Protectorate General to Pacify the East
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese安東都護府
Simplified Chinese安东都护府
Korean name
Hangul안동도호부
Hanja安東都護府

The Protectorate-General to Pacify the East (simplified Chinese: 安东都护府; traditional Chinese: 安東都護府; pinyin: Āndōng Dūhùfǔ) was an administrative division of the Chinese Tang dynasty in Manchuria and the northern part of the Korean Peninsula. It was established after the Tang dynasty defeated Goguryeo and annexed its territories. In the place of Baekje and Goguryeo, the Tang dynasty created the Protectorate General to Pacify the East and the Ungjin Commandery. A proposal to set up the Great Commandery of Gyerim by the Emperor Gaozong of Tang to King Munmu of Silla was refused.

History

Goguryeo-Tang wars.

After the Tang dynasty conquered Goguryeo in 668, the Protectorate General to Pacify the East, otherwise known as the Andong Protectorate, was created in Pyongyang and supposedly stationed with 200,000 soldiers. The protectorate was divided into 9 commanderies, 42 prefectures, and 100 counties with an estimated 697,000 Goguryeo households.[1][2][3]

In 669 the people of Goguryeo revolted in response to Tang governance. In response the Tang forcibly deported tens of thousands of households and resettled them in empty areas south of the Changjiang (Yangtze) and Huai River, each in contemporary China. The weak and poor were left behind and assigned to guard duty in service of the protectorate.[2] Different numbers of households are given by various sources. According to the Samguk Sagi citing Chinese sources, the Zizhi Tongjian says 38,200 households, the Old Book of Tang and Tongdian say 28,200, and the New Book of Tang says 30,000. The Samguk Sagi says 38,300.[4] Mark Cartwright gives a number of 200,000 people forcefully resettled including the king.[5] Wang Zhenping gives a figure of 78,000 households.[2] Ma Dazheng gives a higher figure of up to half of the entire Goguryeo population.[6] These estimates proposed by Chinese scholars are contested by Korean scholars, who criticize them for illogical and contradictory interpretations of original sources and alignment with political narratives associated with the government-backed Northeast Project conducted by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.[7][8]

From 670 to 675, Goguryeo loyalists aligned with Silla launched offensives against the Tang Chinese on all fronts within and outside the Protectorate. Aided by Silla, Goguryeo generals such as Go Yeonmu and Geom Mojam reclaimed parts of former Goguryeo territories after winning several decisive battles in Ogol, Gaedonyang, and Paeseo. For instance, Go Yeonmu, led a counter-offensive against the Tang armies in Liaodong alongside the Sillan general Seol Oyu in 670, defeating the Tang armies stationed in the area and occupying it briefly until 674.[9] Originally Emperor Taizong of Tang promised to exchange Baekje and the lands south of Pyongyang in return for Silla's military cooperation. However Taizong died before the conquest of Goguryeo was completed, and his successor Gaozong reneged on the promise.[10]

In 671, Sillan forces drove out the Tang.[11] In 675 the Tang attacked Silla and defeated them in Gyeonggi.[12] In response Munmu of Silla dispatched a tributary mission to Tang with apologies. Gaozong accepted Munmu's apologies and withdrew Tang troops to deal with the Tibetan threat in the west. Seeing the Tang's strategic weakness, Silla renewed the advance on Tang territory.[12] Silla took all the territory south of the Taedong River in a series of battles in 676.[13]

By 676 the Tang were forced to relocate the protectorate seat to the more easily defendable city of Liaoyang.[14][3][15]

In 677 the seat was moved to Xincheng, in modern Fushun, Liaoning.[14][3][15]

The deposed Bojang of Goguryeo was designated "Liaodong Commander King of Joseon" (Korean: 요동주도독 조선왕; Hanja: 遼東州都督朝鮮王) in 667. Upon arriving in Liaodong, he plotted with the Mohe people to revive Goguryeo. News of his intentions reached the Tang, and Bojang was banished to southwestern China in 681.[16]

In 714, the seat was moved to Pingzhou, in modern Lulong County, Qinhuangdao, Hebei.[17][16][3]

In 736, the Tang formally recognized Silla's control of Korea south of the Taedong River.[16] In 743, the seat was moved to the Old City of Liaoxi, possibly Ying Prefecture (modern Chaoyang, Liaoning).[17][16][3]

The Protectorate General to Pacify the East, otherwise known as the Andong Protectorate, was abandoned in 756 or ended in 761.[16][3]

List of protector generals

The Andong protectorate, above Unified Silla
Map of the six major protectorates during Tang dynasty. The Protectorate General to Pacify the East is marked as Andong (安东都护府).
  • Wei Zhe (668–669)
  • Xue Rengui (669–670) – 안동도호부사/安東都護府使
  • Gao Kan (670–676)
  • Bojang of Goguryeo (677–681) – (Hangul : 요동주도독 조선왕 Hanja:遼東州都督朝鮮王) and (Hangul : 조선군왕 Hanja:朝鮮郡王)
  • Qu Tuquan (681–685)
  • Xue Ne (685–696) 薛訥 – 安東道經略 안동도경락 – also military commander of Youjou
  • Pei Xuangui (696–698) 裴玄珪
  • Go Deokmu (698–699) (Hangul : 고덕무 Hanja: 高德武), Son of Bojang – 안동도독/安東都督
  • Tang Xiujing (704–705) 唐休璟
  • Pei Huaigu (712) 裴懷古
  • Sun Jian (712) 孫儉
  • Shan Sijing (713) 單思敬
  • Xu Qincou (714) 許欽湊
  • Xu Qindan (714) 許欽澹
  • Zhang Shuo (715–719) 張說
  • Xue Tai (720–725) 薛泰
  • Li Jiao (727–732) 李璬
  • Pei Min (733–741) 裴旻
  • Jia Xun (742–755) 賈循
  • Wang Xuanzhi (756–758) 王玄志
  • Hou Xiyi (758–761) 侯希逸

Administrative area

Administratively, it was intended to oversee nine commanderies, 42 prefectures (later decreased into 14) and 100 counties.

Nine commanderies

14 prefectures (州)

See also

References

  1. ↑ "舊唐書". 中國哲學書電子化計劃. Retrieved 3 August 2017. 安東都護府總章元年九月，司空李勣平高麗。高麗本五部，一百七十六城，戶六十九萬七千。其年十二月，分高麗地為九都督府，四十二州，一百縣，置安東都護府於平壤城以統之。In the ninth month of the first year of the Zongzhang era [668], the Minister of Works Li Ji pacified Goguryeo. Originally Goguryeo had 5 regions, 176 cities, and 697,000 households. In the twelfth month of that year, Goguryeo's territory was divided into 9 commanderies, 42 prefectures, and 100 counties. The Andong Protectorate was situated at Pyeongyang to govern it.
  2. 1 2 3 Wang 2013, p. 81.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Xiong 2008, p. 43.
  4. ↑ "Gaozong of Tang relocates Goguryeo refugees". 한국사데이터베이스 (Korean History Database). Retrieved 2023-11-01.
  5. ↑ Cartwright, Mark. "Goguryeo". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2023-11-01.
  6. ↑ 马, 大正 (2001). "古代中国高句丽历史丛论". 哈尔滨: 黑龙江教育出版社.: 56.
  7. ↑ Kim, Hyunsuk (2016). "동북공정 종료 후 중국의 고구려사 연구동향과 전망 (Research Tendencies and Prospects of Chinese Scholarship on the History of Koguryo Following the Completion of the Northeast Project)". 동북아역사논총. 53: 49–50 – via KCI.
  8. ↑ Choe, Gwang Shik (2008). "동북공정 이후 중국 연구서에 보이는 고구려· 발해 인식 (China's Historical Perspective about Goguryeo and Balhae Showed in the Northeast Project)". 선사와 고대 (Prehistory and Ancient History). 29: 123 – via KCI.
  9. ↑ Lee, Jeongbin (2009). "고연무의 고구려 부흥군과 부흥운동의 전개 (The Restoration Movement of Koguryo)". Yŏksa Wa Hyŏnsil. 72 (12): 133–136 – via KCI.
  10. ↑ Wang 2013, p. 82.
  11. ↑ Seth 2020, p. 45.
  12. 1 2 Wang 2013, p. 83-84.
  13. ↑ Seth, Michael J. (2020). A Concise History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 45. ISBN 978-1-5381-2898-5.
  14. 1 2 "舊唐書". 中國哲學書電子化計劃. Retrieved 3 August 2017. 上元三年二月，移安東府於遼東郡故城置。儀鳳二年，又移置於新城。In the second month of the third year of the Shangyuan era [676], the seat of Andong was moved to the Old City of Liaodong. In the second year of the Yifeng era [677], it was move again, this time to Xincheng.
  15. 1 2 Wang 2013, p. 84.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 Wang 2013, p. 85.
  17. 1 2 "舊唐書". 中國哲學書電子化計劃. Retrieved 3 August 2017. 開元二年，移安東都護於平州置。天寶二年，移於遼西故郡城置。In the second year of the Kaiyuan era [714], the Andong Protectorate was moved to Ping Prefecture. In the second year of the Tianbao era [743], it was moved to the old commandery seat of Liaoxi.

Bibliography

  • Lee, K.-b. (1984). A new history of Korea. Tr. by E.W. Wagner & E.J. Schulz, based on the Korean rev. ed. of 1979. Seoul: Ilchogak. ISBN 89-337-0204-0
  • Wang, Zhenping (2013), Tang China in Multi-Polar Asia: A History of Diplomacy and War, University of Hawaii Press
  • Xiong, Victor (2008), Historical Dictionary of Medieval China, United States of America: Scarecrow Press, Inc., ISBN 978-0810860537

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