Antidesma ghaesembilla
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Phyllanthaceae
Genus: Antidesma
Species:
A. ghaesembilla
Binomial name
Antidesma ghaesembilla
Synonyms[2]
  • Cansjera grossularioides Blanco
  • Cansjera rheedei Blanco
  • Antidesma frutescens Jack
  • Antidesma ghaesembilla var. genuinum Müll.Arg.
  • Antidesma pubescens Roxb.
  • Antidesma rhamnoides Brongn. ex Tul.
  • Antidesma schultzii Benth.
  • Antidesma spicatum Blanco
  • Antidesma vestitum C.Presl

Antidesma ghaesembilla is a species of plant in the Phyllanthaceae family. It is native to an area from northern Australia to the Philippines, Zhōngguó/China, and west to India.[3] The shrub or tree usually grows in moist soils in plant communities ranging from savannah to gallery forest to closed forest. It is associated with a number of species of fungus, insects and animals, including emus. Amongst the Mangarrayi and Yangman people of north Australia, the sweet ripe fruit of the tree are much appreciated and linked to the build-up season and to the koel. As well as food, the plant is used as a calendar-plant, for dyeing, in traditional medicine, in religious/magical practices, as fuel, and as an insecticide.

Description

The taxa can grow as a shrub or a small tree, from 2m up to 20m high,[4] in Australia often with a short, poorly-formed trunk/bole.[5] Dark-coloured bark. Leaves are some 3-7 by 3–5 cm in size (sometimes as short as 2 cm or as long as 16 cm, as narrow as 2 cm and as wide as 9 cm), with curving lateral veins (but these do not form distinct loops inside the margin), oblong blade (occasionally ovate or obovate); pale twig lenticels; pubescent, filiform stipules; tufts of hair/domatia present; leaves dry to olive-green to reddish-green. Its flowers emerge at the axils or on the tip of branches. Male flowers have 4–5 stamens with u-shaped anthers, while female flowers have ovaries covered with soft hairs.[6] Yellow-green flowers,[7] some 1mm in diameter with pubescent disc, these are for both male and female flowers. Small fruit, only 4-5mm long with a persistent calyx that is not disc-like. Seed germination occurs in 28–9 days. There are elliptic cotyledons, some 8 by 5mm. At tenth leaf stage there are hairy petioles and hairy, filiform stipules (1-2mm long). In Western Australia, flowering occurs from August to December.[7] In Thailand, flowering and fruiting is all year round.[8] In Zhōngguó/China, flowering is from March to September, while fruiting is from June to December.

Characteristics that help to distinguish the species are: the apex of the leaf is either rounded, retuse or obtuse; free sepals that are pubescent outside; the petiole is 0.7-1mm wide; the fruiting pedicel is 0-1mm; male disc consists of free pubescent lobes; the base of the leaf is cordate to rounded, occasionally obtuse; the ovary is pubescent.[9]

Distribution

The species is native to an area from northern Australia and New Guinea to tropical and Subtropical Asia, as far as the West Himalaya region and southeast Zhōngguó/China.[2] Countries and regions that it grows in include: Australia ({Queensland: Northeast and Cape York},[5] Northern Territory, {Western Australia: Kimberley});[7] Papua Niugini (including Bismarck Archipelago); Indonesia (West Papua, Maluku, Lesser Sunda Islands, Sulawesi, Kalimantan, Jawa, Sumatera); Philippines; Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak, Peninsular Malaysia); Thailand; Cambodia; Vietnam; Zhōngguó/China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan); Laos; Myanmar; India (including Andaman Islands, Nicobar Islands, Assam); Bangladesh; East Himalaya; Nepal; Sri Lanka; West Himalaya. The plant is introduced/naturalised in Guyana.[10]

Habitat and ecology

In Australia it is found in gallery, monsoon and closed forests, often on heavy soils that experience water-logging during wet season, at elevations from sea level to 600m.[5] In the Kimberley of Western Australia, it occurs near swamps and watercourses, and in sandstone gorges, growing on alluvial and basalt soils.[7] On the coast of the Northern Province, Papua New Guinea (PNG), the species grows in wooded patches in grasslands that experience frequent fires, the taxa is fire-resistant.[11] The plant is characterised as growing in open forest or along the edge of dense forests by the Cambodian botanist Pauline Dy Phon.[12] In Zhōngguó/China the species occurs in open scrub and in sparse, deciduous, evergreen or mixed dry forest at 200-1100m altitude.[4]

The tree is associated with the Northern Australian mushroom Inocybe torresiae Matheny, Bougher & M.D.Barrett. The type specimens grew in a rich black soil of a monsoon forest of A. ghaesembilla and Glochidion disparipes, with other species of tree (Eucalyptus bigalerita, Corymbia bella, and Albizia procera) at a distance.[13] Generally the mushroom is associated with Northern Australian tropical forests dominated by Allocasuarina, Eucalyptus or Acacia, or near Antidesma and Glochidion with myrtaceous plants at a distance. It is believed that the fungus is more associated, as in these plants being ectomycorrhizal host plants, with the Myrtaceae, but that perhaps they have a wider range of hosts including Phyllanthaceae (the family to which both Antidesma and Glochidion belong).

Within the Fogg Dam Conservation Reserve, Northern Territory, Australia, there are number of plant communities. The eucalypt-dominated mixed forest community contains Exocarpos latifolius and A. ghaesembilla, even though these are more typical of semideciduous monsoon rainforest.[14]

Around Elsey, Northern Territory, and Roper River, emus like to eat the fruit, allowing hunters to predict their presence.[15] According to Mangarrayi and Yangman biocultural knowledge, the dowo'min (Mangarrayi)/jowogban (Yangman) (Eudynamys orientalis, koel, a type of cuckoo) looks after the trees (see #Uses below for more on this relationship).

Runggu, countryman to ngujiyi in SE Kimberley

The species grows in the southeast Kimberley (Western Australia) and western Top End (Northern Territory) area of north Australia. Jaru people record it as growing along the banks of rivers and creeks, and that runggu (Fluegga virosa) is considered a "countryman" (individual linked spiritually and physically) to ngujiyi (A. ghaesembilla).[16]

The tree is a host plant for the fungus Pestalotiopsis rhododendri in Australia and Zhōngguó/China,[17][18] and for the sister species tea-pathogen fungus Pestalotiopsis theae in India.[19] The species is a host of the Phakopsoraceae rust fungus Crossopsora antidesmae-dioicae in New Guinea, Indonesia, Philippines, Zhōngguó/China and Uganda.[20] The funguses Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium spp. have been recorded on the seeds of the plant in the Philippines.[21]

In the savannah country to the west of Port Moresby, Papua Niugini, the plant occurs as a pioneer tree after fire or cultivation, low in height and comparatively short lived.[22] In northern PNG, at the plains of the Ramu and Markham Valleys, there were cycad savannahs until pasture improvement and cattle changed the lowland megatherm mid-height to tall grassland savanna to predominantly grass with permanent stands of Albizia procera and A. ghaesembilla and occasional Glochidion, Kleinhovia, Macaranga and Mallotus (plant). In the savannah that formerly grew around Port Moresby International Airport, PNG, there were isolated specimens growing in black clay soil along the gullies and creeks.[23]

In the Tanimbar Archipelago, dry deciduous forest is found on the northeast coast of the main island of Yamdena. This forest has a 30m high canopy dominated by Ebenaceae, Fabaceae, Apocynaceae and Menispermaceae species, with this taxa a minor component of the lower canopy (below emergents and upper canopy, above the lower story (pole) layer).[24]

The Semayan Village forest (Kutai Kartanegara Regency, east Kalimantan) is a riparian forest dominated by Lophopetalum javanicum, Mitragyna speciosa and Gluta renghas, with this species as a very minor component.[25]

It is one of the plants that the thrip Dolichothrips reuteri associates with in the Philippines.[26]

Growing throughout Thailand, this species is usually found in secondary vegetation, on soils that range from dry to inundated, in seasonally-flooded places, mounds in rice field and roadsides.[8] In the floodplain of the Trang River, Trang Province, southern Thailand, the tree is one of the dominant taxa in the Mitragyna-Lagerstroemia-Glochidion shrubland of old rice fields that were flooded for 3 to 8 months. Dominant taxa are Mitragyna diversifolia, A. ghaesembilla, Phyllanthus subscandens var. subscandens, Leea rubra and Ziziphus oenopolia. The tree also is found in a community growing on the fringe of the floodplain, where inundation is seldom, as well as on termite hills or old semi-permanently-flooded rice fields, the Lagerostroemia-Streblus-Ziziphus shrubland, where the dominant taxa are Lagerstroemia floribunda, Streblus asper, Z. oenopolia, Microcos tomentosa, Melastoma malabathricum and A. ghaesembilla

This taxa is one of the hundreds of hosts of the two fruit fly species Bactrocera carambolae and Bactrocera dorsalis in Southeast Asia.[27]

Conservation status

The plant is rated as of Least Concern by the IUCN, because the taxa has a very wide distribution with a large population, and it is not currently experiencing or facing major threats.[1] However, there is a continuing decline of mature individuals and its habitat is continually declining in area, extent and quality. The conservation status of the tree, while of least concern, is of some concern.

Vernacular names

Uses

In Australia, children eat the quite acidy fruit.[5] When ripe it is dark purple and very high in Vitamin C.[32]

male dowo'min / jowogban, who look after murrunggurn around Elsey and Roper River
female dowo'min / jowogban

The Mangarrayi and Yangman people of Elsey and the Roper River of north Australia eat the fruit when ripe (turning purple to black in colour).[15] "They are very sweet and highly sought after when ripe". The fruit is also crushed and soaked in water to make a cordial-like drink. When eaten or drunk, peoples lips and tongue are stained a blue-purple colour. It is also a calendar plant: during Gaynwarr, the build-up or hot-weather time before the rains (monsoon), approximately August to November, the dowo'min (Mangarrayi) or jowogban (Yangman) (Eudynamys orientalis, koel/stormbird, a type of cuckoo) calls out during the build-up, telling the Mangarrayi and Yangman people that this fruit and 3 others are ready to harvest. The bird is held to "look after" the tree.

The Jaru people of the Kimberley and Top End in Australia describe the fruit as "sweet and tasty ... when they are ripe, black." Ripening occurs in the wet season.[16]

In East Kalimantan, resin (nyatang) from the tree is burnt to make a black dye for sunhats.[33]

The fruit is eaten fresh or pickled in Cambodia.[12] Cambodian traditional medicine includes the following: young branches, mixed with papaya roots, to regulate menstruation; a mixture of the bark and tobacco is used to dress some wounds; crushed leaves are applied to the fontanelle of newly born babies to prevent them from catching the common cold.

The village of Pu Ndreng, Dak Dam commune, Ou Reang District, Mondulkiri Province, eastern Cambodia, has Bunong people making up 90% of its population.[30] In that village the least expensive ailment to be treated by traditional medicines is "uterus pain", the treatments are local wild plants, including A. ghaesembilla.

In a wider study of ethnopharmacology of Bunong people in Mondulkiri, various parts of this plant (bark, wood, root, leaves) prepared in various ways were used to treat a variety of ailments (diarrhea, diarrhea and vomiting, post-partum care, stomach-ache, haemorrhoids, fever, cough, and cleaning wounds).[31] The bark, grated and mixed with water, was applied to the skin as an insect-repellent. While the plant was cited by a high number of informants, there was little fidelity, little agreement on what ailments were to be treated by it. It was predominantly used in complex mixtures with other plants. The plant has been shown to possess anti-bacterial activity against gastrointestinal pathogenic bacteria.[31]

A study has examined the treatment and management of liver diseases by Khmer traditional healers in the capital and largest city of Cambodia, Phnom Penh.[28] These traditional healers cite various properties/effects of plants that they mentioned, one of the most common is psah, the ability to cure inflammations, infections, wounds, burns and repair tissue damage, whether internal or external, in a very efficient manner. A. ghaesembilla is held to have this property. When treating liver disease the wood of this plant is given in the forms of a decoction, infusion or pill. The study concludes that the healers are taking on new practices and rhetoric imported from biomedicine (scientific medicine), and therefore the healers are "neotraditional", ignoring the possibility that as with all cultural practices, the healer practice is dynamic, and what is "traditional" may merely represent a point in time.

Amongst Kuy- and Khmer-speaking people living in the same villages in Stung Treng and Preah Vihear provinces of north-central Cambodia, the tree is used as source of folk medicine, food, and fuel, and as a component in ritual/magical activities.[29]

The leaves have been used in traditional medicine of Vietnam to treat skin diseases, while the fruit have been used to treat sore throats and lung diseases.[34]

In Zhōngguó/China the fruit are eaten for food, while in local medicine the leaves are used for headaches, the stem to stimulate menstrual flow, the fruit as a purgative.[4]

In Kerala the fruit is used as a seasoning ingredient in fish and meat dishes, while tribal people in India use the plant in folk medicine as a sedative.[35]

History

The species was named in 1788 by the German botanist Joseph Gaertner (1732–91),[36] who worked in the now Netherlands and Russia. He described this taxa in his work De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum.

References

  1. 1 2 Ye, J.F.; Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI).; IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group (2019). "Antidesma ghaesembilla". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T147615363A147615365. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T147615363A147615365.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  2. 1 2 "Antidesma ghaesembilla Gaertn". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
  3. ↑ "Binayuyo Philippine medicinal plants: Binayuyo Antidesma ghaesembilla Gaertn". Retrieved 3 January 2020.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Li, Bingtao; Hoffmann, Petra. "FOC: Family List: FOC Vol. 11: Euphorbiaceae: Antidesma: 1. Antidesma ghaesembilla Gaertner, Fruct. Sem. Pl. 1: 89. 1788". Flora of China. eFloras.org. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 F.A.Zich; B.P.M.Hyland; T.Whiffen; R.A.Kerrigan (2020). "Antidesma ghaesembilla". Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants Edition 8 (RFK8). Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research (CANBR), Australian Government. Retrieved 27 June 2021.
  6. ↑ Tanaka, Yoshitaka; Van Ke, Nguyen (2007). Edible Wild Plants of Vietnam: The Bountiful Garden. Thailand: Orchid Press. p. 76. ISBN 978-9745240896.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 "Antidesma ghaesembilla Gaertn. Yangu". FloraBase: The Western Australia Flora. Western Australian Herbarium. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Pattarakulpistti, Ponlawat (2011). Diversity of Vascular Plants in the Floodplain Vegetation of Trang River Basin, Trang Province, Peninsular Thailand (PDF). Thailand: M.Sc (Botany) thesis, Prince of Songkla University.
  9. ↑ Li, Bingtao; Hoffmann, Petra. "FOC: Family List: FOC Vol. 11: Euphorbiaceae: 13. Antidesma Burman ex Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1027. 1753". Flora of China. eFloras.org. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
  10. ↑ "Antidesma ghaesembilla Gaertn". Tropicos. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
  11. 1 2 Dakeyne, R.B. (1965). Stability And Change In The Yega Economy: A geographical case study of land tenure, land use and settlement in Northern Papua (PDF). Thesis submitted for the Degree of Master of Arts (Honours), in Geography. University of Sydney. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
  12. 1 2 3 Pauline Dy Phon (2000). Plants Utilised In Cambodia/Plantes utilisées au Cambodge. Phnom Penh: Imprimerie Olympic. pp. 14, 15.
  13. ↑ Bougher, Neale L.; Matheny, P. Brandon; Gates, Genevieve M. (2012). "Five new species and records of Inocybe (Agaricales) from temperate and tropical Australia" (PDF). Nuytsia. 22 (2): 57–74. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
  14. ↑ Zimmermann, Udo M.; Noske, Richard A. (2003). "Breeding biology of the Rainbow Pitta, Pitta iris, a species endemic to Australian monsoon-tropical rainforests" (PDF). Emu. 103 (245–254): 245–254. doi:10.1071/MU02005. S2CID 84067407. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
  15. 1 2 3 4 Roberts, Jessie Garalnganyjak; Conway, Sheila Yanybarrak; Morgan, Rita; Dirn,gayg, Amy; Harris, Splinter; Farrar, Edna Burrbanja; Roberts, Fay Banjanja; Merlan, Francesca; Collyer, Eugenie; Calnan, Taegan; Wightman, Glenn (2011). Mangarrayi and Yangman Plants and Animals: Aboriginal biocultural knowledge from Elsey and the Roper River, north Australia. Darwin: Dept. of Natural Resources, the Arts and Sport/Diwurruwurru-Jaru Aboriginal Corp./Mimi Aboriginal Art & Craft. ISBN 978-1-921519-58-1.
  16. 1 2 3 Deegan, Bonnie; Sturt, Barbara; Ryder, Doris; Butcher, May; Brumby, Stan; Long, Gracie; Badngarri, Nora Nagarra; Lannigan, Jack; Blythe, Joe; Wightman, Glenn (2010). Jaru Plants And Animals: Aboriginal flora and fauna knowledge from the south-east Kimberley and western Top End, north Australia. Halls Creek, Western Australia: Northern Territory Botanical Bulletin NO. 36/Kimberley Language Resource Centre/Dept of Natural Resources, Environment, the Arts and Sport. ISBN 978-1-921519-74-1.
  17. ↑ Jeewon, Rajesh; with four others (2003). "Phylogenetic significance of morphological characters in the taxonomy of Pestalotiopsis species". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 27 (3): 372–383. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00010-1. PMID 12742743. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
  18. ↑ Liu, Ai-Rong; Xu, Tong; Guo, Liang-Dong (2007). "Molecular and morphological description of Pestalotiopsis hainanensis sp. nov., a new endophyte from a tropical region of China". Fungal Diversity. 24: 23–36. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
  19. ↑ Morgan, Alexandra; Boddy, Lynne; Mordue, J. Elizabeth M.; Morris, Colin W. (1998). "Evaluation of artificial neural networks for fungal identification, employing morphometric data from spores of Pestalotiopsis species" (PDF). Mycol. Res. 102 (8): 975–984. doi:10.1017/S0953756297005947. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
  20. ↑ Kobayishi, Takao; Guzman, Enriquito D. de (1988). "Monograph of Tree Diseases in the Philippines with Taxonomic Notes on Their Associated Microorganisms" (PDF). Bull. For. & for. Prod. Res. Inst. 351: 99–200. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
  21. ↑ Perera, RH; with 11 others (2020). "Fungi on wild seeds and fruits". Mycosphere. 11 (1): 2108–2480. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/14. hdl:10033/622749. Retrieved 1 May 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  22. ↑ Gillison, A.N. (1993). "9. Tropical savannas of Australia and the southwest Pacific". In Bourlibre, F. (ed.). Vol. 13. Tropical Savannas, in D.W. Goodall (ed.) Ecosystems Of The World. Ansterdam: Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company. pp. 183–243. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
  23. ↑ Heyligers, P. C. (1966). "Observations on Themeda australis- Eucalyptus Savannah in Papua" (PDF). Pacific Science. 20 (October): 477–89. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
  24. ↑ Laumonier, Yves; Nasi, Robert (2018). "The last natural seasonal forests of Indonesia: Implications for forest management and conservation" (PDF). Applied Vegetation Science. 21 (3 July): 461–476. doi:10.1111/avsc.12377. S2CID 89973097. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
  25. 1 2 Daryadi, Muhammad; Hendra, Medi; Hariani, Nova (2019). "Komposisi dan struktur hutan riparian sebagai penahan gelombang di desa semayang Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara". Jurnal Pendidkan Matematika dan I.P.A. 10 (1): 116–127. doi:10.26418/jpmipa.v10i1.27515. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
  26. ↑ Reyes, Cecilia P. (2020). "Inventory of Philippine Thrips (Insecta: Order Thysanoptera)". Philippine Journal of Science. 150 (S1, Special Issue on Biodiversity): 183–215. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
  27. ↑ Danjuma, Solomon (2013). Biodiversity of Fruit fly Bactrocera spp. (Diptera: Tephritdae) in Pininsular Thailand and Population Ecology of Some Species on Guava Psidium Guajava L. (PDF). Thailand: Ph.D. (Biology) Thesis, Prince of Songkla University. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
  28. 1 2 Chassagne, François; Deharoa, Eric; Punley, Hieng; Bourdy, Geneviève (2017). "Treatment and management of liver diseases by Khmer traditional healers practicing in Phnom Penh area, Cambodia". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 202 (38–53): 38–53. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2017.03.002. PMID 28284791. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
  29. 1 2 Turreira Garcia, Nerea; Argyriou, Dimitrios; Chhang, Phourin; Srisanga, Prachaya; Theilade, Ida (2017). "Ethnobotanical knowledge of the Kuy and Khmer people in Prey Lang, Cambodia" (PDF). Cambodian Journal of Natural History. Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, Phnom Penh (1): 76–101. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
  30. 1 2 Laval, Pauline; Rakotoarison, Hanitra; Savajol, Nicolas; Vanny, Toun (2011). "The contribution of wild medicinal plants towards poverty alleviation and health improvements: a case study in two villages in Mondulkiri Province, Cambodia" (PDF). Cambodian Journal of Natural History (1): 29–39. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
  31. 1 2 3 Chassagne, François; Hul, Sovanmoly; Deharo, Eric; Bourdy, Geneviève (2016). "Natural remedies used by Bunong people in Mondulkiri province (NortheastCambodia) with special reference to the treatment of 11 most common ailments". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 191: 41–70. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2016.06.003. PMID 27282662. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
  32. ↑ Lyons, Graham; Taylor, Mary (2014). Feasibility study on increasing the consumption of nutritionally rich leafy vegetables by Indigenous communities in Samoa, Solomon Islands and northern Australia. Canberra: Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR), Australian Government. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
  33. ↑ Novellino, Dario (2006). "Weaving traditions from Island Southeast Asia: Historical context and ethnobotanical knowledge". Proceedings of the IVth International Congress of Ethnobotany (ICEB 2005). pp. 307–316. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
  34. ↑ Kiem, Phan Van; with ten others (2017). "New Alkaloids and Anti-inflammatory Constituents from the Leaves of Antidesma ghaesembilla". Natural Product Communications. 12 (2): 11–4. doi:10.1177/1934578X1701200104.
  35. ↑ Habib, Md. Razibul (2012). "Pharmacological Evaluation of Antidesma ghaesembilla Gaertn Fruits for Central Nervous System Depressant Activity" (PDF). Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas. 11 (2): 188–195. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
  36. ↑ "Antidesma ghaesembilla Gaertn., De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum (1788)". International Plant Name Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
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