2020 Peruvian protests
Part of 2017–present Peruvian political crisis
Top to bottom, left to right:
Demonstrations on 17 November at Plaza San Martín, protesters carrying a large Peruvian flag during the first National March on 12 November, demonstration in Plaza de Armas of Trujillo on 9 November and protesters gathered during the first National March in Lima.
Date9 – 17 November 2020
Location
 Peru
Caused by
Goals
Methods
Resulted in
  • Manuel Merino resigns from presidency
  • Francisco Sagasti is designated president until general elections
Parties

Protesters

Opposition parties:

Human rights groups:

  • National Human Rights Coordinator
Lead figures
Number
Tens of thousands[1]
Casualties and losses

Injuries

11 police (12 Nov)[1]

Deaths

Injuries
Peruvian political crisis
Causes
Events
Elections
Protests
Armed violence
flag Peru portal

The 2020 Peruvian protests were a series of demonstrations sparked after the removal of President Martín Vizcarra that took place from 9 November to 17 November 2020.[5]

The controversial removal of Vizcarra was recognized as a coup d'état by many Peruvians,[6][7] political analysts[8] and media outlets in the country.[9][10][11][12][13] Protests were registered in several cities of the country, to show their outrage at the president's vacancy and reject the inauguration of the president of Congress, Manuel Merino.[14] Upon taking office, Merino formed a far-right government.[15][16][17]

The protests have been described as the largest demonstrations in Peru in the past two decades and are organized by grassroots groups of young Peruvians on social media.[1][18] The disproportional response by authorities has been condemned by various human rights organizations, including the United Nations, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) and Amnesty International.[19][20][21]

After reports that 2 protesters were killed by authorities on 14 November, the majority of ministers from Merino's government resigned from office[22] while Merino resigned the following day; he was president for five days.[23] Along with the aftermath of 2 dead, hundreds were left injured and over 40 citizens were reported as missing and authorities have refused to investigate further.[24] On 16 November, the Congress of Peru elected Francisco Sagasti as the president of the legislature, automatically elevating him to the Peruvian presidency under the constitution.[25]

Background

Martín Vizcarra was elected as First Vice President of Peru in a 2016 general election, running with Pedro Pablo Kuczynski of the Peruanos Por el Kambio party. On 23 March 2018, Vizcarra was sworn into office as president of Peru following the resignation of President Kuczynski.[26][27] Upon being sworn into office, Vizcarra stated "we've had enough", vowing to combat corruption as president.[28]

Opposition from congress

Throughout Vizcarra's tenure, he faced opposition from the Congress of Peru.[29] He initially faced opposition from the Fujimorist congress when pushing for the constitutional referendum in 2018, an election that resulted in laws prohibiting the private funding of political campaigns and a ban on reelecting lawmakers.[30][31][32] Into 2019, the Fujimorist congress continued to delay Vizcarra's reforms, with Vizcarra later dissolving the congress after instituting a motion of no confidence, saying it was "clear the democracy of our nation is at risk".[33][34]

A legislative election was held later on 26 January 2020 which replaced the dissolved congress, with centrist parties replacing the Fujimorist majority in congress.[35] Analysts Diego Pereira and Lucila Barbeito of JPMorgan Chase & Co described the new congress as being "even more antagonistic to the [Vizcarra] government than the previous one"[36] while Americas Quarterly wrote that the four main right-wing parties of congress – Alliance for Progress, Podemos Perú, Popular Action and Union for Peru – feared Vizcarra's anti-corruption measures on campaign financing, political transparency and the participation of convicted persons in government.[29]

As Peru's economy declined due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru, Vizcarra faced increased political pressure from the newly inaugurated congress presided by Manuel Merino, with the majority of the legislative body being controlled by those opposing Vizcarra.[36] Finally on 5 July 2020, Vizcarra proposed a referendum to be held during the 2021 Peruvian general election to remove parliamentary immunity,[37] though congress quickly responded by assembling that same night to pass their own immunity bill that contained proposals to remove immunity from the president, constitutional court and the human rights ombudsman while also strengthening some instances of parliamentary immunity.[38]

Impeachment and removal of Vizcarra

First attempt at removal

In early 2020, investigations began surrounding a contract for a little-known singer by the name of Richard Cisneros to perform speeches for the Ministry of Culture.[36] The first impeachment process was led by the imprisoned Antauro Humala and his Union for Peru (UPP) party, according to reports in Peru.[39] Humala was sentenced to 19 years in prison following his Andahuaylazo uprising against President Alejandro Toledo that resulted in the deaths of police.[39] From his cell, Humala reportedly orchestrated the impeachment process with members of congress and his UPP supporters.[39] Edgar Alarcón, a UPP congressman and a close supporter of Humala, took charge of the impeachment process against Vizcarra.[39] Alarcón himself, according to Vice News, was protected from criminal charges of embezzlement and illicit monetary gains due to parliamentary immunity, charges that could have resulted with seventeen years in prison.[39]

It was alleged that an inexperienced Cisneros was able to receive payments totaling US$50,000 due to contacts in the Government Palace.[36] Investigators searched offices in the Government Palace on 1 June 2020 regarding the alleged irregularities.[36] Vizcarra responded to the release of the recordings stating "I am not going to resign. I am not running away" and that the "audios have been edited and maliciously manipulated; as you can see, they purposely seek to turn a job-related claim into a criminal or political act, wanting to take words out of context and intend to accuse me of non-existent situations. Nothing is further from reality".[40]

Peru's democracy is, unfortunately, sinking further and further into crisis, ... The removal of the president is a really big deal, and it requires serious deliberation, public debate and investigation. There has been none.

— Steve Levitsky[41]

President of Congress Manuel Merino was criticized by critics regarding how he hastily pushed for impeachment proceedings against Vizcarra.[29] If Vizcarra were to be removed from office, Merino would assume the presidential office given his position in congress and due to the absence of vice presidents for Vizcarra.[lower-alpha 1][29] On 12 September 2020, renowned reporter Gustavo Gorriti wrote that Merino had contacted the Commanding General of the Peruvian Navy, Fernando Cerdán, notifying him that he was going to attempt to impeach Vizcarra and was hoping to assume the presidency.[48] Minister of Defense Jorge Chávez confirmed that Merino had tried to establish support with the Peruvian military.[48] A second report was later released that Merino had contacted officials throughout Peru's government while preparing to create a transitional cabinet.[29][49] Following the release of these reports, support for impeaching Vizcarra decreased among members of congress,[29] with congress voting not to remove Vizcarra from the presidency.[50][36]

Removal of Vizcarra

Martín Vizcarra, flanked by his ministers, announcing his return home on 9 November following the vacancy vote

After the first attempt failed, the Union for Peru bench raised a new vacancy request in October 2020, based on the alleged acts of corruption committed by Vizcarra when he was regional Governor of Moquegua, which includes the testimony of an applicant to an effective collaborator in the "Construction Club Case" who stated that the Obrainsa company paid him 1 million soles and three other aspiring effective collaborators also point out that he received 1.3 million soles from the Ingenieros Civiles y Contractors Generales SA consortium (ICCGSA), and Incot for the tender of the project for the construction of the Regional Hospital of Moquegua in 2013.[51] On 2 November, impeachment was initiated by the Congress of Peru with 60 votes in favor, 40 against and 18 abstentions. Vizcarra attended the plenary session in Congress on 9 November to defend himself against the accusations.[52]

On 9 November 2020, a total of 105 members of Congress voted to remove Vizcarra from office, exceeding the 87 votes (out of 130) that were still needed to impeach him. Merino, who succeeded him as president the following day, with a mandate to serve as president until July 2021.[53] Vizcarra called the accusations baseless and false, but still accepted the vote by Congress and promised not to take any other legal action.[54]

Timeline

9 November

President Martín Vizcarra was summoned to testify and present his defense to Congress at 10 am PET. After hours of parliamentary debate, the Congress of Peru voted to convict the President with 105 votes in favor, surpassing the 87 vote threshold for conviction.[55] Following the vote, crowds began to gather at Plaza San Martín in protest.[56] An incident occurred in Plaza Bolívar, outside of Congress, in which congressman Ricardo Burga was assaulted by a protestor when giving a press conference regarding the impeachment vote.[57] Demonstrations spawned in other parts of the country and continued well into midnight, past the 11 p.m. curfew imposed by the government in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru.[58]

10 November

Following the inauguration of congressional leader Manuel Merino as president, demonstrations increased from early in the morning to the evening. Under the slogan "Merino does not represent me", from early in the morning they began to mobilize in the direction of the Legislative Palace, which was stopped by the National Police of Peru (NPP).[59]

A large number of protesters were mobilized to Plaza San Martín, where the NPP impeded protestors using tear gas and making multiple arrests.[60] There were other confrontations between protesters and the NPP in Jirón de la Unión, while the former were dispersed when trying to approach en masse the Government Palace of Peru.[61] Various demonstrations and arrests were recorded in regions and cities of the country, such as Arequipa, Trujillo, Chiclayo, Huancayo and Iquitos.[62] Hundreds of people gathered in the main squares and streets of Huancayo, Cuzco, Apurímac, Tacna and Puno.[63] In Lima there were at least 16 arrested, according to Congresswoman Carolina Lizárraga.[64]

11 November

In the morning, news outlets reported that Merino called his predecessor's Minister of Internal Affairs, César Gentile, suggesting that he was concerned that the protests were not being controlled. Gentile responded to Merino's hint by exclaiming "I am no longer the Minister of the Interior!" and resigning the post in his phone call with Merino.[65]

As a way to maintain measures of social distancing, hundreds of protesters in Lima and the other major cities of the country carried out cacerolazos in multi-family residential buildings and "honks" in the streets against the Merino and in support of the ousted president Martín Vizcarra.[66]

During this day, there were peaceful demonstrations in city center of Lima,[67] and other districts such as Miraflores[68] and Surco, where groups of young people came to the front of the National Superintendence of University Education (SUNEDU) to demand that SUNEDU respect the autonomy in the licensing of universities and the autonomy of this institution.[68][69] In Huancavelica, about 5,000 residents tried to take control of the Mantaro hydroelectric plant, they were dispersed with tear gas bombs thrown by the police.[70] In Puerto Maldonado, more than twenty people were detained and one journalist was injured during demonstrations.[71]

The Justice and Human Rights Commission of the Congress of the Republic refused to summon the Deputy Commander General of the National Police of Peru to testify for the arrests in the midst of the protests.[72]

12 November

The National March, beginning at 5 pm PET, occurred throughout Peru to demand the resignation of President Manuel Merino, with a primary location being at Plaza San Martín.[73] Richard Cisneros, who was the singer involved in Vizcarra's first impeachment scandal, arrived at the plaza minutes before the march began, angering protesters who threw objects at him until he took refuge inside a nearby fast food store.[74] The newly named Minister of Justice, Delia Muñoz, described calls for protests as "propaganda" while new Minister of Labor Juan Sheput falsely said "the protests are waning" and told the public that businesses would be hurt by the protests.[75]

Protests occurred in the major cities of Peru, including Arequipa, Chiclayo, Chimbote, Cuzco, Huaraz, Iquitos, Lima, Tacna, Trujillo and Tumbes.[76][77] In Cuzco, at least 18,000 people gathered in the city square where dancers and bands performed among the crowds.[78] Merino's home state of Tumbes saw more than a thousand protestors against his government.[79] Protesters in Tacna demanded a radical change in what they described as a neoliberal Constitution and expressed their rejection of the government of Manuel Merino.[80]

In Lima, the large crowds overwhelmed police who began to indiscriminately disperse tear gas at protesters.[77] In an incident caught on video, an alleged undercover TERNA agent of the National Police of Peru fires his weapon into the air to repel protesters who were following him.[81]

Popular Action congressman Hans Troyes revealed that representatives from his party were under pressure from its alternate spokesman, Ricardo Burga, to vote in favor of Vizcarra's removal under threat of not having certain projects they favored processed.[82]

13 November

Merino's prime minister, Ántero Flores Aráoz, thanked the National Police for their response to protests stating "I thank you for always proceeding in compliance with human rights and protocol, logically avoiding harm, but reacting when you have to react."[83]

During the afternoon, some protesters in the City of Lima, went to march to different media that were recognized in the country, some like América TV, Latina Televisión, ATV and Panamericana Television. This after the accusation of different political personalities, who said that the citizen demonstrations were from small sectors and would not have much relevance, including also due to the denunciation of some journalists from TV Peru who manifested attacks against freedom of expression by of the Government to minimize the marches that occurred in the country. Days later, some protesters came to march in front of the channel Willax Television, after some attacks by some journalists against the protesters.

In the evening, cacerolazos occurred and at Merino's home in San Borja District, protesters used a projector on his apartment building shining images denouncing him.[84] Protesters attempted to march to Flores Aráoz's home in La Molina District, though several streets surrounding the area were blocked by National Police, resulting in clashes.[85]

14 November

Protests near the Palace of Justice on 14 November

A second National March occurred against the Merino government, with tens of thousands of demonstrators gathering throughout Peru.[6][86] Protesters attempted to march to the Legislative Palace and were blocked by police, with authorities firing tear gas into the crowd while some demonstrators fired fireworks at officers.[87] Percy Castillo, a representative of the ombudsman, called for the cessation of tear gas usage, stating "Our staff have also been affected by gas, if there has been no motivation, there is no justification for tear gas. It is a demand of the ombudsman".[87]

At least two died during clashes,[2] with the father of Jordán Inti Sotelo Camargo, who was killed earlier that day, saying in an interview "Four pellets. He was bleeding from a gunshot wound to the heart and his heart has exploded. ... Ántero Flores-Aráoz said 'nothing happens, nothing happens' here something is happening, my 24-year-old son, a tourism student, is dead, ... Gentlemen, I ask you from the bottom of my heart to retire".[88] When news reports emerged of the deaths, spontaneous cacerolazos and shouting condemning Merino began in Lima.[6]

Following the reports of deaths, resignations of multiple Merino government officials begin to occur, these included:[22][89][90]

Prime Minister Ántero Flores-Araóz refused to resign, stating "The president took me as premier, if he stays, I'll stay with him, if he leaves and resigns, I'll go with him".[91] The prime minister also supported the actions of authorities, saying "I defend the police because they attack them and it is unfortunate for everyone. It is not a question of who did this or that" and "The demonstrations end very badly because there are antisocial people and there have been acts not only of violence but also of destruction of public, private, and commercial works".[91][92]

Merino called for the heads of the armed forces to attend an emergency meeting at the Government Palace, though they refused in what The Washington Post described as "[t]he final straw" of Merino's presidency.[93] Calls from congress for Merino's consideration of resigning also occur, with president of congress Luis Valdez stating that the Board of Spokespersons would meet on 15 November at 8:00 am PET to discuss Merino's possible resignation.[6][89]

15 November

In the early morning, speculation of Merino fleeing the country emerged after it was reported that Jorge Chávez International Airport was closed by its operator, Lima Airport Partners.[94] Merino later appeared before congress and presented his resignation, only five days after taking office.[23]

16 November

The funeral procession and burial of Inti Sotelo occurred in the cemetery Campo Fe in Huachipa. Words of his mother: "my son said goodbye to me and told me. I'm going to give my life for my country."

During the evening hours, protesters marched demanding a new constitution and called for justice of those injured and killed during demonstrations.[95]

17 November

A crowd in Lima on 17 November gathers at a memorial for the two killed during protests

Francisco Sagasti was officially inaugurated as President of Peru, with his first act as president being a minute of silence for the two young men killed during the protests, stating, "Let it be my first words to ask for a minute of silence in tribute to young citizens Jack Bryan Pintado Sánchez and Jordan Inti Sotelo Camargo, unfortunately killed during the last days of citizen mobilization, carried out in legitimate exercise of the fundamental right to protest".[96] After the minute of silence, he spoke to the parents of the deceased seated in congress, "On behalf of the State, we apologize to their families, to them and to all the young people who marched to defend democracy, and who made us remember what the vocation of service is".[96]

Subsequent events

18 November

President Sagasti officially appointed members of his cabinet and Violeta Bermúdez is appointed the new Prime Minister.[97] Protests continued despite the removal of Merino from office, with protesters demanding the creation of a constituent assembly and more labor rights.[98] However, protesters whose motives were originally praised by the media were described as terrucos when they began to make labor rights demands.[99]

21 November

Protesters gather in Plaza San Martín a week after the two deaths occur, demanding justice for the men killed and calling for a new constitution.[100] President Sagasti tells protesters that he will ensure their safety and prohibit the National Police from confronting peaceful protesters.[100]

30 November

Agricultural worker rights protests begin in the Ica Province, a major location for agriculture in Peru.[101][102] Hundreds of farm workers went on strike and blocked the Pan-American Highway, the country's main transportation artery, between Pisco and Ica while demanding better work conditions.[101][102]

1 December

Commander General Orlando Velasco is removed from leading the National Police and replaced with General César Cervantes by President Sagasti following the response of the law enforcement agency during protests.[103] Over a dozen high-ranked officers resign in disapproval of the decision and expanded investigations while some law enforcement officials called for a police strike.[103]

2 December

Interior Minister Rubén Vargas resigns following the change to leadership within the National Police,[101] with Cluber Aliaga being named his successor.[104]

Shortages of some products begin to occur in the Ica Province due to the agrarian protests.[105] Several trucks loaded with goods sat stranded on the Pan-American Highway due to blockages.[102][105]

3 December

Strong protests occur in the Chao Valley and Virú Valley near Trujillo, with the Special Services Unit of the Peruvian National Police entering the area to remove roadblocks and disperse protesters.[3] One worker protesting spoke to La República stating "We earn 39 soles ($10.85 USD) a day, we do not have job stability. ... We demand a salary for all for equality".[3] An agricultural worker protesting in Virú was killed after being shot in the head.[106][107] Following his death, calls for a national march were made among Peruvians to condemn his death and demand enhanced labor rights, with a protest being scheduled to occur the next day on 4 December.[106] President Sagasti condemned the death, stating "We will investigate what happened, we do not want anyone to die for defending labor rights".[3]

4 December

Miners in La Oroya District began to join protests, blocking a nearby part of the Pan-American Highway.[108] That night, congress voted to repeal the agrarian law and planned to meet later for a replacement bill.[109] Shortly after the act of congress, protests dissipated on the highway.[110]

5 December

The Peruvian Medical Federation (FMP) announces that it will begin an indefinite national strike in January 2021 after not receiving adequate responses from the Minister of Health.[111]

7 December

Cluber Aliaga – named Interior Minister just five days earlier – resigns in disagreement with President Sagasti, arguing that the use of force by police was justified due to alleged violence initiated by protesters and that the dismissal of eighteen generals of the National Police was done too quickly.[104] José Elice Navarro of the Purple Party was named as the next Interior Minister.[112]

Protest violence

Casualties

During demonstrations on 12 November, the use of rubber bullets and tear gas was reported near the large protests in the Lima District.[113][114] Reports emerged that protesters and journalists were injured from authorities firing rubber bullets.[77] The Press and Society Institute (IPYS) condemned the injuries of at least three journalists who were directly fired at by police[115] while the Peruvian Press Council denounced the detention and attacks on at least twenty press workers.[116] Two protesters were seriously injured, with a total of fourteen individuals reported injured, according to the Minister of Health.[117]

The first deaths occur on 14 November, with two killed; a 25-year-old and Jordán Inti Sotelo Camargo, who was 24 years old.[2] Both were killed after being shot by police.[6] The third death was 19-year-old Jorge Yener Muñoz Jiménez, who was killed during agricultural labor rights protests on 3 December.[106]

Human rights concerns

Amnesty International demanded on 10 November that the authorities stop the repression of the demonstrations and that people's rights be guaranteed.[21]

Delegates of the IACHR meeting in Lima on 2 December 2020

Following the National March on 12 November, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) and the United Nations Peru condemned the disproportional use of force by authorities.[19][20] In a statement, the IACHR said, "According to the information received, the Police have used tear gas and pellets on a massive scale against protesters and journalists. This contravenes the IACHR standards on the right to protest" and that demanded the Merino government "to refrain from engaging in indiscriminate detention practices".[20] Christian Sanchez, National Information Officer of United Nations Peru, described the protests as "mostly peaceful in nature", stating:[19]

"As a result of the police action in recent days, and particularly in the massive marches on Thursday 12, there have been injuries, including protesters and journalists. It is necessary to remember that the arbitrary and indiscriminate use of non-lethal weapons violates the principle of proportionality and violates international standards, which require precaution, necessity and proportionality in police action. Likewise, there have been violations of the detainees' right to due process, including arrests of adolescent protesters."

Following the deaths on 14 November, Americas director for Amnesty International, Erika Guevara, stated, "We demand an end to the repression and the investigation and punishment for all the human rights violations which are being registered".[6] Also that evening, Human Rights Watch director of the Americas José Miguel Vivanco also released a statement, saying, "We continue to document cases of police brutality in downtown Lima. Everything indicates that the repression against peaceful protesters is intensifying. The Police must suspend the use of pellets".[118]

Reactions

International

International bodies

Governments

  • Argentina – The foreign ministry stated "We trust in the commitment to carry out a democratic transition and to respect the ongoing electoral process", considering it a "difficult transition".[122]
  • Brazil – The foreign ministry released a statement expressing support for the Merino government.[123]
  • Chile – The foreign ministry released a statement supporting President Merino.[124]
  • El Salvador – President of El Salvador Nayib Bukele released a statement saying that El Salvador does not recognize Merino's government, calling it a "coup government".[125]
  • Paraguay – The foreign ministry released a statement supporting President Merino.[126]
  • Uruguay – The foreign ministry released a statement supporting President Merino.[127]
  • Venezuela – Disputed President Nicolás Maduro expressed support for the protesters and youth of Peru.[128]

Domestic

Institutions

The Ombudsman's Office pointed out that the police should make a proportionate use of force and should not exceed it.[129] The Public Ministry ordered the prosecutors to carry out urgent actions to guarantee the rights of the people during the days of protests.[130] The National Human Rights Coordinator denounced that the rights of people detained in police stations are not being respected.[130] The National University of San Marcos, through a statement, indicated that it rejects "any political act that violates governance and constitutional order".[131]

Politicians

The presidential pre-candidate Verónika Mendoza referred to the current situation, stating that if Manuel Merino assumes the presidency of Peru, his mandate will be illegitimate.[132]

The presidential pre-candidate Julio Guzmán, leader of the Purple Party, in the morning of November 10, 2020, stated the following on Twitter: "The Purple Party will not attend the swearing-in of Manuel Merino to the presidency of Peru. We will not participate in an illegitimate seizure of power".[133]

Former president Ollanta Humala considers that it is foolish to impeach Martín Vizcarra given the situation in Peru, partly due to the pandemic, although he must be investigated.[134]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Peru has two Vice Presidents, a First and Second Vice President. The most recent holders of the office of First and Second Vice President were Vizcarra and Mercedes Aráoz, respectively, who were elected in the 2016 election.[42][43] Vizcarra left the office of First Vice President vacant after he succeeded Kuzcynski as President, leaving Aráoz as the sole Vice President,[42] while Aráoz resigned as Second Vice President on 1 October 2019 after the Congress of Peru named Aráoz acting President the day before after having declared Vizacarra temporarily unfit for office,[42][43][44] despite Congress having itself been dissolved earlier that day by President Vizcarra, resulting in a constitutional crisis.[42][43][44][45][46] However, her resignation was not official until it was accepted on 7 May 2020 by the new Congress of Peru sworn on 16 March 2020, since in Peru the resignation of the vice president has to be accepted by Congress and that institution was not celebrating meetings given its dissolution.[47]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Qué hay detrás de las masivas protestas en Perú tras la salida de Vizcarra de la presidencia" [What's behind the massive protests in Peru after Vizcarra's departure from the presidency]. BBC Mundo (in Spanish). 13 November 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
  2. 1 2 3 "Inti Sotelo Camargo | Marcha Nacional: Confirman segundo muerto en manifestación contra Manuel Merino" [Inti Sotelo Camargo | National March: Confirmed second dead in demonstration against Manuel Merino]. Perú21 (in Spanish). 15 November 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  3. 1 2 3 4 "Sagasti sobre manifestante fallecido en Lambayeque: Investigaremos qué sucedió" [Sagasti on deceased protester in Lambayeque: We will investigate what happened]. La República (in Spanish). 3 December 2020. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
  4. ↑ "Ciudadanos participan este sábado en la segunda Marcha Nacional contra el Gobierno de Manuel Merino | Ántero Flores-Aráoz | Congreso de la República | Vacancia presidencial" [Citizens participate this Saturday in the second National March against the Government of Manuel Merino | Ántero Flores-Aráoz | Congress of the Republic | Presidential vacancy]. RPP (in Spanish). 15 November 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  5. ↑ "Vacancia presidencial de Martín Vizcarra: grupos de personas se congregaron en la plaza San Martín tras votación del Congreso" [Presidential vacancy of Martín Vizcarra: groups of people gathered in Plaza San Martín after a congressional vote] (in Spanish). Lima: El Comercio. 9 November 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Collyns, Dan (15 November 2020). "Two killed as huge pro-democracy protests continue in Peru". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  7. ↑ Briceño, Franklin; Armario, Christine (10 November 2020). "Peru's swears in new leader as political turmoil hits nation". Star Tribune. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
  8. ↑ "They threw out the president. Now Peru's anti-corruption drive looks in doubt". Los Angeles Times. 12 November 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
  9. ↑ "Golpe de estado editorial" [Editorial coup d'état]. La República (in Spanish). 10 November 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
  10. ↑ "Manuel Merino presentó al Gabinete de Antero Flores-Aráoz en medio de protestas NNAV" [Manuel Merino presented Antero Flores-Aráoz's Cabinet in the midst of NNAV protests]. El Comercio (in Spanish). 12 November 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
  11. ↑ "Manuel Merino: crean pedido para rechazar vacancia contra Martín Vizcarra y el golpe de Estado" [Manuel Merino: create order to reject vacancy against Martín Vizcarra and the coup]. Líbero (in Spanish). 11 November 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
  12. ↑ García, Jessica (12 November 2020). "Trujillo: miles de ciudadanos marchan contra gobierno de Manuel Merino" [Trujillo: thousands of citizens march against the government of Manuel Merino]. El Popular (in Spanish). Retrieved 13 November 2020.
  13. ↑ "Inconformes consideran toma de protesta de Manuel Merino como golpe de Estado" [Reports consider Manuel Merino's takeover as a coup d'état]. Noticieros Televisa (in Mexican Spanish). 10 November 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
  14. ↑ "Martín Vizcarra: Así fueron las protestas en varias ciudades del país tras vacancia del presidente" [Martín Vizcarra: This is how the protests were in several cities of the country after the president's vacancy] (in Spanish). RPP Noticias. 9 November 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
  15. ↑ Tegel, Simeon (15 November 2020). "Protests turn to celebrations as Peru's interim president offers resignation". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 6 December 2020. Like his cabinet, made up largely of aging far-right politicians, Merino had appeared incapable of comprehending the fury of the protesters
  16. ↑ "Cómo derrocar un Presidente" [How to overthrow a President]. IDL-Reporteros. 12 November 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020. Spanish: Aposentado en Palacio, respaldado por una organización de ultraderecha con una larga lista de almirantes, ... Merino ha pasado su primera noche como 'presidente'
    English: Resting in the Palace, backed by a far-right organization with a long list of admirals, ... Merino has spent his first night as 'president'
  17. ↑ ""No sé qué les fastidia", dice el primer ministro de Perú ante las masivas protestas" ["I don't know what's bothering them," says Peru's prime minister in the face of massive protests]. EFE (in European Spanish). 12 November 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020. Spanish: ... un Ejecutivo de "ancha base" pero que finalmente es de corte conservador, con miembros de derecha y ultraderecha.
    English: ... an Executive with a "broad base" but that is ultimately conservative, with members of the right and far right.
  18. ↑ Briceño, Franklin (14 November 2020). "Peru president's ouster sparks wave of youth-led protests". Associated Press. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  19. 1 2 3 "ONU Perú manifiesta preocupación sobre eventos ocurridos durante las protestas | Naciones Unidas en Perú" [UN Peru expresses concern about events that occurred during the protests | United Nations in Peru]. United Nations Peru (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 November 2020.
  20. 1 2 3 "La CIDH preocupada por el "uso excesivo" de la fuerza policial en las protestas en Perú" [The IACHR concerned about the "excessive use" of police force in the protests in Peru]. EFE (in Spanish). 13 November 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
  21. 1 2 "Al menos 27 detenidos en el centro de Lima y manifestantes denuncian abuso y represión policial" [At least 27 detainees in the center of Lima and protesters denounce abuse and police repression] (in Spanish). Lima: RPP Noticias. 10 November 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
  22. 1 2 "Titular del Interior y la mayoría de ministros renuncia a Gabinete de Ántero Flores-Aráoz" [Head of the Interior and the majority of ministers resign from the Cabinet of Ántero Flores-Aráoz]. Perú21 (in Spanish). 15 November 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  23. 1 2 "Junta de Portavoces se reúne para evaluar renuncia de Manuel Merino tras las muertes de dos jóvenes en la Marcha Nacional | Ántero Flores-Aráoz | Congreso de la República | Vacancia presidencial" [Board of Spokespersons meets to evaluate the resignation of Manuel Merino after the deaths of two young people in the National March | Ántero Flores-Aráoz | Congress of the Republic | Presidential vacancy]. RPP (in Spanish). 15 November 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  24. ↑ "Two killed and at least 100 injured in Peru protests after president impeached". Metro. 15 November 2020. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
  25. ↑ "Peru's Congress Selects Centrist Lawmaker To Be New Leader". Associated Press. 16 November 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
  26. ↑ Quigley, John (21 March 2018). "Vizcarra Set to Become Peru's New President Facing Daunting Challenges". Bloomberg. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  27. ↑ Collyns, Dan (22 March 2018). "Peru president Pedro Pablo Kuczynski resigns amid corruption scandal". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  28. ↑ "Martin Vizcarra Sworn In As Peru's New President". NPR. 23 March 2018. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
  29. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Burt, Jo-Marie (17 September 2020). "Vizcarra May Survive. But Peru's Politics Look Fragile". Americas Quarterly. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
  30. ↑ "Vargas Llosa: "Las credenciales de Martín Vizcarra son bastante buenas"". La República (in Spanish). 13 May 2018. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
  31. ↑ Tegel, Simeon (12 August 2018). "Corruption scandals have ensnared 3 Peruvian presidents. Now the whole political system could change". The Washington Post. Retrieved 17 August 2018.
  32. ↑ Briceno, Franklin (9 December 2018). "Exit polling indicates Peruvians vote to fight corruption". The Miami Herald. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
  33. ↑ "Peru's president dissolves Congress to push through anti-corruption reforms". The Guardian. 1 October 2019. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 1 October 2019.
  34. ↑ Briceno, Franklin (27 September 2019). "Peru leader pushes vote that could let him dissolve congress". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 1 October 2019. Retrieved 1 October 2019.
  35. ↑ "The difficulty of reforming Peru". The Economist. 30 January 2020. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
  36. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Quigley, John (10 September 2020). "Peru's Congress to Consider Impeaching President Over Tapes". Bloomberg. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
  37. ↑ "Peru President to call referendum on elimination of parliamentary immunity". Andina (in Spanish). Retrieved 17 September 2020.
  38. ↑ Tegel, Simeon (20 July 2020). "In Peru, Congress' Move Against Immunity Isn't What It Seems". Americas Quarterly. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
  39. 1 2 3 4 5 "A Notorious Rebel Leader Just Got Peru's President Impeached From Prison". Vice News. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
  40. ↑ "Peru: President Vizcarra denounces plot against democracy". Andina (in Spanish). Retrieved 11 September 2020.
  41. ↑ "Peru's Martin Vizcarra faces impeachment for 'moral incapacity'". Al Jazeera. 12 September 2020. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
  42. 1 2 3 4 "Disolución del Congreso en Perú: quién es Mercedes Aráoz, que renunció tras ser nombrada 'presidenta en funciones' por el Parlamento peruano para sustituir a Vizcarra" [Dissolution of Congress in Peru: who is Mercedes Aráoz, who resigned after being named "acting president" by the Peruvian Parliament to replace Vizcarra]. BBC Mundo (in Spanish). 2 October 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
  43. 1 2 3 "Disolución del Congreso en Perú: 4 claves para entender el enfrentamiento entre Vizcarra y el Parlamento (y lo que puede pasar ahora)" [Dissolution of Congress in Peru: 4 keys to understanding the confrontation between Vizcarra and Parliament (and what can happen now)]. BBC Mundo (in Spanish). 2 October 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
  44. 1 2 "Disolución del Congreso de Perú: las dudas sobre la legalidad de la decisión de Vizcarra de disolver la cámara y sobre la suspensión temporal del presidente" [Dissolution of the Congress of Peru: doubts about the legality of Vizcarra's decision to dissolve the chamber and about the temporary suspension of the president]. BBC Mundo (in Spanish). 2 October 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
  45. ↑ "Disolución del Congreso en Perú: renuncia Mercedes Aráoz, nombrada "presidenta en funciones" por el Parlamento en sustitución de Vizcarra" [Dissolution of Congress in Peru: Mercedes Aráoz, appointed "acting president" by Parliament to replace Vizcarra, resigns]. BBC Mundo (in Spanish). 2 October 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
  46. ↑ Aráoz Fernández, Mercedes [@MecheAF] (2 October 2019). "He decidido renunciar irrevocablemente al cargo de Vicepresidenta Constitucional de la República. Las razones las explico en la carta adjunta. Espero que mi renuncia conduzca a la convocatoria de elecciones generales en el más breve plazo por el bien del país" [I have decided to irrevocably resign from the post of Constitutional Vice President of the Republic. The reasons are explained in the attached letter. I hope that my resignation will lead to the calling of general elections in the shortest possible time for the good of the country.] (Tweet) (in Spanish) – via Twitter.
  47. ↑ "Congreso acepta renuncia de Mercedes Aráoz a la segunda vicepresidencia de la República" [Congress accepts the resignation of Mercedes Aráoz to the second vice-presidency of the Republic]. Gestión (in Spanish). 7 May 2020. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
  48. 1 2 "El Gobierno peruano califica de "golpismo" la moción de censura contra Vizcarra". ABC (in Spanish). 12 September 2020. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
  49. ↑ "Incháustegui confirma que allegados a Acción Popular lo contactaron para integrar gabinete de Merino [VIDEO]" (in Spanish). La República. 15 September 2020. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
  50. ↑ "Peru President Vizcarra survives impeachment vote". Bangkok Post. 19 September 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
  51. ↑ Ayma, Diego (20 October 2020). "Presentan nueva moción de vacancia contra el Presidente de la República" [They present a new vacancy motion against the President of the Republic] (in Spanish). RPP Noticias. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  52. ↑ "Vizcarra deberá ir al Congreso este lunes 9 de noviembre para defenderse por moción de vacancia" [Vizcarra must go to Congress this Monday, November 9 to defend himself by motion of vacancy] (in Spanish). Gestión. 2 November 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  53. ↑ "Peru plunged into political upheaval as Congress ousts President Vizcarra". CNN. 10 November 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  54. ↑ "Peru's president Martín Vizcarra ousted in impeachment vote". The Guardian. 10 November 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  55. ↑ "Vizcarra deberá ir al Congreso este lunes 9 de noviembre para defenderse por moción de vacancia" [Vizcarra must go to Congress this Monday, November 9 to defend himself by motion of vacancy] (in Spanish). Gestión. 2 November 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
  56. ↑ "Colectivos convocan manifestaciones en Plaza San Martín y otros puntos tras vacancia a Martín Vizcarra" [Collectives call demonstrations in Plaza San Martín and other points after Martín Vizcarra's vacancy] (in Spanish). Perú21. 9 November 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
  57. ↑ "Vocero alterno de Acción Popular es agredido cuando brindaba declaraciones en el Congreso" [Alternate spokesperson for Popular Action is attacked while giving statements in Congress] (in Spanish). Gestión. 9 November 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
  58. ↑ "Martín Vizcarra: Así fueron las protestas en varias ciudades del país tras vacancia del presidente" [Martín Vizcarra: This is how the protests were in several cities of the country after the president's vacancy] (in Spanish). RPP Noticias. 9 November 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
  59. ↑ "Manifestantes marchan al Congreso contra la asunción del nuevo presidente de Perú" [Protesters march to Congress against the inauguration of the new president of Peru] (in Spanish). Infobae. 10 November 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
  60. ↑ "Policía contiene a manifestantes que buscan llegar al Congreso para protestar tras vacancia a Vizcarra" [Police contain protesters seeking to reach Congress to protest after Vizcarra's vacancy] (in Spanish). Perú21. 10 November 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
  61. ↑ "Bombas lacrimógenas y perdigones: Se registran disturbios durante protesta contra vacancia" (in Spanish). RPP Noticias. 10 November 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
  62. ↑ ""Merino no me representa": Peruanos protestan contra la juramentación del nuevo mandatario y la destitución de Vizcarra" ["Merino does not represent me": Peruvians protest against the swearing in of the new president and the removal of Vizcarra] (in Spanish). Portal Diverso. 10 November 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
  63. ↑ "Perú al día: Protestas en diversas regiones del país en contra de la vacancia presidencial" [Peru up to date: Protests in various regions of the country against the presidential vacancy] (in Spanish). RPP Noticias. 10 November 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
  64. ↑ "Congresista Carolina Lizárraga afirma que, al menos, 16 personas han sido intervenidas y llevadas a comisarías durante protestas" [Congresswoman Carolina Lizárraga affirms that at least 16 people have been intervened and taken to police stations during protests] (in Spanish). Perú21. 11 November 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  65. ↑ "Cómo derrocar un Presidente". IDL-Reporteros. 12 November 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020. Spanish: Aposentado en Palacio, respaldado por una organización de ultraderecha con una larga lista de almirantes, ... Merino ha pasado su primera noche como 'presidente' English: Resting in the Palace, backed by a far-right organization with a long list of admirals, ... Merino has spent his first night as 'president'
  66. ↑ "Perú: manifestaciones y cacerolazos contra Manuel Merino" [Peru: demonstrations and cacerolazos against Manuel Merino] (in Spanish). Deutsche Welle. 12 November 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
  67. ↑ "Miles de ciudadanos protestan en diversos puntos de Lima en contra de Merino y la vacancia" [Thousands of citizens protest in various parts of Lima against Merino and the vacancy] (in Spanish). RPP Noticias. 11 November 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
  68. 1 2 "Protestas contra Manuel Merino se extienden en el Cercado de Lima y en Miraflores" [Protests against Manuel Merino spread in the Cercado de Lima and in Miraflores] (in Spanish). Lima: Perú21. 11 November 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
  69. ↑ "Jóvenes protestan frente a Sunedu para que se respete autonomía en licenciamiento de universidades" [Jóvenes protestan frente a Sunedu para que se respete autonomía en licenciamiento de universidades] (in Spanish). Perú21. 11 November 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
  70. ↑ "Huancavelica: Pobladores intentan tomar central hidroeléctrica del Mantaro" [Huancavelica: Villagers try to take over the Mantaro hydroelectric plant] (in Spanish). RPP Noticias. 11 November 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
  71. ↑ "Puerto Maldonado: Más de 20 detenidos y un periodista herido en protesta contra Manuel Merino" [Puerto Maldonado: More than 20 detainees and a journalist injured in protest against Manuel Merino] (in Spanish). RPP Noticias. 11 November 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
  72. ↑ "Rechazan citar a jefe de la PNP por detenciones en protestas contra Merino" [They refuse to cite the head of the PNP for arrests in protests against Merino] (in Spanish). La Républica. 11 November 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
  73. ↑ "Convocan a marcha nacional este jueves en la Plaza San Martín para pedir la salida del presidente Manuel Merino" [They call for a national march this Thursday in Plaza San Martín to request the departure of President Manuel Merino] (in Spanish). Perú21. 12 November 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
  74. ↑ "Richard Swing fue agredido con botellas por manifestantes y fue obligado a salir de la plaza San Martín nndc | LIMA". El Comercio (in Spanish). 12 November 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
  75. ↑ ""No sé qué les fastidia", dice el primer ministro de Perú ante las masivas protestas". EFE (in European Spanish). 12 November 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020. Spanish: ... un Ejecutivo de "ancha base" pero que finalmente es de corte conservador, con miembros de derecha y ultraderecha. English: ... an Executive with a "broad base" but that is ultimately conservative, with members of the right and far right.
  76. ↑ "EN VIVO | Ciudadanos participan en Marcha Nacional contra Gobierno de Manuel Merino". RPP (in Spanish). 13 November 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
  77. 1 2 3 PERÚ, NOTICIAS EL COMERCIO (13 November 2020). "Marcha nacional contra Vacancia Presidencial: así se desarrolló la protesta en la capital y todo el Perú | Manuel Merino | Martín Vizcarra | Presidente del Perú | | LIMA". El Comercio Perú (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 November 2020.
  78. ↑ Redacción (12 November 2020). "Cusco: Con danzas y música tradicional realizan protesta contra gobierno de Manuel Merino". RPP (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 November 2020.
  79. ↑ "Demonstrations in Tumbes". Tumbes News. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
  80. ↑ PERU21, NOTICIAS (13 November 2020). "Tacna | Marcha Nacional | Manuel Merino | protesta | Piden cambio de Constitución en Marcha Nacional contra gobierno de Merino | VIDEO | nnpp | PERU". Peru21 (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 November 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  81. ↑ Acosta, Sebastián (13 November 2020). "Presunto agente del Grupo Terna realizó disparo al aire ante manifestantes que le increpaban por infiltrarse". RPP (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 November 2020.
  82. ↑ "Martín Vizcarra | Congresista de Acción Popular: Nos dijeron que no nos iban a firmar proyectos si no votábamos a favor de la vacancia NNDC | POLITICA". 12 November 2020.
  83. ↑ "Manuel Merino | Policía Nacional | Ántero Flores-Aráoz destaca accionar policial durante protestas: "En mí siempre encontrarán un defensor y les agradezco" | VIDEO nndc | LIMA". Peru21 (in Spanish). 13 November 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
  84. ↑ PERU21, NOTICIAS (14 November 2020). "San Borja: proyectan rostro de Manuel Merino en su vivienda pidiendo que deje la presidencia | Vacancia presidencial | Ántero Flores-Aráoz nndc | LIMA". Peru21 (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 November 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  85. ↑ PERU21, NOTICIAS (14 November 2020). "Manuel Merino | La Molina: enfrentamiento entre Policía y manifestantes tras llegar a la casa de Ántero Flores-Aráoz | Vacancia presidencial | fotos nndc | LIMA". Peru21 (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 November 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  86. ↑ "Peru impeachment protests: Clashes with police turn deadly". BBC News. 15 November 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  87. 1 2 PERU21, NOTICIAS (15 November 2020). "Policías lanzan bombas lacrimógenas a manifestantes en Av. Abancay durante marcha contra Manuel Merino | FOTOS | nndc | LIMA". Peru21 (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 November 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  88. ↑ PERU21, NOTICIAS (15 November 2020). "Inti Sotelo Camargo | Padre de la segunda víctima en protesta: Flores-Aráoz decía no pasa nada y ahora mi hijo está muerto' | LIMA". Peru21 (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 November 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  89. 1 2 "Manuel Merino | Guillermo Aliaga renunció a la primera vicepresidencia del Congreso de la República" [Manuel Merino | Guillermo Aliaga resigned as the first vice president of the Congress of the Republic]. Perú21 (in Spanish). 15 November 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  90. ↑ "Patricia Teullet renunció al ministerio de la mujer | Patricia Teullet | Ministerio de la mujer | Manuel Merino | Gran Marcha Nacional" [Patricia Teullet resigned from the women's ministry | Patricia Teullet | Ministry of women | Manuel Merino | Great National March]. Perú21 (in Spanish). 15 November 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  91. 1 2 PERU21, NOTICIAS (15 November 2020). "Ántero Flores-Araóz: "Cuando renuncie el señor Manuel Merino en ese instante me voy yo" | POLITICA". Peru21 (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 November 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  92. ↑ PERU21, NOTICIAS (15 November 2020). "Premier Ántero Flores-Aráoz: "Las manifestaciones terminan muy mal porque hay gente antisocial" | Ántero Flores-Aráoz | Gran Marcha Nacional | Congreso | Manuel Merino | POLITICA". Peru21 (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 November 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  93. ↑ Tegel, Simeon. "Protests turn to celebrations as Peru's interim president offers resignation". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 6 December 2020. Like his cabinet, made up largely of aging far-right politicians, Merino had appeared incapable of comprehending the fury of the protesters
  94. ↑ PERU21, NOTICIAS (15 November 2020). "Marcha Nacional muertos | Aeropuerto Jorge Chávez está cerrado y niega posible fuga del país de Manuel Merino | LIMA". Peru21 (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 November 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  95. ↑ "Peru's new president sworn in, calls for calm after protests". Al Jazeera. 17 November 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
  96. 1 2 PERU21, NOTICIAS (18 November 2020). "Francisco Sagasti asume compromisos para su gobierno de transición | POLITICA". Peru21 (in Spanish). Retrieved 18 November 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  97. ↑ "Peru President picks new Cabinet to ease protests, market fears". Reuters. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
  98. ↑ "Con primera ministra a la cabeza, así es el nuevo gabinete de Francisco Sagasti en Perú". France 24. 19 November 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2023.
  99. ↑ Mitrovic, Mijail (30 December 2021). "At the fabric of history: Peru's political struggle under (and against) the pandemic". Dialectical Anthropology. 45 (4): 431–446. doi:10.1007/s10624-021-09634-5. PMC 8716181. PMID 34980936.
  100. 1 2 PERU21, NOTICIAS (22 November 2020). "Cercado de Lima: Protestas continúan y piden justicia para las víctimas [FOTOS] nndc | LIMA". Peru21 (in Spanish). Retrieved 22 November 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  101. 1 2 3 "Ministro peruano renuncia al gobierno interino tras cambio en la cúpula policial". Reuters (in Spanish). 2 December 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
  102. 1 2 3 Flores, José (2 December 2020). "Ica: Protestas de trabajadores agrarios llegan a su tercer día con bloqueos y diálogo frustrado con el Gobierno". RPP (Peru) (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 December 2020.
  103. 1 2 "Renuncias en la Policía de Perú en rechazo a pesquisas por violencia". EFE (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 December 2020.
  104. 1 2 "Cluber Aliaga presentó su carta de renuncia al ministerio del Interior tras cinco días en el cargo | Cluber Aliaga | Ministerio del Interior | Francisco Sagasti | POLITICA". Peru21 (in Spanish). 8 December 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
  105. 1 2 "Ica: Reportan escasez y aumento en precio de pollo tras protestas | VIDEO | nnpp | PERU". Peru21 (in Spanish). 2 December 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
  106. 1 2 3 "Paro agrario: convocan hoy a marcha nacional por muerte de joven". La República (in Spanish). 3 December 2020. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
  107. ↑ "La Libertad: Muere un ciudadano durante protestas en Virú | PERU". Peru21 (in Spanish). 3 December 2020. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
  108. ↑ "Peru mine workers block highway as labour protests spread". Al Jazeera. 4 December 2020. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
  109. ↑ PERÚ, Empresa Peruana de Servicios Editoriales S. A. EDITORA. "Peru: Congress repeals Agrarian Promotion Law". andina.pe (in Spanish). Retrieved 6 December 2020.
  110. ↑ "El tránsito volvió a la normalidad tras cinco días de bloqueos y violencia | Panamericana Sur | Ica | La Libertad | Paro agrario | POLITICA". Peru21 (in Spanish). 5 December 2020. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
  111. ↑ "Federación Médica Peruana anuncia huelga nacional indefinida para enero de 2021 nndc | LIMA". Peru21 (in Spanish). 6 December 2020. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
  112. ↑ "José Elice jura como nuevo ministro del Interior nndc | POLITICA". Peru21 (in Spanish). 8 December 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
  113. ↑ GESTIÓN, NOTICIAS (10 November 2020). "Vacancia presidencial | Dispersan con gases lacrimógenos a manifestantes que marchan contra Manuel Merino en el Cercado de Lima | FOTOS | | Martín Vizcarra | Plaza San Martín nndc | PERU". Gestión (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 November 2020.
  114. ↑ PERU21, NOTICIAS (11 November 2020). "Manuel Merino Vacancia de Martín Vizcarra: Policía confirma uso de perdigones de goma para controlar protestas en el Cercado de Lima nndc | LIMA". Peru21 (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 November 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  115. ↑ Acosta, Sebastián (12 November 2020). "IPYS denuncia que tres periodistas resultaron heridos por accionar policial durante manifestaciones". RPP (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 November 2020.
  116. ↑ "Consejo de la Prensa Peruana: más de 20 periodistas fueron detenidos y atacados por la PNP". Gestión. 13 November 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
  117. ↑ "Dos heridos con armas de fuego en protestas en Perú, uno está grave". France 24. 13 November 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
  118. ↑ LR, Redacción (15 November 2020). "Human Rights Watch anuncia que sigue de cerca el exceso policial en manifestaciones". larepublica.pe (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  119. ↑ "La OEA pidió al Tribunal Constitucional de Perú que se pronuncie sobre la destitución del presidente Martín Vizcarra" [The OAS asked the Constitutional Court of Peru to rule on the removal of President Martín Vizcarra] (in Spanish). Infobae. 12 November 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
  120. ↑ "La CIDH muestra "preocupación" ante la crisis política en el Perú" [The IACHR shows "concern" about the political crisis in Peru]. canaln.pe (in Spanish). 10 November 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
  121. ↑ "ONU: la Policía debe abstenerse de usar la fuerza de "manera ilegal, excesiva o arbitraria" durante protestas" [UN: Police must refrain from using force “illegal, excessive or arbitrary” during protests] (in Spanish). El Comercio. 12 November 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  122. ↑ "Argentina confía en que el nuevo Gobierno peruano respete el "proceso electoral"" [Argentina trusts that the new Peruvian government respects the "electoral process"]. eleconomistaamerica.com.ar (in Spanish). 11 November 2020. Archived from the original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
  123. ↑ "Situação no Peru" [Situation of Peru]. itamaraty.gov.br (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
  124. ↑ "Declaración del Gobierno de Chile por asunción de nuevo Presidente del Perú" [Declaration of the Government of Chile on the inauguration of the new President of Peru]. minrel.gob.cl (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 November 2020.
  125. ↑ "Presidente de El Salvador: "No reconocemos al Gobierno golpista de Merino"" [El Salvador President: "We do not recognize the Merino's coup plotter government]. La Republica (in Spanish). 15 November 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  126. ↑ "Paraguay expresa deseos de éxito al presidente de Perú y al proceso electoral" [Paraguay expresses wishes of success to the president of Peru and the electoral process]. mre.gov.py (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 November 2020.
  127. ↑ "Nuevo Presidente de la República del Perú" [New President of the Republic of Peru] (in Spanish). Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
  128. ↑ "Crisis en Perú: Nicolás Maduro hizo un chiste y dijo que si quieren manda a Juan Guaidó para que se autoproclame presidente" [Crisis in Peru: Nicolás Maduro made a joke and said that if they want to, he'd send Juan Guaidó to proclaim himself president]. La Nacion (in Spanish). 16 November 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
  129. ↑ "Defensoría del Pueblo exigió a la Policía no hacer uso desproporcionado de la fuerza en las marchas contra la vacancia presidencial" [Ombudsman's Office demanded that the Police not use disproportionate force in the marches against the presidential vacancy] (in Spanish). Lima: RPP Noticias. 9 November 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
  130. 1 2 "Ministerio Público ordenó que fiscales garanticen los derechos de personas que participan en protestas" [Public Ministry ordered prosecutors to guarantee the rights of people who participate in protests] (in Spanish). Perú21. 11 November 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
  131. ↑ "UNMSM se pronuncia ante crisis política y pide priorizar la salud pública" [UNMSM speaks out in the face of political crisis and asks to prioritize public health] (in Spanish). La República. 11 November 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
  132. ↑ "Verónika Mendoza: Si el señor Merino asume la presidencia, su mandato será ilegítimo" [Verónika Mendoza: If Mr. Merino assumes the presidency, his mandate will be illegitimate]. canaln.pe (in Spanish). 10 November 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
  133. ↑ "Partido Morado no asistirá a 'toma ilegítima del poder', según Julio Guzmán" [The Purple Party will not attend the "illegitimate seizure of power," according to Julio Guzmán] (in Spanish). Exitosa Noticias. 10 November 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
  134. ↑ Jimena Ripalda (9 November 2020). "Ollanta Humala sobre vacancia contra Martín Vizcarra: 'Es una insensatez'" [Ollanta Humala on vacancy against Martín Vizcarra: "It is nonsense"]. wapa.pe. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
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