Arnuwanda I

Arnuwanda I
Arnuwanda I
Occupation	King of the Hittite Empire
Predecessor	Tudhaliya I
Successor	Tudhaliya II
Spouse	Queen Ašmu-nikal
Children	King Tudhaliya II; Prince Ašmi-Šarruma
Parent	unknown
Relatives	Tudhaliya III (grandson); Suppiluliuma I (grandson)

Arnuwanda I was a king of the Hittite Empire. He became a ruler by marriage and was very religious. He ruled c. 1390–1380 BC (middle chronology).^[1]

Biography

Arnuwanda became a king by marriage. His wife was Ašmu-nikal, daughter of king Tudhaliya I (also known as Tudhaliya I/II). He became a successor of Tudhaliya as his son-in-law. He began his reign under a co-regency with Tudhaliya.

During his time, the kingdom suffered what is known as the period of ‘concentric invasions’, when they were surrounded on all sides by enemies. A major enemy was the kingdom of Arzawa in the southwest.^[2] Arnuwanda may have led an unsuccessful expedition against Arzawa.

At the time, Arzawa was led by king Tarhuntaradu, who was corresponding with the Egyptian Pharaoh Amenhotep III. Tarhuntaradu was a powerful leader, and the Egyptians clearly saw Arzawa as capable of controlling that whole area.^[3]

Hattusa was sacked, and the court had to move to a temporary base, probably at Samuha. But later, under Suppiluliuma I, many of those losses were reversed.^[4]

According to Kuhrt (2020), Tudhaliya III was the successor of Arnuwanda I. Since several scholars refer to him also as Tudhaliya II, he can also be described as Tudhaliya II/III. Further, Suppiluliuma I was the son and eventual heir of Tudhaliya II/III.^[5]^: 252

Family

Arnuwanda's parents are not known. He was a son-in-law of Tudhaliya and Nikal-mati. He had two sons, prince Ašmi-Šarruma and king Tudhaliya II (or II/III). There is a very fragmentary text in which Arnuwanda names his son Tudhaliya as his future successor.

Himuili?^{[lower-alpha 1]}

Tudhaliya I/II^{[lower-alpha 2]}

Nikkalmati^{[lower-alpha 3]}

Arnuwanda I^{[lower-alpha 3]}

Asmunikal^{[lower-alpha 3]}

Hattusili II?^{[lower-alpha 4]}

Tudhaliya III^{[lower-alpha 5]}

Daduhepa^{[lower-alpha 6]}

Zida^{[lower-alpha 7]}

Tudhaliya the Young^{[lower-alpha 8]}

Henti^{[lower-alpha 7]} (1)

Šuppiluliuma I^{[lower-alpha 8]}

(2) Tawananna^{[lower-alpha 9]}

Arnuwanda II^{[lower-alpha 7]}

Telipinu^{[lower-alpha 10]}

Sarri-Kusuh^{[lower-alpha 11]}^{[lower-alpha 12]}

Zannanza^{[lower-alpha 13]}

Gassulawiya^{[lower-alpha 14]} (1)

Mursili II^{[lower-alpha 7]}

(2) Tanuhepa^{[lower-alpha 15]}

Talmi-Sarruma^{[lower-alpha 16]}

Sahurunuwa^{[lower-alpha 11]}^{[lower-alpha 17]}

Muwatalli II^{[lower-alpha 15]}

Halpasulupi^{[lower-alpha 18]}

Massanauzzi^{[lower-alpha 19]}

Hattusili III^{[lower-alpha 20]}

Puduhepa^{[lower-alpha 21]}

Ini-Tesub^{[lower-alpha 11]}^{[lower-alpha 22]}

Urhi-Tesub^{[lower-alpha 15]}

Kurunta^{[lower-alpha 23]}

Nerikkaili^{[lower-alpha 24]}

numerous daughters^{[lower-alpha 25]} and sons^{[lower-alpha 26]}

Tudhaliya IV^{[lower-alpha 27]}

Talmi-Tesub^{[lower-alpha 11]}^{[lower-alpha 28]}

Hartapu^{[lower-alpha 29]}

Arnuwanda III^{[lower-alpha 30]}

Suppiluliuma II^{[lower-alpha 30]}^{[lower-alpha 31]}

Kuzi-Tesub^{[lower-alpha 32]}

(1) = 1st spouse
(2) = 2nd spouse
Small caps indicates a Great King (LUGAL.GAL) of the Land of Hatti; italic small caps indicates a Great Queen or Tawananna.
Dashed lines indicate adoption.
Solid lines indicate marriage (if horizontal) or parentage (if vertical).

References:

Trevor Bryce (1997). The Kingdom of the Hittites. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press.
Trevor Bryce (2012). The World of the Neo-Hittite Kingdoms. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
Volkert Haas (2006). Die hethitische Literatur. Berlin, Germany: de Gruyter.

Notes:

↑ Scholars have suggested that Tudhaliya I/II was the son of Himuili and thus a grandson of the Hittite king Huzziya II (Bryce 1997, p. 131).
↑ Bryce (1997) does not consider it clear whether Tudhaliya I/II was one king or two (p. 133).
1 2 3 Bryce (1997), p. 139.
↑ The existence of Hattusili II is doubtful (Bryce 1997, pp. 153–154).
↑ Bryce (1997), p. 158.
↑ Bryce (1997), p. 172.
1 2 3 4 Bryce (1997), p. 174.
1 2 Bryce (1997), p. 168.
↑ Also known as Malnigal; daughter of Burnaburias II of Babylonia (Bryce 1997, p. 173).
↑ ‘Great priest’ in Kizzuwadna and king (lugal) of Aleppo (Bryce 1997, p. 174).
1 2 3 4 King (lugal) of Carchemish.
↑ Bryce (1997), pp. 174, 203–204.
↑ Zannanza died on his way to Egypt to marry a pharaoh's widow, probably Ankhesenpaaten, the widow of Tutankhamun (Bryce 1997, pp. 196–198).
↑ Bryce (1997), p. 227.
1 2 3 Bryce (1997), p. 230.
↑ Bryce (1997), p. 220.
↑ Bryce (1997), p. 222.
↑ Haas (2006), p. 91.
↑ Massanauzzi married Masturi, king of the Seha River Land (Bryce 1997, p. 313).
↑ Bryce (1997), p. 296.
↑ Puduhepa was the daughter of the Kizzuwadnan priest Pentipsarri (Bryce 1997, p. 273).
↑ Bryce (1997), pp. 346, 363.
↑ King (lugal) of Tarhuntassa (Bryce 1997, p. 296); apparently later Great King of Hatti (Bryce 1997, p. 354).
↑ Nerikkaili married a daughter of Bentesina, king of Amurru (Bryce 1997, p. 294).
↑ Two daughters of Hattusili III were married to the pharaoh Ramesses II; one was given the Egyptian name Ma(hor)nefrure. Another, Gassuwaliya, married into the royal house of Amurru. Kilushepa was married to a king of Isuwa. A daughter married into the royal family of Babylon. A sister of Tudhaliya IV married Sausgamuwa, king of Amurru after his father Bentesina. From Bryce (1997), pp. 294 and 312.
↑ Bryce (1997), p. 332.
↑ Bryce (1997), p. 363. Tudhaliya IV probably married a Babylonian princess, known by her title of Great Princess (dumu.sal gal) (Bryce 1997, pp. 294, 331).
↑ Bryce (1997), p. 363.
↑ Great King of Tarhuntassa; son of Mursili, the Great King, who is likely identical with Mursili III/Urhi-Tesub (Bryce 2012, p. 21 f.).
1 2 Bryce (1997), p. 361.
↑ Last documented Great King of the Land of Hatti.
↑ King and then Great King of Carchemish (Bryce 1997, pp. 384–385).

Gallery

Prayers of Arnuwanda and Asmu-Nikkal, 14th century BC, from Hattusa, Istanbul Archaeological Museum
Gifts given by Arnuwanda and Asmu-Nikkal, 14th century BC, from Hattusa, Istanbul Archaeological Museum

References

↑ Kuhrt, Amélie (2020). The Ancient Near East: c.3000–330 BC, Volume One. Routledge. p. 230. ISBN 978-1-136-75548-4.
↑ Craig Melchert (2003), The Luwians. pp. 383. Brill. p. 56
↑ Craig Melchert (2003), The Luwians. pp. 383. Brill. p. 56
↑ Craig Melchert (2003), The Luwians. pp. 383. Brill. p. 56
↑ Kuhrt, Amélie (2020). The Ancient Near East: c.3000–330 BC, Volume One. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-75548-4.

External links

Reign of Arnuwanda I

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[6] Scholars have suggested that Tudhaliya I/II was the son of Himuili and thus a grandson of the Hittite king Huzziya II (Bryce 1997, p. 131).

[7] Bryce (1997) does not consider it clear whether Tudhaliya I/II was one king or two (p. 133).

[bryce139-8] 1 2 3 Bryce (1997), p. 139.

[9] The existence of Hattusili II is doubtful (Bryce 1997, pp. 153–154).

[10] Bryce (1997), p. 158.

[11] Bryce (1997), p. 172.

[bryce174-12] 1 2 3 4 Bryce (1997), p. 174.

[bryce168-13] 1 2 Bryce (1997), p. 168.

[14] Also known as Malnigal; daughter of Burnaburias II of Babylonia (Bryce 1997, p. 173).

[15] ‘Great priest’ in Kizzuwadna and king (lugal) of Aleppo (Bryce 1997, p. 174).

[carch-16] 1 2 3 4 King (lugal) of Carchemish.

[17] Bryce (1997), pp. 174, 203–204.

[18] Zannanza died on his way to Egypt to marry a pharaoh's widow, probably Ankhesenpaaten, the widow of Tutankhamun (Bryce 1997, pp. 196–198).

[19] Bryce (1997), p. 227.

[bryce230-20] 1 2 3 Bryce (1997), p. 230.

[21] Bryce (1997), p. 220.

[22] Bryce (1997), p. 222.

[23] Haas (2006), p. 91.

[24] Massanauzzi married Masturi, king of the Seha River Land (Bryce 1997, p. 313).

[bryce296-25] Bryce (1997), p. 296.

[26] Puduhepa was the daughter of the Kizzuwadnan priest Pentipsarri (Bryce 1997, p. 273).

[27] Bryce (1997), pp. 346, 363.

[28] King (lugal) of Tarhuntassa (Bryce 1997, p. 296); apparently later Great King of Hatti (Bryce 1997, p. 354).

[29] Nerikkaili married a daughter of Bentesina, king of Amurru (Bryce 1997, p. 294).

[30] Two daughters of Hattusili III were married to the pharaoh Ramesses II; one was given the Egyptian name Ma(hor)nefrure. Another, Gassuwaliya, married into the royal house of Amurru. Kilushepa was married to a king of Isuwa. A daughter married into the royal family of Babylon. A sister of Tudhaliya IV married Sausgamuwa, king of Amurru after his father Bentesina. From Bryce (1997), pp. 294 and 312.

[31] Bryce (1997), p. 332.

[32] Bryce (1997), p. 363. Tudhaliya IV probably married a Babylonian princess, known by her title of Great Princess (dumu.sal gal) (Bryce 1997, pp. 294, 331).

[bryce363-33] Bryce (1997), p. 363.

[34] Great King of Tarhuntassa; son of Mursili, the Great King, who is likely identical with Mursili III/Urhi-Tesub (Bryce 2012, p. 21 f.).

[bryce361-35] 1 2 Bryce (1997), p. 361.

[36] Last documented Great King of the Land of Hatti.

[37] King and then Great King of Carchemish (Bryce 1997, pp. 384–385).

[:1-1] Kuhrt, Amélie (2020). The Ancient Near East: c.3000–330 BC, Volume One. Routledge. p. 230. ISBN 978-1-136-75548-4.

[2] Craig Melchert (2003), The Luwians. pp. 383. Brill. p. 56

[3] Craig Melchert (2003), The Luwians. pp. 383. Brill. p. 56

[4] Craig Melchert (2003), The Luwians. pp. 383. Brill. p. 56

[5] Kuhrt, Amélie (2020). The Ancient Near East: c.3000–330 BC, Volume One. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-75548-4.

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Biography

Family

Gallery

See also

References

External links