Picture of the Times Square, emphasizing on its prevalence of advertisements

Anti-consumerism is a sociopolitical ideology that is opposed to consumerism, the continual buying and consuming of material possessions. Anti-consumerism is concerned with the private actions of business corporations in pursuit of financial and economic goals at the expense of the public welfare, especially in matters of environmental protection, social stratification, and ethics in the governing of a society. In politics, anti-consumerism overlaps with environmental activism, anti-globalization, and animal-rights activism; moreover, a conceptual variation of anti-consumerism is post-consumerism, living in a material way that transcends consumerism.[1]

Anti-consumerism arose in response to the problems caused by the long-term mistreatment of human consumers and of the animals consumed, and from the incorporation of consumer education to school curricula; examples of anti-consumerism are the book No Logo (2000) by Naomi Klein, and documentary films such as The Corporation (2003), by Mark Achbar and Jennifer Abbott, and Surplus: Terrorized into Being Consumers (2003), by Erik Gandini; each made anti-corporate activism popular as an ideologically accessible form of civil and political action. Predictors of anti-consumption attitudes and behaviours include individual and collective motivations resulting from negative experiences with a particular product or brand or may relate to a symbolic incongruence between one’s sense of identity and a company’s image (Iyer and Muncy, 2009, Kozinets et al., 2010, Lee and Ahn, 2016)

The criticism of economic materialism as a dehumanizing behaviour that is destructive to Earth, as human habitat, comes from religion and social activism. The religious criticism asserts that materialist consumerism interferes with the connection between the individual and God, and so is an inherently immoral style of life; thus the German historian Oswald Spengler (1880–1936) said that, "Life in America is exclusively economic in structure, and lacks depth."[2] From the Roman Catholic perspective, Thomas Aquinas said that, "Greed is a sin against God, just as all mortal sins, in as much as man condemns things eternal for the sake of temporal things";[3] in that vein, Francis of Assisi, Ammon Hennacy, and Mohandas Gandhi said that spiritual inspiration guided them towards simple living.

From the secular perspective, social activism indicates that from consumerist materialism derive crime (which originates from the poverty of economic inequality), industrial pollution and the consequent environmental degradation, and war as a business.

About the societal discontent born of malaise and hedonism, Pope Benedict XVI said in 2008 that the philosophy of materialism offers no purpose for human existence,[4] and in 2011 specifically attacked the commercialization of Christmas;[5] likewise, the writer Georges Duhamel said that "American materialism [is] a beacon of mediocrity that threatened to eclipse French civilization".[2]

Background

Anti-consumerism originated from criticism of consumption, starting with Thorstein Veblen, who, in the book The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study of Institutions (1899), indicated that consumerism dates from the cradle of civilization. The term consumerism also denotes economic policies associated with Keynesian economics, and the belief that the free choice of consumers should dictate the economic structure of a society (cf. producerism).

Politics and society

An anti-consumerist stencil graffiti saying "Consuming consumes you"

Many anti-corporate activists believe the rise of large-business corporations poses a threat to the legitimate authority of nation states and the public sphere.[6] They feel corporations are invading people's privacy, manipulating politics and governments, and creating false needs in consumers. They state evidence such as invasive advertising adware, spam, telemarketing, child-targeted advertising, aggressive guerrilla marketing, massive corporate campaign contributions in political elections, interference in the policies of sovereign nation states (Ken Saro-Wiwa), and news stories about corporate corruption (Enron, for example).[7]

Anti-consumerism protesters point out that the main responsibility of a corporation is to answer only to shareholders, giving human rights and other issues almost no consideration.[8] The management does have a primary responsibility to their shareholders, since any philanthropic activities that do not directly serve the business could be deemed to be a breach of trust. This sort of financial responsibility means that multi-national corporations will pursue strategies to intensify labor and reduce costs. For example, they will attempt to find low wage economies with laws which are conveniently lenient on human rights, the natural environment, trade union organization and so on (see, for example, Nike).

An important contribution to the critique of consumerism has been made by French philosopher Bernard Stiegler, arguing modern capitalism is governed by consumption rather than production, and the advertising techniques used to create consumer behaviour amount to the destruction of psychic and collective individuation. The diversion of libidinal energy toward the consumption of consumer products, he argues, results in an addictive cycle of consumption, leading to hyper-consumption, the exhaustion of desire, and the reign of symbolic misery.

In art, Banksy, an influential British graffiti master, painter, activist, filmmaker and all-purpose provocateur,[9] has created satirical and provocative works about the consumerist society (notable examples include "Napalm", also known as "Can't Beat That Feelin'", an attack on Walt Disney Pictures and McDonald's,[10] and "Death By Swoosh", directed at Nike[11]). Working undercover, the secretive street artist challenges social ideas and goads viewers into rethinking their surroundings, to acknowledge the absurdities of closely held preconceptions.[9] In an essay contained in his 2004 book Cut It Out, he writes, "You owe the companies nothing. Less than nothing, you especially don't owe them any courtesy. They owe you. They have re-arranged the world to put themselves in front of you. They never asked for your permission, don't even start asking for theirs." After 2003, Banksy wrote the New Yorker by e-mail: "I give away thousands of paintings for free. I don't think it's possible to make art about world poverty and trouser all the cash." Banksy believes that there is a consumerist shift in art, and for the first time, the bourgeois world of art belongs to the people. On his website Archived 2021-06-19 at the Wayback Machine, he provides high-resolution images of his work for free downloading.

Anti-Consumerism from a sustainability perspective also ties into the social and political understanding of the term, as ideas surrounding this perspective are rooted in sustainability efforts. Practicing anti-consumerism can mean voluntarily simplifying and minimizing one's lifestyle; this can be in efforts to exist more sustainably in a consumer culture.[12] These lifestyle changes, which include choosing paper bags over plastic bags when shopping, are also in line with anti-corporate activism and green consumerism -- both large contributors to the ethical market.[13]

Conspicuous consumption

It is preoccupation with possessions, more than anything else, that prevents us from living freely and nobly.

— Bertrand Russell[14]

Trying to reduce environmental pollution without reducing consumerism is like combating drug trafficking without reducing the drug addiction.

— Jorge Majfud[15]

In many critical contexts, the term describes the tendency of people to identify strongly with products or services they consume, especially with commercial brand names and obvious status-enhancing appeal, such as a brand of expensive automobiles or jewelry. It is a pejorative term which most people deny, having some more specific excuse or rationalization for consumption other than the idea that they are "compelled to consume". A culture that has a high amount of consumerism is referred to as a consumer culture.

To those who embrace the idea of consumerism, these products are not seen as valuable in themselves, but rather as social signals that allow them to identify like-minded people through consumption and display of similar products. Few would yet go so far, though, as to admit that their relationships with a product or brand name could be substitutes for healthy human relationships that sometimes lack in a dysfunctional modern society.

The older term conspicuous consumption described the United States in the 1960s, but was soon linked to larger debates about media influence, culture jamming, and its corollary productivism.

Anti-consumerist stencil art

The term and concept of conspicuous consumption originated at the turn of the 20th century in the writing of economist Thorstein Veblen. The term describes an apparently irrational and confounding form of economic behaviour. Veblen's scathing proposal that this unnecessary consumption is a form of status display is made in darkly humorous observations like the following, from his 1899 book, The Theory of the Leisure Class:

It is true of dress in even a higher degree than of most other items of consumption, that people will undergo a very considerable degree of privation in the comforts or the necessaries of life in order to afford what is considered a decent amount of wasteful consumption; so that it is by no means an uncommon occurrence, in an inclement climate, for people to go ill clad in order to appear well dressed.[16]

In 1955, economist Victor Lebow stated (as quoted by William Rees, 2009):

Our enormously productive economy demands that we make consumption our way of life, that we convert the buying and use of goods into rituals, that we seek our spiritual satisfaction and our ego satisfaction in consumption. We need things consumed, burned up, worn out, replaced, and discarded at an ever-increasing rate.[17]

According to archaeologists, evidence of conspicuous consumption up to several millennia ago has been found, suggesting that such behavior is inherent to humans.[18]

Collaborative consumption

Collaborative consumption describes the way that consumers of a good engage in shared consumption either through temporary rentals or second-hand purchases. Anti-consumerism opposes the continuous consumption of material possessions in part because of the unsustainability that individuals who seek the experience of consumer culture without the desire of long-term possession.[19]

Collaborative consumption is understood as anti-consumption[20] by focusing on the temporary usage of the products, consumers are able to express sustainable attitudes with the intent of reducing natural resources by reducing direct consumption of a product or brand.[21] Modern day creative destruction culture causes sustainability issues, and in order to mitigate them, a more collaborative mindset is necessary when it comes to consumption.[22]

Consumerism and advertising

Anti-consumerists believe advertising plays a huge role in human life by informing values and assumptions of the cultural system, deeming what is acceptable, and determining social standards.[23] They declare that ads create a hyper-real world where commodities appear as the key to securing happiness. Anti-consumerists cite studies that find that individuals believe their quality of life improves in relation to social values that lie outside the capability of the marketplace. Therefore, advertising attempts to equate the social with the material by utilizing images and slogans to link commodities with the real sources of human happiness, such as meaningful relationships. Ads are then a detriment to society because they tell consumers that accumulating more and more possessions will bring them closer to self-actualization, or the concept of a complete and secure being. "The underlying message is that owning these products will enhance our image and ensure our popularity with others."[24] And while advertising promises that a product will make the consumer happy, advertising simultaneously depends upon the consumer never being truly happy, as then the consumer would no longer feel the need to consume needless products.

Anti-consumerists claim that in a consumerist society, advertisement images disempower and objectify the consumer.[25] By stressing individual power, choice and desire, advertising falsely implies the control lies with the consumer. Because anti-consumerists believe commodities supply only short-term gratification, they detract from a sustainably happy society. Further, advertisers have resorted to new techniques of capturing attention, such as the increased speed of ads and product placements.[23] In this way, commercials infiltrate the consumerist society and become an inextricable part of the culture. In a review of research on materialistic values and goals, Tim Kasser (2016) argues that the pursuit of material possessions can lead to short-term gratification at the expense of long-term well-being.[26] Anti-consumerists condemn advertising because it constructs a simulated world that offers fantastical escapism to consumers, rather than reflecting actual reality. They further argue that ads depict the interests and lifestyles of the elite as natural; cultivating a deep sense of inadequacy among viewers.[25] They denounce the use of beautiful models because they glamorize the commodity beyond the reach of the average individual.

In an opinion segment of New Scientist magazine published in August 2009, reporter Andy Coghlan cited William Rees of the University of British Columbia and epidemiologist Warren Hern of the University of Colorado at Boulder, saying that human beings, despite considering themselves civilized thinkers, are "subconsciously still driven by an impulse for survival, domination and expansion... an impulse which now finds expression in the idea that inexorable economic growth is the answer to everything, and, given time, will redress all the world's existing inequalities." He argues that consumerism is making these tendencies worse by encouraging consumption without limit.[27]

Supporters of anti-consumerism often accuse advertising of attention theft, i.e. they believe it unjustifiably invades public areas, thereby imposing itself on people who consider its presence unwanted. American graphic designer Sean Tejaratchi expresses his resentment of this "ad creep" in a 1999 issue of his clip art zine Crap Hound: "Advertising increasingly invades my environment instead of letting me come to it on my own terms when I need it... The most powerful and well-funded methods of mass communication in history have been used to create a one-way, unending flow of shit into my life... In the twenty-eight years since I was born, I've been subjected to a stunning amount of advertising, and I don't recall anyone ever asking me if I minded."[28]

Anti-consumerism has paved the way for a “subvertising” (also known as culture jamming) movement, which uses artistic and political strategies to protest modern forms of publicity; acts of “subvertising” include “removing advertising from public spaces, tweeting to inform the city’s mayor of illicit advertising practices, recuperating posters from bus stop advertising panels, producing critical advertising guides, documentaries or organising public workshops."[29]

Austrian economics

Austrian economic advocates focus on the entrepreneur, promoting a productive lifestyle rather than a materialistic one wherein the individual is defined by things and not their self.[30]

Criticism

Critics of anti-consumerism have accused anti-consumerists of opposing modernity or utilitarianism, arguing that it can lead to elitism, primarily among libertarian viewpoints, who argue that every person should decide their level of consumption independent of outside influence.[31] Right-wing critics see anti-consumerism as rooted in socialism. In 1999, the right-libertarian magazine Reason attacked anti-consumerism, claiming Marxist academics were repackaging themselves as anti-consumerists. James B. Twitchell, a professor at the University of Florida and popular writer, referred to anti-consumerist arguments as "Marxism Lite".[32]

There have also been socialist critics of anti-consumerism who see it as a form of anti-modern "reactionary socialism", and state that anti-consumerism has also been adopted by ultra-conservatives and fascists.[33]

In Fight Club, the protagonist finds himself participating in terroristic acts against corporate society and consumer culture. The film is widely regarded as the most widely recognizeable piece of anti-consumerist media.

In Mr. Robot, Elliot Alderson, a young cybersecurity engineer, joins a hacker group known as society, which aims to crash the U.S. economy, eliminating all debt.

In the novel American Psycho by Bret Easton Ellis, the protagonist Patrick Bateman criticizes the consumerist society of America in the 1980s of which he is a personification. Later on he goes on a killing spree without any consequences, suggesting that the people around him are so self-absorbed and focused on consuming that they either do not see or do not care about his acts.

In the Pixar movie, WALL-E, earth is depicted in an apocalyptic state caused by the negative effects of human consumerism.[34]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Postconsumers". Postconsumers. 2018-06-13. Retrieved 2018-10-18.
  2. 1 2 Stearns, Peter. Consumerism in World History. Routledge
  3. ↑ Aquinas, Saint Thomas (1981). Summa Theologica: Complete English in Five Volumes. Vol. 3. Ave Maria Press. p. 1680. ISBN 9780870610639.
  4. ↑ "Our world has grown weary of greed: Pope". Independent Online. 17 July 2008. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
  5. ↑ "Pope Benedict XVI attacks Christmas consumerism at Mass". BBC News. 25 December 2011.
  6. ↑ Conversi, Daniele (2012). "Majoritarian democracy and globalization versus ethnic diversity?". Democratization. 19 (4): 789–811. doi:10.1080/13510347.2011.626947. S2CID 146288346.
  7. ↑ Clinard, M. B. (1990) Corporate corruption: The abuse of power. Greenwood Publishing
  8. ↑ Carrillo-Santarelli, Nicolás. "Corporate Human Rights Obligations: Controversial but necessary | Business & Human Rights Resource Centre". www.business-humanrights.org. Retrieved 2019-07-01.
  9. 1 2 Kakutani, Michiko (2013-02-17). "'Banksy: The Man Behind the Wall,' by Will Ellsworth-Jones". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-03-16.
  10. ↑ Banksy Napalm/Can't Beat That Feeling (Hexagon Gallery), retrieved 2021-09-01
  11. ↑ Banksy Nike Canvas Print Or Poster (Canvas Art Rocks), retrieved 2021-09-01
  12. ↑ SEEGEBARTH, BARBARA (Spring 2016). "The Sustainability Roots of Anti-Consumption Lifestyles and Initial Insights Regarding Their Effects on Consumers' Well-Being" (PDF). The Journal of Consumer Affairs. 50: 68. doi:10.1111/joca.12077.
  13. ↑ Gunkel, Christian (December 23, 2014). Politicizing consumer choice : ethical dimensions of consumerism in the United States. Peter Lang. ISBN 978-3-631-65475-0. OCLC 919201704.
  14. ↑ The Routledge Dictionary of Quotations, by Robert Andrews, Routledge, 1987, ISBN 0-7102-0729-8, pg 212
  15. ↑ Majfud, Jorge (August 2009). "The Pandemic of Consumerism". UN Chronicle. 46 (3–4): 85. Archived from the original on 19 July 2013.
  16. ↑ The Theory of the Leisure Class, 1899
  17. ↑ "William E. Rees" (PDF). Pierre Elliott Trudeau Foundation. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
  18. ↑ Renfrew, Colin; Bahn, Peter (2008). Archaeology: Theories, methods and practice (5th ed.). London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-28719-4. OCLC 181139910.
  19. ↑ Guzzetti, Alice; Crespi, Roberta; Belvedere, Valeria (January 2021). ""Please don't buy!": Consumers attitude to alternative luxury consumption". Strategic Change. 30 (1): 67–78. doi:10.1002/jsc.2390. ISSN 1086-1718. S2CID 234233497.
  20. ↑ Ozanne, Lucie K.; Ballantine, Paul W. (November 2010). "Sharing as a form of anti-consumption? An examination of toy library users". Journal of Consumer Behaviour. 9 (6): 485–498. doi:10.1002/cb.334. ISSN 1472-0817. S2CID 144805081.
  21. ↑ Chatzidakis, Andreas; Lee, Michael S. W. (September 2013). "Anti-Consumption as the Study of Reasons against". Journal of Macromarketing. 33 (3): 190–203. doi:10.1177/0276146712462892. ISSN 0276-1467. S2CID 3850581.
  22. ↑ George Loewenstein, The Creative Destruction of Decision Research, Journal of Consumer Research, Volume 28, Issue 3, December 2001, Pages 499–505, https://doi.org/10.1086/323738
  23. 1 2 [ Advertising and the End of the World. Dir. Sut Jhally. Perf. Sut Jhally. DVD. Media Education Foundation, 1997.]
  24. ↑ [Tim Kasser, "The High Price of Materialism", 2002, p.9, Achorn Graphic Services]
  25. 1 2 Joseph D. Rumbo, "Consumer Resistance in a World of Advertising Clutter: The Case of Adbusters", Psychology and Marketing, Vol.19(2), February 2002
  26. ↑ Kasser, Tim (2016-01-04). "Materialistic Values and Goals". Annual Review of Psychology. 67 (1): 489–514. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033344. ISSN 0066-4308. PMID 26273896.
  27. ↑ "Consumerism is 'eating the future'". New Scientist. 7 August 2009. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  28. ↑ Banksy and Tejaratchi on Advertising & Going Viral, 11 October 2018, retrieved September 29, 2021
  29. ↑ Lekakis, Eleftheria J. (2021-11-02). "Adversaries of advertising: anti-consumerism and subvertisers' critique and practice". Social Movement Studies. 20 (6): 740–757. doi:10.1080/14742837.2020.1837102. ISSN 1474-2837. S2CID 226375476.
  30. ↑ kanopiadmin (27 October 2000). "Consumerism: A Defense - Tibor R. Machan".
  31. ↑ "Anti-consumerism".
  32. ↑ "In Praise of Consumerism". August 2000. Archived from the original on 2008-02-07.
  33. ↑ Varul, Matthias Zick (May 2013). "Towards a consumerist critique of capitalism: A socialist defence of consumer culture". Ephemera: Theory & Politics in Organization. 13 (2): 293–315. ISBN 9781906948177. ISSN 1473-2866. Open access icon
  34. ↑ Van Oosterwjik, Iris; McCartney, William (17 March 2022). "Once upon a Dystopian Time… the Portrayal and Perception of Environmentalism in Pixar's Finding Nemo and WALL-E". Quarterly Review of Film and Video: 1–26. doi:10.1080/10509208.2022.2049181. S2CID 247545305. Retrieved 22 October 2022.

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