| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | |
| Decades: | |
| Years: |
| 1684 by topic |
|---|
| Arts and science |
| Leaders |
| Birth and death categories |
| Births – Deaths |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Establishments – Disestablishments |
| Works category |
|
| Gregorian calendar | 1684 MDCLXXXIV |
| Ab urbe condita | 2437 |
| Armenian calendar | 1133 ԹՎ ՌՃԼԳ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6434 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1605–1606 |
| Bengali calendar | 1091 |
| Berber calendar | 2634 |
| English Regnal year | 35 Cha. 2 – 36 Cha. 2 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2228 |
| Burmese calendar | 1046 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7192–7193 |
| Chinese calendar | 癸亥年 (Water Pig) 4381 or 4174 — to — 甲子年 (Wood Rat) 4382 or 4175 |
| Coptic calendar | 1400–1401 |
| Discordian calendar | 2850 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1676–1677 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5444–5445 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1740–1741 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1605–1606 |
| - Kali Yuga | 4784–4785 |
| Holocene calendar | 11684 |
| Igbo calendar | 684–685 |
| Iranian calendar | 1062–1063 |
| Islamic calendar | 1095–1096 |
| Japanese calendar | Tenna 4 / Jōkyō 1 (貞享元年) |
| Javanese calendar | 1606–1607 |
| Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 10 days |
| Korean calendar | 4017 |
| Minguo calendar | 228 before ROC 民前228年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | 216 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2226–2227 |
| Tibetan calendar | 阴水猪年 (female Water-Pig) 1810 or 1429 or 657 — to — 阳木鼠年 (male Wood-Rat) 1811 or 1430 or 658 |
1684 (MDCLXXXIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1684th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 684th year of the 2nd millennium, the 84th year of the 17th century, and the 5th year of the 1680s decade. As of the start of 1684, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
April 25: Start of the Morean War.
Events
January–March
- January 5 – King Charles II of England gives the title Duke of St Albans to Charles Beauclerk, his illegitimate son by Nell Gwyn.
- January 15 (January 5 O.S.) – To demonstrate that the River Thames, frozen solid during the Great Frost that started in December, is safe to walk upon, "a Coach and six horses drove over the Thames for a wager" and within three days "whole streets of Booths are built on the Thames and thousands of people are continually walking thereon." Sir Richard Newdigate, 2nd Baronet, records the events in his diary.[1]
- January 26 – Marcantonio Giustinian is elected Doge of Venice.[2]
- January – Edmond Halley, Christopher Wren and Robert Hooke have a conversation in which Hooke later claimed not only to have derived the inverse-square law, but also all the laws of planetary motion attributed to Sir Isaac Newton.[3] Hooke's claim is that in a letter to Newton on 6 January 1680, he first stated the inverse-square law.[4]
- February 7 – Morocco retakes control of the city of Tangier from England, which had controlled the North African port since 1661.[5] During the five months prior to evacuation of the English from the city, the Governor, Lord Dartmouth had ordered the destruction of the wall around the city, its fortifications and port facilities that had been built by the English during the occupation.
- February 8 – Prince Dumitrașcu Cantacuzino returns to the throne of the principality of Moldavia for a third reign but is overthrown 14 months later on June 25. In 1859, Moldavia will unite with neighboring Wallachia to form the Kingdom of Romania.
- February 15 (February 5 O.S.) – The Great Frost in Britain, during which the River Thames was frozen in London and the sea as far as 2 miles (3.2 km) out from land and which started the previous December, ends as the Thames begins to thaw. William Maitland later writes that the Frost, which started in December 1683, "congealed the river Thames to that degree that another city, as it were, was erected thereon; where by the great number of streets and shops, with their rich furniture, it represented a great fair, with a variety of carriages, and diversions of all sorts."[6] During the freeze, there had been great loss of beast and of wildlife, especially birds, and similar reports from across Northern Europe.[7] The Chipperfield's Circus dynasty began during the freeze, with James Chipperfield introducing performing animals to the country at the Frost Fair on the Thames in London.
- February 24 – A treaty is signed between European German colonists in Brandenburg-Prussia, and the African chiefs in what is now Ghana to permit the German colonists to build a second fort on the Brandenburger Gold Coast, and the fortress of Dorotheenschanze is built. The area is now the Ghanaian city of Akwida.[8]
- March 5 – Pope Innocent XI forms a Holy League with the Habsburg Empire, Venice and Poland, to end Ottoman Turkish rule in Europe.[9]
- March 19 – In Japan, the Tenna era ends on the 21st day of the 2nd month of the Chinese calendar of the 4th year of the Tenna era and the Jōkyō era begins as Japan's royal astronomer, Shibukawa Shunkai institutes the Jōkyō calendar to replace Chinese calendar which had been used in Japan since 859 AD, after calculating that the length of the solar year is 365.2417 days.[10]
April–June
- April 25 – The Morean War begins as the Republic of Venice declares war on the Ottoman Empire for control of the Peloponnese area of Greece, a peninsula which includes Corinth and Sparta and has been referred to by the Ottomans as Morea.
- May 18 – The French Navy begins a 10-day bombardment of the Italian city of Genoa in the course of the War of the Reunions between France and the Republic of Genoa. During the fight, the French fleet, commanded by Abraham Duquesne, fires almost 13,000 cannonballs, pausing only during a cease-fire on May 21 and May 22, and uses the new technology of explosive bombs. When the bombardment ends on May 28, two-thirds of the city has been destroyed or damaged.[11]
- June 7 – After a siege of six weeks that began on April 27, Luxembourg City is taken by the French Army from control by Spain, and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, previously part of the Spanish Netherlands (now Belgium) is acquired by France.
- June 27 – Francisco de Távora, the Viceroy of Portuguese India, a small colony located in southwestern India at Goa, issues an order prohibiting indigenous residents from speaking their native language, Konkani, and directs them to learn Portuguese within the next three years.[12]
July–September
- July 21–August 6 – Morean War: Siege of Santa Maura – The Republic of Venice captures the Ottoman island fortress of Santa Maura.[13]
- July 24 – René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle sails again from France, with a large expedition designed to establish a French colony on the Gulf of Mexico, at the mouth of the Mississippi River.[14]
- August – Edmond Halley goes to Cambridge to discuss the problem of planetary motion with Isaac Newton.[15]
- August 15
- France under Louis XIV makes the Truce of Ratisbon separately with the Holy Roman Empire (Habsburg) and Spain.[16]
- Louis XIV decrees the foundation of the Maison royale de Saint-Louis, a boarding school for girls at Saint-Cyr, at the urging of Madame de Maintenon.
- September 21 – Morean War: The Republic of Venice captures the fortress town of Preveza from the Ottoman Empire.
October–December
- October 7 – Japanese Chief Minister Hotta Masatoshi is assassinated, leaving Shōgun Tokugawa Tsunayoshi without any adequate advisors, leading him to issue impractical edicts and create hardships for the Japanese people.
- November 8 – James Renwick, a Scottish minister and one of the "Covenanters" challenging the attempt by Kings James VI and Charles I to take over churches in Scotland, posts his "Apologetical Declaration" on church doors and market crosses in and around Cambusnethan, Lanarkshire.[17]
- November 19 – Richard Keigwin, who had arrested the East India Company's Governor of Bombay in 1683, Josiah Child and had taken over as the unauthorized administrator of Bombay, turns control back to the company and its envoy, Sir Thomas Grantham, receiving a general pardon.[18][19]
- December 10 – Isaac Newton's derivation of Kepler's laws from his theory of gravity, contained in the paper De motu corporum in gyrum, is read to the Royal Society by Edmond Halley.[20]
- December 17 – The Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal War, which had been going on since 1679, ends with the signing of the Treaty at Tingmosgang between the 5th Dalai Lama (Desi Sangye Gyatso) and King Delek Namgyal of Ladakh. The Ladakh kingdom agrees to not invite foreign armies into the area (now part of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir) in return for a respect for its sovereignty.
Date unknown
- Japanese poet Ihara Saikaku composes 23,500 verses in 24 hours at the Sumiyoshi-taisha (shrine) at Osaka; the scribes cannot keep pace with his dictation and just count the verses.[21]
- The predecessor of the University of Tokyo (formally chartered in 1877) is established in Japan.[22]
- The British East India Company receives Chinese permission to build a trading station at Canton.[23] Tea sells in Europe for less than a shilling a pound, but the import duty of 5 shillings makes it too expensive for most English people to afford; hence smuggled tea is drunk much more than legally imported tea.
- John Bunyan publishes the second part of The Pilgrim's Progress.[24]
Births
- January 1 – Arnold Drakenborch, Dutch classical scholar (d. 1748)[25]
- January 4
- Henry Coote, 5th Earl of Mountrath, British politician (d. 1720)[26]
- Henry Grove, English nonconformist minister (d. 1738)[27]
- January 14
- Johann Matthias Hase, German astronomer, mathematician and cartographer (d. 1742)[28]
- Jean-Baptiste van Loo, French subject and portrait painter (d. 1745)[29]
- January 18 – Johann David Köhler, German historian (d. 1755)[30]
- January 23 – Christian Rantzau, Danish noble (d. 1771)[31]
- January 24 – Charles Alexander, Duke of Württemberg, regent of the Kingdom of Serbia (1720–1733) (d. 1737)[32]
- February 16 – Bohuslav Matěj Černohorský, Czech composer (d. 1742)[33]
- February 19 – George Duckett, English Member of Parliament (d. 1732)[34]
- February 20 – Edward Bayly, Irish politician (d. 1741)[35]
- February 21 – Justus van Effen, Dutch author (d. 1735)[36]
- February 22 – Charles, Count of Armagnac, French noble (d. 1751)[37]
- February 24 – Matthias Braun, Czech sculptor (d. 1738)[38]
- March 2 – Christopher Wandesford, 2nd Viscount Castlecomer, Anglo-Irish Member of Parliament (d. 1719)[39]
- March 19 – Jean Astruc, French physician and scholar (d. 1766)[40]
- March 21 – Oley Douglas, English Member of Parliament (d. 1719)[41]
- March 22
- Matthias Bel, Hungarian pastor, polymath (d. 1749)[42]
- William Pulteney, 1st Earl of Bath, English noble (d. 1764)[43]
- March 24 – Samuel von Schmettau, Prussian field marshal (d. 1751)
- March 28 – Tekle Haymanot I, Emperor of Ethiopia (d. 1708)
- March 31 – Francesco Durante, Neapolitan composer (d. 1755)[44]
- April 2 – Henry Somerset, 2nd Duke of Beaufort, English noble (d. 1714)[45]
- April 10 – Joseph Paris Duverney, French banker (d. 1770)
- April 15 – Catherine I of Russia, empress consort (d. 1727)[46]
- April 25 – Marco Benefial, Italian painter (d. 1764)[47]
- May 2 – William Henry, Prince of Nassau-Usingen, Prince of Nassau-Usingen (1702–1718) (d. 1718)[48]
- May 5 – Françoise Charlotte d'Aubigné, French noble (d. 1739)[49]
- May 23 – Hachisuka Muneteru, Japanese daimyō of the Edo period (d. 1743)
- May 27 – Wilhelm Reinhard von Neipperg, Austrian field marshal (d. 1774)[50]
- May 31
- Timothy Cutler, American Episcopal clergyman, rector of Yale College (d. 1765)[51]
- Georg Engelhard Schröder, Swedish artist (d. 1750)[52]
- June 4 – Louis Charles, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Franzhagen, German nobleman (d. 1707)
- June 6 – Nathaniel Lardner, English theologian (d. 1768)[53]
- June 15 – Ernest Leopold, Landgrave of Hesse-Rotenburg, German noble (d. 1749)[54]
- June 22 – Francesco Manfredini, Italian Baroque composer (d. 1762)[55]
- July 3 – Jean-Baptiste Baudry, Canadian gunsmith (d. 1755)[56]
- August 22 – Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria (d. 1696)
- August 24 – Sir Robert Munro, 6th Baronet, British politician (d. 1746)[57]
- August 30 – Marguerite de Launay, baronne de Staal, French author (d. 1750)[58]
- September 1 – Jaime Álvares Pereira de Melo, 3rd Duke of Cadaval, Portuguese noble and statesman (d. 1749)[59]
- September 17
- Henry Cantrell, Anglican clergyman, writer (d. 1773)[60]
- Elizabeth Hanson, American captive of Native Americans and writer (d. 1737)
- September 18 – Johann Gottfried Walther, German music theorist, organist and composer (d. 1748)[61]
- September 22 – Charles Louis Auguste Fouquet, duc de Belle-Isle, French general and statesman (d. 1761)[62]
- October 2 – Thomas Seaton, English religious writer (d. 1741)[63]
- October 8 – Karl Aigen, Austrian painter (d. 1762)
- October 9 – Christopher of Baden-Durlach, German prince (d. 1723)[64]
- October 10 – Jean-Antoine Watteau, French painter (d. 1721)[65]
- October 16 – Peter Walkden, English Presbyterian minister and diarist (d. 1769)[66]
- October 26 – Kurt Christoph Graf von Schwerin, Prussian Generalfeldmarschall (d. 1757)[67]
- October 28 – Paul Alphéran de Bussan, French bishop (d. 1757)[68]
- November 1 – Mikhail Mikhailovich Golitsyn, Russian admiral (d. 1764)
- November 11 – Algernon Seymour, 7th Duke of Somerset, English noble (d. 1750)[69]
- November 12 – Edward Vernon, English admiral (d. 1757)
- November 16 – Allen Bathurst, 1st Earl Bathurst, English noble (d. 1775)[70]
- November 25 – Paul-Hippolyte de Beauvilliers, duke of Saint-Aignan, French diplomat and soldier (d. 1776)[71]
- December 3 – Ludvig Holberg, Norwegian historian and writer (d. 1754)[72]
- December 9 – Abraham Vater, German anatomist (d. 1751)[73]
- December 14 – Siwart Haverkamp, Dutch classical scholar (d. 1742)
- December 15
- James Jurin, British mathematician, doctor (d. 1750)[74]
- August Friedrich Müller, German legal scholar, logician (d. 1761)[75]
- December 16 – Samuel Clark of St Albans, English theologian (d. 1750)[76]
- December 21 – Ippolito Desideri, Italian Tibetologist (d. 1733)[77]
- December 31 – William Grimston, 1st Viscount Grimston, Irish noble (d. 1756)[78]
- Date unknown
- Celia Grillo Borromeo, Genovese scientist and mathematician (d. 1777)[79]
- Jaime de la Té y Sagau, Spanish composer (d. 1736)[80]
Deaths
- January 4 – Louis-Isaac Lemaistre de Sacy, French Bible translator (b. 1613)
- January 11 – Cornelis Speelman, Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (b. 1628)[81]
- January 13 – Henry Howard, 6th Duke of Norfolk, English noble (b. 1628)[82]
- January 15 – Alvise Contarini, Doge of Venice (b. 1601)[83]
- January 21 – Queen Myeongseong, Korean royal consort (b. 1642)
- January 29 – Angélique de Saint-Jean Arnauld d'Andilly, French Jansenist nun (b. 1624)[84]
- February 6 – Ernst Bogislaw von Croÿ, German Lutheran administrator (b. 1620)[85]
- February 11 – Sir Thomas Peyton, 2nd Baronet, English politician (b. 1613)[86]
- February 25 – Dorothy Spencer, Countess of Sunderland, English noblewoman (b. 1617)[87]
- March 24
- Pieter de Hooch, Dutch painter (b. 1629)[88]
- Elizabeth Ridgeway, English poisoner (burned at the stake)[89]
- April 3 – Marc Restout, French painter (b. 1616)
- April 5
- Lord William Brouncker, English mathematician (b. 1602)
- Karl Eusebius, Prince of Liechtenstein (b. 1611)[90]
- April 6 – Domenico Maria Canuti, Italian Baroque painter (b. 1625)[91]
- April 12 – Nicola Amati, Cremonese violin-maker (b. 1596)[92]
- April 13 – Nicolás Antonio, Spanish bibliographer (b. 1617)[93]
- April 24 – Johann Olearius, German hymnwriter (b. 1611)
- May 4 – John Nevison, English highwayman (hanged) (b. 1639)
- May 10 – Anne Carr, Countess of Bedford, English noble (b. 1615)[94]
- May 12 – Edme Mariotte, French physicist and priest (b. c. 1620)[95]
- June 24 – Sir Edward Dering, 2nd Baronet, Irish politician (b. 1625)[96]
- July 6 – Peter Gunning, English royalist churchman (b. 1614)[97]
- July 12 – John Rogers, American President of Harvard University (b. 1630)[98]
- July 26 – Elena Cornaro Piscopia, Venetian philosopher of noble descent (b. 1646)[99]
- August 8 – George Booth, 1st Baron Delamer, English royalist politician, soldier and landowner (b. 1622)[100]
- August 20 – Maria d'Este, Italian noble (b. 1644)[101]
- September 9 – Jakob Thomasius, German philosopher (b. 1622)[102]
- October 1 – Pierre Corneille, French playwright (b. 1606)[103]
- October 11 – James Tuchet, 3rd Earl of Castlehaven, Anglo-Irish noble and soldier (b. c. 1617)[104]
- October 12 – William Croone, English physician, an original Fellow of the Royal Society (b. 1633)[105]
- October 15
- Géraud de Cordemoy, French historian, philosopher and lawyer (b. 1626)[106]
- Julius Siegmund, Duke of Württemberg-Juliusburg, German noble (b. 1653)[107]
- October 24 – Duchess Marie Elisabeth of Saxony (b. 1610)[108]
- October 25 – Dud Dudley, English ironmaster (b. 1600?)[109]
- November 20
- Bartolomé Garcia de Escañuela, Spanish Catholic prelate and bishop (b. 1627)[110]
- Cornelius Van Steenwyk, American politician (b. 1626)[111]
- November 23 – William Cavendish, 3rd Earl of Devonshire, English noble (b. 1617)[112]
- December 10 – Sir Thomas Sclater, 1st Baronet, English politician (b. 1615)[113]
- December 22 – Francis Hawley, 1st Baron Hawley, English politician (b. 1608)[114]
- date unknown – Alexandra Mavrokordatou, Greek intellectual, salonist (b. 1605)[115]
References
- ↑ Anne Emily Garnier Newdigate-Newdegate, ed., Cavalier and Puritan in the Days of the Stuarts: Compiled from the Private Papers and Diary of Sir Richard Newdigate, Second Baronet, with Extracts from Ms. News-letters Addressed to Him Between 1675 and 1689 (Smith, Elder, & Co., 1901) p. 234
- ↑ Gullino, Giuseppe. "GIUSTINIAN, Marcantonio". www.treccani.it (in Italian). Retrieved March 28, 2023.
- ↑ Laurence Gardner, The Shadow of Solomon (HarperCollins, 2005) p. 64
- ↑ Margaret 'Espinasse, Robert Hooke (University of California Press, 1956) p. 75
- ↑ Elbl, Martin (December 27, 2013). Portuguese Tangier (1471-1662): Colonial Urban Fabric as Cross-Cultural Skeleton. Baywolf Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-921437-50-5. Retrieved March 28, 2023.
- ↑ William Andrews, Famous Frosts and Frost Fairs in Great Britain: Chronicled from the Earliest to the Present Time (G. Redway, 1887) pp. 17-18
- ↑ Stratton, J. M. (1969). Agricultural Records. John Baker. ISBN 0-212-97022-4.
- ↑ Ulrich van der Heyden, Rote Adler an Afrikas Küste: Die Brandenburgisch-preussische Kolonie Grossfriedrichsburg in Westafrika ("Red eagles on the African coast: the Brandenburg-Prussian colony of Grossfriedrichsburg in West Africa") (Selignow, 2001) p. 31
- ↑ Setton, Kenneth Meyer (1991). Venice, Austria, and the Turks in the Seventeenth Century. American Philosophical Society. p. 271. ISBN 978-0-87169-192-7. Retrieved March 28, 2023.
- ↑ "Jōkyō-reki", in Japan Encyclopedia, ed. by Louis Frederic and translated by Kathe Roth (Belknap Press, 2002) p. 431
- ↑ John Lynn, The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1714 (Longman, 1999) p. 174
- ↑ Fernandes, Gonçalo (January 3, 2019). "Contributions of Cunha Rivara (1809–1879) to the Development of Konkani". Journal of Portuguese Linguistics. 18 (1). doi:10.5334/jpl.204. ISSN 2397-5563. S2CID 165456291. Retrieved March 31, 2023.
- ↑ Finlay, George (1856). The History of Greece Under Othoman and Venetian Domination. William Blackwood. p. 209. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
- ↑ Burke, James Wakefield (1979). A forgotten glory : the missions of old Texas. Waco: Texian Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-87244-049-4. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
- ↑ Hall, Alfred Rupert (September 12, 2002). Philosophers at War: The Quarrel Between Newton and Leibniz. Cambridge University Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-521-52489-6. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
- ↑ Bas, Philippe Le (1841). Histoire de La Francia (in Spanish). Vol. 2. Imprenta del Nacional. p. 42.
- ↑ "Renwick, James [alias James Bruce] (1662–1688), covenanter". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/23382. Retrieved April 3, 2023. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ↑ Cunha, Joseph Gerson (1900). The Origin of Bombay. Bombay: Society's library. p. 329. Retrieved April 3, 2023.
- ↑ Dodwell, Henry (1929). The Cambridge History of the British Empire. Cambridge University Press. pp. 162–163. Retrieved April 3, 2023.
- ↑ Gondhalekar, Prabhakar (2001). The grip of gravity : the quest to understand the laws of motion and gravitation. Cambridge University Press. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-521-80316-8. Retrieved April 3, 2023.
- ↑ Solt, John (March 23, 2020). Shredding the Tapestry of Meaning: The Poetry and Poetics of Kitasono Katue (1902–1978). BRILL. p. 64. ISBN 978-1-68417-326-6. Retrieved April 3, 2023.
- ↑ Poole, Gregory S. (January 1, 2010). The Japanese Professor: An Ethnography of a University Faculty. BRILL. p. 15. ISBN 978-94-6091-166-8. Retrieved April 3, 2023.
- ↑ Fleisher, Benjamin Wilfried (1922). The Trans-Pacific. B.W. Fleisher. p. 55. Retrieved April 5, 2023.
- ↑ Swaim, Kathleen M. (1993). Pilgrim's Progress, Puritan Progress: Discourses and Contexts. University of Illinois Press. p. 301. ISBN 978-0-252-01894-7. Retrieved April 5, 2023.
- ↑ Chalmers, Alexander (1813). The General Biographical Dictionary Containing an Historical and Critical Account of the Lives and Writings of the Most Eminent Persons. J. Nichols. p. 315.
- ↑ "COOTE, Hon. Henry (1684-1720), of Woodhill, Herts". www.historyofparliamentonline.org. Retrieved April 5, 2023.
- ↑ Sell, Alan P. F. (November 28, 2017). "The Life and Thought of Henry Grove". Testimony and Tradition: Studies in Reformed and Dissenting Thought. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-14810-8. Retrieved April 5, 2023.
- ↑ Joecher, Christian Gottlieb (1750). Allgemeines Gelehrten Lexicon: D - L (in German). Gleditsch. p. 1392. Retrieved April 5, 2023.
- ↑ Mirza, Umair (March 1, 1911). Encyclopedia Britannica. Vol. 27. p. 895. Retrieved April 5, 2023.
- ↑ Salzmann, Christian Gotthilf (1802). Denkwürdigkeiten aus dem Leben ausgezeichneter Teutschen des achtzehnten Jahrhunderts (in German). Verlag d. Erziehungsanst. p. 540. Retrieved April 6, 2023.
- ↑ Kyhl, O. (1973). Den Landmilitære centraladministrations embedsetat 1660-1763 (in Danish). Rigsarkivet. p. 27. ISBN 978-87-7497-005-7. Retrieved April 6, 2023.
- ↑ Babuscio, Jack; Dunn, Richard (1984). European political facts, 1648-1789. New York, NY: Facts on File. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-87196-992-7. Retrieved April 10, 2023.
- ↑ Šulcová, Kateřina (2001). "Černohorský [Czernohorsky], Bohuslav Matěj". Grove Music Online. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.05298. Retrieved April 6, 2023.
- ↑ "DUCKETT, George (1684-1732), of Hartham House, Corsham, Wilts. and Dewlish, Dorset". www.historyofparliamentonline.org. Retrieved April 6, 2023.
- ↑ Johnston-Liik, E. M. (2002). History of the Irish Parliament 1692-1800: Members of the Irish House of Commons. Ulster Historical Foundation. p. 147. ISBN 978-1-903688-71-7. Retrieved April 6, 2023.
- ↑ Schorr, James L. (1982). The Life and Works of Justus Van Effen. University of Wyoming. p. 10. Retrieved April 6, 2023.
- ↑ Poull, Georges (1991). La Maison ducale de Lorraine devenue la Maison impériale et royale d'Autriche, de Hongrie et de Bohême (in French). Presses universitaires de Nancy. p. 449. ISBN 978-2-86480-517-5. Retrieved April 6, 2023.
- ↑ "MATTHIAS BERNARD BRAUN". October 10, 2004. Archived from the original on October 10, 2004. Retrieved April 8, 2023.
- ↑ "WANDESFORD, Christopher, 2nd Visct. Castlecomer [I] (1684-1719), of Kirklington, Yorks". www.historyofparliamentonline.org. Retrieved April 8, 2023.
- ↑ Halkett, Samuel; Hjaltalín, Jón Andrésson; Jamieson, Thomas Hill (1867). Catalogue of the Printed Books in the Library of the Faculty of Advocates: A - Byzantium. W. Blackwood and sons. p. 230. Retrieved April 8, 2023.
- ↑ "DOUGLAS, Oley (1684-1719), of Gray's Inn, London". www.historyofparliamentonline.org. Retrieved April 8, 2023.
- ↑ Tibenský, Ján (1987). Matej Bel: doba, život, dielo (in Slovak). Veda. p. 47. Retrieved April 8, 2023.
- ↑ Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sir Sidney (1917). Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. p. 471. Retrieved April 8, 2023.
- ↑ Swain, Joseph P. (June 6, 2013). Historical Dictionary of Baroque Music. Scarecrow Press. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-8108-7825-9. Retrieved April 8, 2023.
- ↑ Burke, John; Burke, J. Bernard (1848). Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire. Burke's Peerage Limited. p. 77. Retrieved April 9, 2023.
- ↑ "Catherine I empress of Russia". www.britannica.com. August 3, 2023.
- ↑ Bénézit, Emmanuel (1976). Dictionnaire critique et documentaire des peintres, sculpteurs, dessinateurs et graveurs de tous les temps et de tous les pays (in French). Paris: Gründ. p. 622. ISBN 978-2-7000-0149-5. Retrieved April 10, 2023.
- ↑ Der durchlauchtigen Welt (in German). Weigel. 1740. p. 48. Retrieved April 10, 2023.
- ↑ Fraser, Antonia (June 25, 2010). Love and Louis XIV: The Women in the Life of the Sun King. Doubleday Canada. p. 213. ISBN 978-0-385-67251-1. Retrieved April 10, 2023.
- ↑ Jährliches genealogisches Handbuch (in German). Gleditsch. 1782. p. 51. Retrieved April 13, 2023.
- ↑ Chamberlain, Joshua Lawrence; Smith, Charles Henry; Lee, Albert (1900). Yale University: Its History, Influence, Equipment and Characteristics, with Biographical Sketches and Portraits of Founders, Benefactors, Officers, and Alumni. R. Herndon Company. p. 9. Retrieved April 13, 2023.
- ↑ Hofberg, Herman; Heurlin, Frithiof; Millqvist, Viktor; Rubenson, Olof (1906). Svenskt biografiskt handlexikon (in Swedish). p. 435. Retrieved April 13, 2023.
- ↑ Gordon, Alexander (1917). Freedom After Ejection: A Review (1690-1692) of Presbyterian and Congregational Nonconformity in England and Wales. Manchester University Press. p. 301. Retrieved April 13, 2023.
- ↑ "Hessian Biography". www.lagis-hessen.de. Retrieved April 13, 2023.
- ↑ Randel, Don Michael (1996). The Harvard Biographical Dictionary of Music. Harvard University Press. p. 547. ISBN 978-0-674-37299-3. Retrieved April 13, 2023.
- ↑ Dictionary of Canadian biography. Tornoto: University of Toronto Press. 1966. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-8020-3287-4. Retrieved April 13, 2023.
- ↑ Sedgwick, Romney (1970). The House of Commons, 1715-1754. London: History of Parliament Trust. p. 282. ISBN 978-0-11-880098-3. Retrieved April 13, 2023.
- ↑ Mirza, Umair (March 1, 1911). Encyclopedia Britannica. Vol. 25. The Encyclopedia Britannica Company. p. 749. Retrieved April 13, 2023.
- ↑ Esteves Pereira, João Manuel; Rodrigues, Guilherme (1904). Portugal; diccionario historico, chorographico, heraldico, biographico, bibliographico, numismatico e artistico. Vol. 2. Lisbon: J. Romano Torres. p. 588. Retrieved April 15, 2023.
- ↑ "Cantrell, Henry". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/4577. Retrieved April 15, 2023. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ↑ Gassner, Ferdinand Simon (1849). Universal-Lexikon Der Tonkunst (in German). F. Köhler. p. 878. Retrieved April 15, 2023.
- ↑ Oettinger, Eduard Maria (1866). Moniteur des dates: contenant un million de renseignements biographiques, généalogiques et historiques. A - C. 1 (in German). Oettinger. p. 74. Retrieved April 15, 2023.
- ↑ "Seaton, Thomas (1684–1741)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/24991. Retrieved April 15, 2023. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ↑ Sachs, Johann Christian (1773). Einleitung in die Geschichte der Marggravschaft und des marggrävlichen altfürstlichen Hauses Baden: 5 (in German). Lotter. p. 176. Retrieved April 15, 2023.
- ↑ "Watteau 1684-1721" (PDF). National Gallery of Art. p. 16. Retrieved April 15, 2023.
- ↑ Sutton, C. W.; Benedict, Jim (2004). "Walkden, Peter". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/28464. Retrieved April 15, 2023. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ↑ Zeughaus, Das Königliche (1887). Führer durch das Königliche Zeughaus in Berlin (in German). Berlin: W. Moeser. p. 30. Retrieved April 15, 2023.
- ↑ "Archbishop Paul Alpheran de Bussan [Catholic-Hierarchy]". www.catholic-hierarchy.org. Retrieved April 15, 2023.
- ↑ "SEYMOUR, Algernon". www.historyofparliamentonline.org. Retrieved April 15, 2023.
- ↑ Burke's genealogical and heraldic history of peerage, baronetage and knightage. Burke's Peerage Limited. 1914. p. 199. Retrieved April 17, 2023.
- ↑ Aubert de La Chesnaye-Desbois, François-Alexandre (1770). Dictionnaire de la noblesse (in French). Paris: La veuve Duchesne. p. 236. Retrieved April 17, 2023.
- ↑ Haakonssen, Knud; Olden-Jørgensen, Sebastian (February 17, 2017). Ludvig Holberg (1684-1754): Learning and Literature in the Nordic Enlightenment. Routledge. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-317-10305-9. Retrieved April 17, 2023.
- ↑ Rust, Johann Nepomuk (1836). Theoretisch-praktisches Handbuch der Chirurgie mit Einschluss der syphilitischen und Augen-Krankheiten in alphabetischer Ordnung (in German). Vol. 17. Enslin. p. 18. Retrieved April 17, 2023.
- ↑ "Jurin, James". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/15173. Retrieved April 17, 2023. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ↑ Richter, Friedrich Theodor (1863). Jahrbüchlein zur Geschichte Leipzigs und Kalender zu den Gedenktagen seiner merkwürdigsten Einwohner (in German). Klinkhardt. p. 96. Retrieved April 18, 2023.
- ↑ "Clarke, Samuel". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/5531. Retrieved April 18, 2023. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ↑ Wessels, Cornelius (1924). Early Jesuit Travellers in Central Asia: 1603-1721. Hague. p. 207. Retrieved April 18, 2023.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ↑ "GRIMSTON (formerly LUCKYN), William". www.historyofparliamentonline.org. Retrieved April 18, 2023.
- ↑ "Grillo Borromeo Arese Clelia". Scienza a due voci (in Italian). March 11, 2012. Archived from the original on March 11, 2012. Retrieved April 18, 2023.
- ↑ Music in Spain During the Eighteenth Century Malcolm Boyd, Juan José Carreras - 2006 "D. Jayme de la Te y Sagau, impressor da Musica na Corte de Lisboa, imprimiu estas Décadas, porém quando sahi de Portugal creyo que não estava ..."
- ↑ "Cornelis Speelman". De VOC Site. Retrieved April 20, 2023.
- ↑ Robinson, John Martin (1982). The Dukes of Norfolk: A Quincentennial History. Oxford University Press. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-19-215869-7. Retrieved April 20, 2023.
- ↑ Benzoni, Gino. "CONTARINI, Alvise". www.treccani.it (in Italian).
- ↑ Arnauld, Jeanne-Catherine-Agnès de Saint-Paul (1858). Lettres de la Mère Agnès Arnauld, abbesse de Port-Royal (in French). Imprimerie Bonaventure et Ducessois. p. 139. Retrieved April 20, 2023.
- ↑ Erbstein, Julius (1869). Die Ritter-von-Schulthess-Rechberg'sche Münz- und Medaillen-Sammlung: als Anhang zum Thaler-Cabinet des verstorbenen Herrn K. G. Ritter von Schulthess-Rechberg (in German). Selbstverl. p. 180. Retrieved April 20, 2023.
- ↑ "PEYTON, Sir Thomas, 2nd Bt". www.historyofparliamentonline.org. Retrieved April 20, 2023.
- ↑ Ady, Julia Mary Cartwright (1893). Sacharissa; some account of Dorothy Sidney, countess of Sunderland, her family and friends, 1617-1684. London, Seeley and Co. p. 305. Retrieved April 20, 2023.
- ↑ Giltaij, Jeroen; Hecht, Peter (2004). Senses and Sins: Dutch Painters of Daily Life in the Seventeenth Century. Hatje Cantz. p. 227. ISBN 978-3-7757-1523-2. Retrieved April 22, 2023.
- ↑ Croom, Geo. (1684). A True Relation of FourMmost Barbarous and Cruel Murders Committed in Leicestershire by Elizabeth Ridgeway. London. p. 1. Retrieved April 22, 2023.
- ↑ Sommer, Johann (1837). Das Königreich Böhmen: bd. Chrudimer kreis (in German). Calve. p. 141. Retrieved April 28, 2023.
- ↑ Bellini, Paolo (1992). Storia dell'incisione italiana: il Seicento (in Italian). Ed. Tip. Le. Company. p. 110. Retrieved April 28, 2023.
- ↑ "Violin Makers: Nicolò Amati (1596–1684) and Antonio Stradivari (1644–1737)". www.metmuseum.org. Retrieved July 26, 2019.
- ↑ Francisco Dominguez, Juan (2012). Diccionario biografico y bibliografico del humanismo espanol (siglos XV-XVII) (PDF) (in Spanish). Madrid: Ediciones Clasicas. p. 79. Retrieved April 28, 2023.
- ↑ Cokayne, George E. (1887). Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Extant, Extinct Or Dormant. G. Bell & sons. p. 300. Retrieved April 28, 2023.
- ↑ Haydn, Joseph (1877). A Dictionary of Biography Past and Present. E. Moxon, Son. p. 383. Retrieved April 28, 2023.
- ↑ Haslewood, Francis (1876). Genealogical memoranda relating to the family of Dering of Surrenden-Dering. London. p. 17. Retrieved April 28, 2023.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ↑ Mason, Francis (1728). A Vindication of the Church of England, and of the Lawful Ministry Thereof. London. p. 78. Retrieved April 28, 2023.
- ↑ "John Rogers". harvard.edu. September 6, 2015. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015. Retrieved April 28, 2023.
- ↑ Herbermann, Charles George (1908). The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church. Encyclopedia Press. p. 373. Retrieved April 28, 2023.
- ↑ Burke, Bernard (1866). A Genealogical History of the Dormant: Abeyant, Forfeited, and Extinct Peerages of the British Empire. Harrison. p. 61. Retrieved April 28, 2023.
- ↑ Monti, Lorenzo (1821). Almanacco Codognese: Per L'Anno 1821 Contenente Alcune Notizie Storiche Appartenenti Alle Comuni Del Distretto Di Codogno E Corconvicine (in Italian). Vol. 3. Cairo. p. 113. Retrieved April 28, 2023.
- ↑ Bottin, Francesco (1993). Models of the History of Philosophy: From its Origins in the Renaissance to the 'Historia Philosophica': Volume I. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 411. ISBN 978-0-7923-2200-9. Retrieved April 29, 2023.
- ↑ Jal, Auguste (1872). Dictionnaire critique de biographie et d'histoire : errata et supplément pour tous les dictionnaires historiques (in French). Paris: Henri Plon. p. 428. Retrieved April 29, 2023.
- ↑ Kelsey, Sean (2004). "Touchet, James, third earl of Castlehaven". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/27577. Retrieved April 29, 2023. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ↑ Worthington, John (1886). The Diary and Correspondence of Dr. John Worthington. Chetham Society. pp. 288–289. Retrieved April 29, 2023.
- ↑ Ablondi, Fred (January 8, 2005). "Géraud de Cordemoy". Retrieved April 29, 2023.
- ↑ Juten, W. J. F. (1902). Het Groothertogelijk Huis Mecklenburg (in Dutch). Gebr. Juten. p. 95. Retrieved April 29, 2023.
- ↑ Bricka, Carl Frederik (1897). Dansk biografisk Lexikon (in Danish). F. Hegel & Søn. p. 131. Retrieved April 29, 2023.
- ↑ Society, Staffordshire Record (1889). Collections for a History of Staffordshire. William Salt Archaeological Society. p. 37. Retrieved April 29, 2023.
- ↑ Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1884). History of the North Mexican States. A.L. Bancroft. p. 339. Retrieved April 29, 2023.
- ↑ Shonnard, Frederic; Spooner, Walter Whipple (1900). History of Westchester County, New York: From Its Earliest Settlement to the Year 1900. New York History Company. p. 148. Retrieved April 29, 2023.
- ↑ "Cavendish, William, third earl of Devonshire". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/4947. Retrieved April 29, 2023. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ↑ Cokayne, George E. (1900). Complete baronetage. Exter: W. Pollard & co., ltd. p. 96. Retrieved April 29, 2023.
- ↑ Lodge, John (1754). The Peerage of Ireland; Or, a Genealogical History of the Present Nobility of that Kingdom; with Their Paternal Coats of Arms. Vol. 4. London: William Johnston. p. 148. Retrieved April 29, 2023.
- ↑ Uglow, J.; Hendry, M. (March 8, 2005). The Palgrave Macmillan Dictionary of Women's Biography. Springer. p. 392. ISBN 978-0-230-50577-3. Retrieved April 29, 2023.
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