the previous election.[41] Election analyst Antony Green partially attributed the size of the swing to the loss of Turnbull's significant personal vote.[42] On 16 October, it was reported that the Liberal party's internal polling showed data that represented a 55% Phelps to 45% Sharma two-candidate-preferred vote result.[43]

Results

2018 Wentworth by-election [44][45]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Dave Sharma 32,795 43.08 −19.18
Independent Kerryn Phelps 22,219 29.19 +29.19
Labor Tim Murray 8,777 11.53 −6.20
Greens Dominic Wy Kanak 6,543 8.59 −6.27
Independent Licia Heath 1,721 2.26 +2.26
  Small Business Angela Vithoulkas 822 1.08 +1.08
Science Andrea Leong 516 0.68 −0.49
Voluntary Euthanasia Shayne Higson 493 0.65 +0.65
Animal Justice Deb Doyle 421 0.55 +0.55
Sustainable Australia Kay Dunne 413 0.54 +0.54
Katter's Australian Robert Callanan (disendorsed) 381 0.50 +0.50
Liberal Democrats Samuel Gunning 351 0.46 +0.46
Arts Barry Keldoulis 305 0.40 −1.36
Liberty Alliance Tony Robinson 154 0.20 +0.20
Justice Ben Forsyth 133 0.17 +0.17
People's Party Steven Georgantis 82 0.11 +0.11
Total formal votes 76,126 93.92 −0.95
Informal votes 4,928 6.08 +0.95
Turnout 81,054 78.13 −8.11
Notional two-party-preferred count
Liberal Dave Sharma 46,244 60.75 –7.00
Labor Tim Murray 29,882 39.25 +7.00
Two-candidate-preferred result
Independent Kerryn Phelps 38,988 51.22 +51.22
Liberal Dave Sharma 37,138 48.78 −18.96
Independent gain from Liberal SwingN/A

At 7:18pm AEDT, just over an hour after the close of polls,[46] the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's psephologist Antony Green predicted independent candidate Kerryn Phelps to win the by-election,[3][4] although the margin of victory for Phelps tightened as pre-poll and postal votes were counted.[47]

Distribution of preferences

2018 Wentworth by-election [44]
PartyCandidateFPv%Count
123456789101112131415
Liberal Party of Australia Dave Sharma 43.08 32,795 32,800 32,825 32,874 32,895 33,057 33,099 33,211 33,262 33,329 33,484 33,780 34,082 34,759 37,138
Independent Kerryn Phelps 29.19 22,219 22,225 22,244 22,250 22,306 22,331 22,438 22,457 22,520 22,650 22,837 23,084 24,114 27,687 38,988
Australian Labor Party Tim Murray 11.53 8,777 8,786 8,805 8,811 8,846 8,875 8,902 8,941 8,981 9,047 9,142 9,263 9,605 13,680  
Australian Greens Dominic Wy Kanak 8.59 6,543 6,552 6,559 6,561 6,631 6,654 6,747 6,935 7,090 7,262 7,469 7,606 8,325    
Independent Licia Heath 2.26 1,721 1,723 1,729 1,729 1,765 1,780 1,807 1,828 1,864 1,996 2,093 2,393      
Independent Angela Vithoulkas 1.08 822 834 840 848 861 896 912 947 974 1,009 1,101        
Science Party Andrea Leong 0.68 516 521 527 530 544 561 610 626 717            
Voluntary Euthanasia Party Shayne Higson 0.65 493 502 508 513 527 565 594 648 718 833          
Animal Justice Party Deb Doyle 0.55 421 424 430 432 452 461 512 533              
Sustainable Australia Kay Dunne 0.54 413 416 420 430 452 460                  
Katter's Australian Party Robert Callanan 0.50 381 388 394 447 451 486 505                
Liberal Democratic Party Samuel Gunning 0.46 351 355 368 394 396                    
Arts Party Barry Keldoulis 0.40 305 306 307 307                      
Australian Liberty Alliance Tony Robinson 0.20 154 157 170                        
Derryn Hinch's Justice Party Ben Forsyth 0.17 133 137                          
Australian People's Party Steven Georgantis 0.11 82                            
Electorate: 103,747   Valid: 76,126 (93.92%)   Spoilt: 4,928 (6.08%)   Quota: 38,064 (50%+1)   Turnout: 81,054 (78.13%)  

    Aftermath

    It is the first time since the inaugural 1901 election that the seat has not been represented by the Liberals, its predecessors, or party defectors.[1][3] The outcome saw the Liberal–National Coalition slip further into minority government, holding only 74 seats out of 150 in the House of Representatives,[48] having lost majority government two months earlier when Nationals MP Kevin Hogan moved to the crossbench while continuing his confidence and supply support.[6]

    The by-election is credited with highlighting the health concerns for refugee children detained in Nauru to the Morrison government's attention, and subsequently transporting some of them to Australia for medical treatment.[49]

    See also

    References

    1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Green, Antony. "2018 Wentworth by-election". ABC News. Australia. Retrieved 3 September 2018.
    2. ↑ Workman, Alice (5 November 2018). "Kerryn Phelps Is Now Officially The Member For Wentworth". Buzzfeed.
    3. 1 2 3 Green, Antony. "Commentary". ABC News. Australia. Retrieved 21 October 2018.
    4. 1 2 "Wentworth by-election results shows Kerryn Phelps is winner, says Antony Green". ABC News. Australia. 20 October 2018.
    5. ↑ "Malcolm Turnbull formally resigns, forces byelection". The Australian Financial Review. 31 August 2018.
    6. 1 2 "Kevin Hogan goes to the crossbenches, but remains a Nationals MP". ABC News. Australia. 28 August 2018. Retrieved 3 September 2018.
    7. ↑ Karp, Paul; Murphy, Katharine (29 August 2018). "Morrison gets a lifeline as Cathy McGowan rules out supporting no confidence motion". Guardian Australia. Retrieved 29 August 2018.
    8. ↑ "Prime Minister slams 'stupid games' as crossbench MP threatens to revoke support". ABC News. Australia. 18 September 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2018.
    9. 1 2 Sas, Nick; Raper, Ashleigh (14 September 2018). "Wentworth by-election: Dave Sharma selected as Liberal Party candidate". ABC News. Australia. Retrieved 14 September 2018.
    10. ↑ "A complete guide to all the candidates in the Wentworth byelection". www.dailytelegraph.com.au. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
    11. ↑ Karp, Paul (27 September 2018). "Failed Liberal candidate for Wentworth preselection calls for funds to help women". Guardian Australia. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
    12. ↑ "Malcolm Turnbull reveals why he didn't campaign for Dave Sharma". www.news.com.au. 23 October 2018.
    13. ↑ "Malcolm Turnbull says Rudd and Abbott 'like miserable ghosts'". Guardian Australia. 1 October 2018.
    14. ↑ "Turnbull reaps revenge with preselection intervention". news.com.au.
    15. ↑ "Malcolm Turnbull mysteriously likes tweet supporting Kerryn Phelps in Wentworth". www.news.com.au. 18 October 2018.
    16. ↑ "Turnbull lobbies PM to refer Peter Dutton to high court over eligibility". Guardian Australia. 13 September 2018.
    17. ↑ "PM responds to Turnbull's Labor campaign". www.9news.com.au. Retrieved 3 September 2018.
    18. ↑ "Kerryn Phelps to run as independent in Wentworth and urges voters to put Liberals last". Guardian Australia. 16 September 2018.
    19. ↑ "Kerryn Phelps backflips to preference Liberals over Labor in Wentworth byelection". Guardian Australia. 21 September 2018.
    20. ↑ Davies, Anne (19 October 2018). "After a chaotic campaign comes the day of reckoning in Wentworth". Guardian Australia. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
    21. ↑ "Fighting for Wentworth's less well-heeled". 2 May 2019.
    22. ↑ "Australian Federal Election 2004. Ismo, Melbourne, asks what the term running dead means. Antony Green Q&A. Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC)".
    23. ↑ Davies, Anne (27 September 2018). "Wentworth byelection: Clover Moore backs Licia Heath in snub to Kerryn Phelps". Guardian Australia. Retrieved 27 September 2018.
    24. ↑ Cockburn, Paige (26 September 2018). "Wentworth candidates accuse Dave Sharma's team of removing campaign posters". ABC News. Australia. Retrieved 26 September 2018.
    25. ↑ Davies, Anne (7 October 2018). "Wentworth byelection: Liberals attack Kerryn Phelps with 'nasty pamphlets'". Guardian Australia. Retrieved 7 October 2018.
    26. ↑ "'He has a blind spot': Bitter MPs won't stay silent for long on religious freedom split". ABC News. Australia. 10 October 2018. Retrieved 15 October 2018.
    27. ↑ Henriques-Gomes, Luke (6 October 2018). "Wentworth byelection: John Hewson says seat 'ripe for protest vote'". the Guardian. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
    28. ↑ Butson, Tyron (12 October 2018). "Former Liberal leader urges Wentworth voters to dump Coalition over climate inaction". SBS News. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
    29. ↑ Murphy, Katharine; McGowan, Michael; Davies, Anne (15 October 2018). "Jerusalem embassy move a 'sensible' proposal, says Scott Morrison". Guardian Australia. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
    30. ↑ Tingle, Laura (20 October 2018). "Three messages politicians must hear before they believe their own post-Wentworth spin". ABC News. Australia.
    31. ↑ "Wentworth independent targeted by fake email claiming she has HIV and has pulled out of election". ABC News. Australia. 17 October 2018. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
    32. ↑ "2018 Wentworth by-election". Australian Electoral Commission. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
    33. ↑ "2018 Wentworth by-election candidate details". Australian Electoral Commission. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
    34. ↑ Davies, Anne (17 October 2018). "Wentworth byelection: Liberals in danger as vote slumps to 32.7% – poll". Guardian Australia. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
    35. ↑ "Results of the Wentworth By Election Quick Poll | The Voter Choice Project". www.voterchoice.com.au. Retrieved 13 October 2018.
    36. ↑ "Independent Kerryn Phelps could be in line for Wentworth win: poll". SBS News. Retrieved 13 October 2018.
    37. ↑ "Most Wentworth voters want Nauru children brought to Australia". Guardian Australia. Retrieved 9 October 2018.
    38. ↑ "Wentworth byelection: Liberal vote collapses as poll shows safe seat now a close contest". Guardian Australia. Retrieved 4 October 2018.
    39. ↑ "Liberal Dave Sharma has nose in front for Wentworth, new poll shows". Australian Financial Review. Retrieved 4 October 2018.
    40. ↑ "ReachTEL polling for the 2018 Wentworth by-election: GetUp 18 September 2018" (PDF). getup.org.au. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
    41. 1 2 "ReachTEL polling for the 2018 Wentworth by-election: The Australia Institute 28 August 2018" (PDF). tai.org.au. Retrieved 3 September 2018.
    42. ↑ "'They have lost my vote': Why Wentworth by-election could be closer than you think". ABC News. Australia. 29 August 2018. Retrieved 3 September 2018.
    43. ↑ "Kerryn Phelps to trounce Liberals in Wentworth, party polling shows". The Australian.
    44. 1 2 "Wentworth, NSW". Australian Electoral Commission. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
    45. ↑ Green, Antony. "Results". ABC News. Australia. Retrieved 21 October 2018.
    46. ↑ Bowe, William. "Wentworth by-election live". The Poll Bludger. Retrieved 21 October 2018.
    47. ↑ Raue, Ben (21 October 2018). "Wentworth byelection: why Kerryn Phelps's lead over Dave Sharma shrank". Guardian Australia.
    48. ↑ Chan, Gabrielle; Murphy, Katharine (20 October 2018). "Kerryn Phelps claims Wentworth byelection win for 'the people of Australia who need a voice' – live updates". Guardian Australia. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
    49. ↑ "How changing the Liberal leadership inadvertently changed the asylum-seeker debate". ABC News. Australia. 1 November 2018. Retrieved 2 November 2018.
    This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.