Arthur Ashe
Arthur Ashe, winning the 1975 ABN World Tennis Tournament in Rotterdam
Country (sports) United States
Born(1943-07-10)July 10, 1943
Richmond, Virginia, U.S.
DiedFebruary 6, 1993(1993-02-06) (aged 49)
New York, New York, U.S.
Height6 ft 1 in (1.85 m)
Turned pro1969 (amateur tour from 1959)
Retired1980
PlaysRight-handed (one-handed backhand)
Prize money$1,584,909 (ATP)
Int. Tennis HoF1985 (member page)
Singles
Career record1188–371 (76.2%) in pre Open-Era & Open Era[1]
Career titles76 [1] (44 open era titles listed by ATP)
Highest rankingNo. 2 (May 10, 1976)
Grand Slam singles results
Australian OpenW (1970)
French OpenQF (1970, 1971)
WimbledonW (1975)
US OpenW (1968)
Other tournaments
Tour FinalsF (1978)
WCT FinalsW (1975)
Doubles
Career record323–176[lower-alpha 1]
Career titles18 (14 Grand Prix and WCT titles)
Highest rankingNo. 15 (August 30, 1977)
Grand Slam doubles results
Australian OpenW (1977)
French OpenW (1971)
WimbledonF (1971)
US OpenF (1968)
Team competitions
Davis CupW (1963, 1968, 1969, 1970)

Arthur Robert Ashe Jr. (July 10, 1943 – February 6, 1993) was an American professional tennis player. He won three Grand Slam titles in singles and two in doubles. Ashe was the first black player selected to the United States Davis Cup team, and the only black man ever to win the singles titles at Wimbledon, the US Open, and the Australian Open. He retired in 1980.

Ashe was ranked world No. 1 by Rex Bellamy,[3] Bud Collins,[4] Judith Elian,[5] Lance Tingay,[6] World Tennis[7] and Tennis Magazine (U.S.)[8] in 1975. That year, Ashe was awarded the 'Martini and Rossi' Award, voted for by a panel of journalists,[9] and the ATP Player of the Year award. In the ATP computer rankings, he peaked at No. 2 in May 1976.[10]

Ashe is believed to have acquired HIV from a blood transfusion he received during heart bypass surgery in 1983. He publicly announced his illness in April 1992, and began working to educate others about HIV and AIDS. He founded the Arthur Ashe Foundation for the Defeat of AIDS and the Arthur Ashe Institute for Urban Health before his death from AIDS-related pneumonia at the age of 49 on February 6, 1993. On June 20, 1993, he was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by United States President Bill Clinton. Arthur Ashe Stadium, the main court for the US Open and the largest tennis arena in the world, is named in his honor.

Ashe playing against Dennis Ralston at the 1964 Southern California Intercollegiates.

Early life, education, and early tennis experience

Arthur Ashe was born in Richmond, Virginia, to Arthur Ashe Sr. (d. 1989) and Mattie Cordell Cunningham Ashe on July 10, 1943. He had a brother, Johnnie, who was five years younger than he.[11] The brothers were born into a family that claimed direct descent from Amar, a West African woman who was enslaved and brought to America in 1735 aboard a ship called The Doddington.[12] Ashe family members were enslaved by North Carolina Governor Samuel Ashe.[13]

In March 1950, Ashe's mother Mattie died from complications related to a toxemic pregnancy (now known as pre-eclampsia) at the age of 27.[14] Ashe and his brother were raised by their father who worked as a handyman and salaried caretaker/Special Policeman for Richmond's recreation department.[11]

Ashe Sr. was a caring father and strict disciplinarian who encouraged Arthur to excel both in school and in sports, but forbade him to play American football, a popular game for many boys, due to his son's slight build, something that meant Arthur's childhood nicknames were "Skinny" and "Bones". The Ashes lived in the caretaker's cottage in the grounds of 18-acre Brookfield park, Richmond's largest blacks-only public playground, which had basketball courts, four tennis courts, a pool, and three baseball diamonds. Ashe started playing tennis at seven years of age and began practicing on the courts where his natural talent was spotted by Virginia Union University student and part-time Brookfield tennis instructor Ron Charity, who as the best black tennis player in Richmond at the time began to teach Ashe the basic strokes and encouraged him to enter local tournaments.

Ashe attended Maggie L. Walker High School in Richmond, Virginia, where he continued to practice tennis. Ron Charity brought him to the attention of Robert Walter Johnson, a physician, and the coach of Althea Gibson, who founded and funded the Junior Development Program of the American Tennis Association (ATA). Ashe was coached and mentored by Johnson at his tennis summer-camp home in Lynchburg, Virginia, from 1953 when Ashe was aged 10, until 1960. Johnson helped fine-tune Ashe's game and taught him the importance of racial socialization through sportsmanship, etiquette, and the composure that would later become an Ashe hallmark. He was told to return every ball that landed within two inches of a line and never to argue with an umpire's decision. In 1958, Ashe became the first African American to play in the Maryland boys' championships. It was also his first integrated tennis competition.

In 1960, Ashe was precluded from competing against White youths in segregated Richmond during the school year, and unable to use the city's indoor courts that were closed to Black players. He accepted an offer from Richard Hudlin, a 62-year-old St. Louis teacher, tennis coach, and friend of Johnson, to move to St. Louis and spend his senior year attending Sumner High School,[15] where he could compete more freely. Ashe lived with Hudlin and his family for the year, during which time Hudlin coached and encouraged him to develop the serve-and-volley game that Ashe's now-stronger physique allowed. Ashe was able to practice at the National Guard Armory indoor courts and in 1961, after lobbying by Johnson, was granted permission to compete in the previously segregated U.S. Interscholastic tournament and won it for the school.

In December 1960 and again in 1963, Ashe was featured in Sports Illustrated, appearing in their Faces in the Crowd segment.[16] He became the first African American to win the National Junior Indoor tennis title.

Higher education and military service

Ashe was awarded a tennis scholarship to the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) in 1963. During his time at UCLA, he was coached by J. D. Morgan and practiced regularly with his sporting idol, Pancho Gonzales, who lived nearby and helped hone his game. Ashe was also a member of the ROTC, which required him to enter active military service after graduation in exchange for money for tuition. He was active in other organizations, later pledging the Upsilon chapter of Kappa Alpha Psi Fraternity and becoming a member/brother of the fraternity.

After graduating with a bachelor's degree in Business Administration, Ashe joined the United States Army on August 4, 1966. He completed his basic training in Washington and was later commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Adjutant General Corps. He was assigned to the United States Military Academy at West Point where he worked as a data processor. During his time at West Point, Ashe headed the academy's tennis program. He was temporarily promoted to 1st Lieutenant on February 23, 1968, and was discharged from the Army on February 22, 1969, as a 1st Lieutenant. He was awarded the National Defense Service Medal for his service. He served a total of 2 years in the United States Army.[17][18]

Tennis career

1960s

In 1961, Ashe won the Eastern Clay Court Championships defeating George Ball and Bob Barker in close five set matches in the semifinal and final.

In 1963, Ashe won the Pacific Southwest Championships in Los Angeles on cement defeating Rafael Osuna and Whitney Reed in the final two rounds. The following season he won the 1964 Eastern Grass Court Championships at South Orange, New Jersey defeating Dennis Ralston, Gene Scott, and Clark Graebner in close matches.

In 1963, Ashe became the first black player ever selected for the United States Davis Cup team. In 1965, ranked the number 3 player in the United States, Ashe won both the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) singles title and the doubles title (with Ian Crookenden of New Zealand), helping UCLA win the team NCAA tennis championship.

In 1966 and 1967, Ashe reached the final of the Australian Championship but lost on both occasions to Roy Emerson. He won the 1967 U.S. Men's Clay Court Championships in Milwaukee defeating Marty Riessen in the final.

In 1968 Ashe won the United States Amateur Championships against Davis Cup Teammate Bob Lutz, and the first US Open of the open era, becoming the first black male to capture the title and the only player to have won both the amateur and open national championships in the same year.[19]

In order to maintain Davis Cup eligibility and have time away from army duty for important tournaments, Ashe was required to maintain his amateur status. Because of this, he could not accept the $14,000 first-prize money, which was instead given to runner-up Tom Okker,[20] while Ashe received just $20 daily expenses for his historic triumph. His ability to compete in the championship (and avoid the Vietnam War) arose from his brother Johnnie's decision to serve an additional tour in Vietnam in Arthur's place.[21]

In December 1968, Ashe helped the U.S. team become Davis Cup champions after victory in the final in Adelaide against defending champions, Australia. His only loss in the 12 Davis Cup tournament singles matches he played that year, was in the last dead rubber game after the U.S. team had already clinched victory. The season closed with Ashe the winner of 10 of 22 tournaments with a 72–10 win-loss match record.

In September 1969, the U.S. Davis Cup team retained the cup, beating Romania in the final challenge round, with Ashe winning both his singles matches. The same year, Ashe applied for a visa to play in the South African Open but was denied the visa by the South African government who enforced a strict apartheid policy of racial segregation.

He continued to apply for visas in the following years and the country continued to deny him one. In protest, he used this example of discrimination to campaign for U.S. sanctions against South Africa and the expulsion of the nation from the International Lawn Tennis Federation (ILTF) but, in defense of the individual South African players, refused the call from activists to forfeit matches against them.

1970s

In January 1970, Ashe won his second Grand Slam singles title at the Australian Open. With the competition somewhat depleted by the absence of some world-class National Tennis League (NTL) professional players barred by their league from entering because the financial guarantees were deemed too low, Ashe defeated Dick Crealy in straight sets in the final to become the first non-Australian to win the title since 1959.

In March 1970, triggered by South Africa's refusal to grant Ashe a visa to play there, the country was expelled from the Davis Cup competition for its racial policy. In September 1970, Ashe helped the U.S. Davis cup team defeat West Germany in the challenge round to win their third consecutive Davis Cup. Ashe then turned professional, signing a five-year contract with Lamar Hunt's World Championship Tennis.[22]

In March 1971, Ashe reached the final of the Australian Open again but lost in straight sets to Ken Rosewall. In June that year, Ashe won the French Open men's doubles with partner Marty Riessen.

In 1972, due to a dispute between the ILTF and the WCT, Ashe, as one of the 32 contracted WCT players, was barred from taking part in any ILTF Grand Prix tennis circuit tournaments from January to July. This ban meant Ashe was unable to play at the French Open and Wimbledon Grand Slam tournaments.

In September, Ashe reached the final of the US Open for the second time. After leading his opponent, Ilie Năstase by 2 sets to 1 and with a break point to take a 4–1 lead in the fourth set, he eventually lost in five sets. The loss from such a winning position was the biggest disappointment of Ashe's professional tennis career. At the post-match award ceremony, irritated by some of Năstase's on-court antics during the game, Ashe praised Năstase as a tough opponent and 'colourful' player, then suggested, "... and when he brushes up on some of his court manners, he is going to be even better".

At this tournament, concerned that men's tennis professionals were not receiving winnings commensurate with the sport's growing popularity and to protect players from promoters and associations, Ashe supported the founding of the Association of Tennis Professionals. He went on to become its elected president in 1974.

In June 1973, as a result of an ATP boycott, Ashe was one of 13 seeded players and 81 players in total who withdrew from the Wimbledon tournament to much public criticism. The catalyst for the boycott was that Yugoslavian ATP member Niki Pilić had been suspended for nine months by his tennis federation after allegedly refusing to represent them in a Davis Cup tie against New Zealand in May, something Pilić denied.

The ban was upheld by the ILTF though they reduced it to just one month. The ATP contested the ban but lost a lawsuit to force Pilić's participation at Wimbledon during the ban period. As a member of the ATP board, Ashe voted to boycott the tournament, a vote that was only narrowly passed when ATP chairman, Cliff Drysdale abstained. Commentators considered that the boycott demonstrated the power of the fledgling ATP, and showed the tennis associations that professional players could no longer be dictated to.[23]

In November 1973, with the South African government seeking to end their Olympic ban and re-join the Olympic movement, Ashe was finally granted a visa to enter the country for the first time, to play in the South African Open. He lost in the final to Jimmy Connors, but won the doubles with partner Tom Okker.

Despite boycotts against South African sport, Ashe believed that his presence could help break down stereotypes and that by competing and winning the tournament, it would stand as an example of the result of integration, and help bring about change in apartheid South Africa. He reached the singles final again in 1974, losing in straight sets to Connors for the second consecutive year.

In 1977, Ashe addressed a small crowd of boycott supporters at the U.S. Open and admitted that he had been wrong to participate in South Africa and once again supported the boycott of South African players after he had tried to purchase tickets for some young Africans for a tennis match in South Africa, and was told to use an "Africans only" counter.[24] In the media, Ashe called for South Africa to be expelled from the professional tennis circuit and Davis Cup competition.

In May 1975, Ashe beat Björn Borg to win the season-ending championship WCT Finals in Dallas. On July 5, 1975, in the first all-American Wimbledon final since 1947, Ashe, seeded sixth and just a few days short of his 32nd birthday, won Wimbledon at his ninth attempt, defeating the overwhelming favourite and defending champion, Jimmy Connors.

Ashe had never beaten Connors in any of their previous encounters and Connors had not dropped a set in any of the six earlier rounds, but Ashe played an almost perfect game of tactical tennis to win in four sets.[25][26] In the lead-up to the final, the two players' relationship was already strained. Connors was suing the ATP, with Ashe as its president, for $10 million for alleged restraint of trade after opposition from the ATP and French officials meant he was refused entry to the 1974 French Open as a contracted member of World Team Tennis (WTT).

Just two days before the start of the Wimbledon tournament, it had been announced that Connors was now suing Ashe for $5 million for comments in a letter Ashe had written to ATP members in his role as president, criticizing Connors' insistence that Davis Cup captain Dennis Ralston should be fired and Connors' "unpatriotic" boycott of the competition which had started after Ralston left him out of the team against the West Indies in Jamaica in March 1972.

On the final day, Ashe pointedly and symbolically wore red, white and blue wristbands throughout the match and wore his U.S.A.-emblazoned Davis Cup warm-up jacket when walking out onto Centre Court and during the award ceremony while receiving the trophy and winner's cheque for GBP £10,000 (1975 equivalent US$23,000). Soon after the final, Connors dropped the libel suit.

Ashe played for a few more years and won the Australian Open doubles with Tony Roche in January 1977, but a left foot heel injury requiring surgery a month later and subsequent long-term rehabilitation saw his world ranking drop to a lowly 257th before a remarkable comeback saw him rise back to 13th in the world again the following year at the age of 35. However, after undergoing heart surgery in December 1979, Ashe officially retired on April 16, 1980, at the age of 36. His career record was 818 wins, 260 losses, and 51 titles.

Post-tennis career and activism

President Reagan greets Arthur Ashe (left) in 1982

After his retirement, Ashe took on many roles, including writing for Time magazine and The Washington Post, commentating for ABC Sports and HBO from the early 1980s until a few months before his death, founding the National Junior Tennis League, and serving as captain of the U.S. Davis Cup team from 1981 to 1985. He was elected to the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1985.[27]

Ashe was an active civil rights supporter. He was a member of a delegation of 31 prominent African Americans who visited South Africa to observe political change in the country as it approached racial integration. He was arrested on January 11, 1985, for protesting outside the Embassy of South Africa, Washington, D.C., during an anti-apartheid rally. He was arrested again on September 9, 1992, outside the White House for protesting on the recent crackdown on Haitian refugees.

In 1988, Ashe published a three-volume book titled A Hard Road to Glory: A History of the African-American Athlete,[28] after working with a team of researchers for nearly six years.[29] Ashe stated that the book was more important than any tennis titles.[30]

After Ashe publicly acknowledged that he had contracted HIV, he founded the Arthur Ashe Foundation for the Defeat of AIDS, working to raise awareness about the virus and advocated teaching sex education and safe sex. He also fielded questions about his own diagnosis and attempted to clear up the misconception that only homosexual and bisexual men, or IV drug users were at risk for contracting HIV.[31] In a speech to the United Nations General Assembly on World AIDS Day, December 1, 1992, he addressed the growing need for AIDS awareness and increased research funding, saying: "We want to be able to look back and say to all concerned that we did what we had to do, when we had to do it, and with all the resources required."

Two months before his death, he founded the Arthur Ashe Institute for Urban Health to help address issues of inadequate health care delivery and was named Sports Illustrated magazine's Sportsman of the Year. He also spent much of the last years of his life writing his memoir, Days of Grace, finishing the manuscript less than a week before his death.

Personal life

In October 1976, Ashe met photographer and graphic artist Jeanne Moutoussamy at a United Negro College Fund benefit. Moutoussamy, who is of mixed Indo-Guadeloupean and African-American heritage, is the daughter of architect John Moutoussamy. On February 20, 1977, they were married in the Church Center for the United Nations in New York City in a ceremony officiated by Andrew Young, the United States Ambassador to the United Nations.[32]

In December 1986, Ashe and Moutoussamy adopted a daughter. They named their daughter Camera after her mother's professional instrument.[33]

Health

In July 1979, at the age of 36, Ashe suffered a heart attack while holding a tennis clinic in New York. In view of his high level of fitness as an athlete, his condition drew attention to the hereditary aspect of heart disease; his mother already had cardiovascular disease at the time of her death, aged 27, and his father had suffered a first heart attack, aged 55, and a second, aged 59, just a week before Ashe's own attack. Cardiac catheterization revealed one of Ashe's arteries was completely closed, another was 95 percent closed, and a third was closed 50 percent in two places. He underwent a quadruple bypass operation performed by John Hutchinson on December 13, 1979.[34]

Ashe promoting heart health after his heart attack

A few months after the operation, Ashe was on the verge of making his return to professional tennis. However, during a family trip in Cairo, Egypt, he developed chest pains while running. He stopped running and returned to see a physician accompanied by his close friend Douglas Stein. Stein urged him to return to New York City so he could be close to his cardiologist, his surgeon and top-class medical facilities.[34] In 1983, he underwent a second round of heart surgery to correct the previous bypass surgery. After the surgery, Ashe became national campaign chairman for the American Heart Association.

In September 1988, Ashe was hospitalized after experiencing paralysis in his right arm. After undergoing exploratory brain surgery and a number of tests, doctors discovered that he had toxoplasmosis, a parasitic disease that is commonly found in people infected with HIV. A subsequent test later revealed that he was HIV-positive. Ashe and his doctors believed he contracted the virus from blood transfusions he received during his second heart surgery.[31][35] He and his wife decided to keep his illness private for the sake of their daughter, who was then two years old.

In September 1992, Ashe suffered a mild heart attack.

In 1992, a friend of Ashe who worked for USA Today heard that he was ill and called him to confirm the story. Ashe decided to preempt USA Today's plans to publish the story about his illness and, on April 8, 1992, publicly announced he had contracted HIV. He blamed USA Today for forcing him to go public with the news but also stated that he was relieved that he no longer had to lie about his illness. After the announcement, hundreds of readers called or wrote letters to USA Today criticizing their choice to run the story about Ashe that forced him to publicize his illness.[36]

Death

On February 6, 1993, Ashe died from AIDS-related pneumonia at New York Hospital at 3:13 p.m., at age 49. His funeral was held at the Arthur Ashe Athletic Center in Richmond, Virginia, on February 10.[35] Governor Douglas Wilder, who was a friend of Ashe's, allowed his body to lie in state at the Governor's Mansion in Richmond. More than 5,000 people lined up to walk past the casket. Andrew Young, who had performed the service for Ashe's wedding in 1977, officiated at his funeral. Over 6,000 mourners attended.[37] Ashe requested that he be buried alongside his mother, Mattie, who died in 1950, in Woodland Cemetery in Richmond, Virginia.[38]

On February 12, 1993, a memorial service for Ashe was held at the Cathedral of St. John the Divine in Manhattan.[39]

Legacy

Ashe remains the only Black man to win the singles title at Wimbledon, the US Open, or Australian Open. He is one of only two men of black African ancestry to win any Grand Slam singles title, the other being France's Yannick Noah, who won the French Open in 1983. He also led the United States to victory for three consecutive years (1968–70) in the Davis Cup.

In his 1979 autobiography, Jack Kramer, the long-time tennis promoter and a world no. 1 player himself[40] in the 1940s, ranked Ashe as one of the 21 best players of all time.[41]

Awards and honors

The Arthur Ashe Stadium at the 2007 US Open
The Arthur Ashe Student Health and Wellness Center, on the campus of UCLA

Grand Slam finals

Singles: 7 (3 titles, 4 runner-ups)

Result Year Championship Surface Opponent Score
Loss1966Australian OpenGrassAustralia Roy Emerson4–6, 8–6, 2–6, 3–6
Loss1967Australian OpenGrassAustralia Roy Emerson4–6, 1–6, 4–6
↓ Open Era ↓
Win1968US OpenGrassNetherlands Tom Okker14–12, 5–7, 6–3, 3–6, 6–3
Win1970Australian OpenGrassAustralia Dick Crealy6–4, 9–7, 6–2
Loss1971Australian OpenGrassAustralia Ken Rosewall1–6, 5–7, 3–6
Loss1972US OpenGrassRomania Ilie Năstase6–3, 3–6, 7–6, 4–6, 3–6
Win1975WimbledonGrassUnited States Jimmy Connors6–1, 6–1, 5–7, 6–4

Doubles: 5 finals (2 titles, 3 runners-up)

Result Year Championship Surface Partner Opponents Score
Loss1968US OpenGrassSpain Andrés GimenoUnited States Robert Lutz
United States Stan Smith		9–11, 1–6, 5–7
Loss1970French OpenClayUnited States Charlie PasarellRomania Ilie Năstase
Romania Ion Țiriac		2–6, 4–6, 3–6
Win1971French OpenClayUnited States Marty RiessenUnited States Tom Gorman
United States Stan Smith		6–8, 4–6, 6–3, 6–4, 11–9
Loss1971WimbledonGrassUnited States Dennis RalstonAustralia Roy Emerson
Australia Rod Laver		6–4, 7–9, 8–6, 4–6, 4–6
Win1977 (Jan)Australian OpenGrassAustralia Tony RocheUnited States Charlie Pasarell
United States Erik van Dillen		6–4, 6–4

Grand Slam singles performance timeline

Key
W  F  SF QF #R RR Q# DNQ A NH
(W) winner; (F) finalist; (SF) semifinalist; (QF) quarterfinalist; (#R) rounds 4, 3, 2, 1; (RR) round-robin stage; (Q#) qualification round; (DNQ) did not qualify; (A) absent; (NH) not held; (SR) strike rate (events won / competed); (W–L) win–loss record.
Tournament1959196019611962196319641965196619671968196919701971197219731974197519761977119781979SRW–L
Australian Open A A A A A A A F F A A W F A A A A A QF A SF A 1 / 6 25–5
French Open A A A A A A A A A A 4R QF QF A 4R 4R A 4R A 4R 3R 0 / 8 25–8
Wimbledon A A A A 3R 4R 4R A A SF SF 4R 3R A A 3R W 4R A 1R 1R 1 / 12 35–11
US Open 1R 2R 2R 2R 3R 4R SF 3R A W SF QF SF F 3R QF 4R 2R A 4R A 1 / 18 53–17
Win–loss 0–1 1–1 1–1 1–1 4–2 6–2 8–2 7–2 4–1 11–1 13–3 15–3 15–4 6–1 5–2 9–3 10–1 7–3 3–1 10–4 2–2 3 / 44 138–41

1The Australian Open was held twice in 1977, in January and December.

Singles titles (76)

Note: Ashe won 28 titles before the Open Era

No. Date Tournament Surface Opponent Score
1.Jul 1961Eastern Clay Court Championships, HackensackClayUnited States Robert M. Baker6–3, 2–6, 6–3, 4–6, 6–4
2.Aug 1961American Tennis Association Championships, Hampton?United States Wilbur H. Jenkins6–1, 6–1, 6–3
3.Apr 1962Ojai Tennis Tournament, OjaiHardUnited States David R. Reed6–3, 6–2
4.Jan 1962Detroit Invitational, Detroit?United States William (Bill) H.Wright6–2, 6–2
5.Aug 1962American Tennis Association Championships, Wilberforce?United States Wilbur H. Jenkins6–1, 6–2, 6–0[59]
6.Sep 1963Pacific Southwest Championshipss, Los AngelesHardUnited States Whitney Reed2–6, 9–7, 6–2
7.Dec 1963U.S. Hard Court ChampionshipsHardUnited States Allen Fox6–3, 12–10
8.Aug 1964Eastern Grass Court Championships, New JerseyGrassUnited States Clark Graebner4–6, 8–6, 6–4, 6–3[60]
9.Sep 1964Perth Amboy Invitational, New Jersey?United States Gene Scott6–3, 8–6, 6–2[61]
10.Sep 1965Colonial National Invitational, Texas?Australia Fred Stolle6–3, 6–4[62]
11.Nov 1965Queensland Lawn Tennis Championships, AustraliaGrassAustralia Roy Emerson3–6, 6–2, 6–3, 3–6, 6–1[63]
12.Dec 1965South Australian ChampionshipsGrassAustralia Roy Emerson7–9, 7–5, 6–0, 6–4[64]
13.Jan 1966Western Australian Championships, Perth?United States Cliff Richey3–6, 6–2, 6–3, 6–4[65]
14.Jan 1966Tasmanian Championships, Australia?Australia John Newcombe6–4, 6–4, 12–10[66]
15.Mar 1966Thunderbird Invitational Tennis Tournament, Phoenix?United States Jim Osborne3–6, 6–3, 6–2[67]
16.Apr 1966Caribe Hilton Invitational, Puerto Rico?United States Cliff Richey6–3, 6–4, 6–3[68]
17.Apr 1966Dallas Invitational, Texas?United States Charles Pasarell7–9, 6–4, 6–4[69]
18.Feb 1967Philadelphia International, USA?United States Charles Pasarell7–5, 9–7, 6–3[70]
19.Feb 1967Concord International Indoor, Kiamesha LakeHard (i)Brazil Thomaz Koch6–3, 2–6, 6–2[71]
20.Feb 1967Western Indoor Championship?United States Clark Graebner3–6, 6–3, 6–3[72]
21.Apr 1967Long Island Invitational?round-robin[73]
22.Jul 1967National Clay Court Championship, USAClayUnited States Marty Riessen4–6, 6–3, 6–1, 7–5[74]
23.1967Long Island Masters, New York?United States Ronald Holmberg31–27[75]
24.Jan 1968Caribe Hilton Invitational, Puerto Rico?United States Ronald Holmberg6–4, 6–4[76]
25.Feb 1968*Fidelity Bankers Invitational, Richmond?United States Chuck McKinley6–2, 6–1[77]
26.Feb 1968Concord International Indoor, Kiamesha LakeHard (i)United States Jan Leschly6–3, 15–13[78]
27.[79]Mar 1968Madison Square Garden Challenge Trophy, New YorkCarpet (i)Australia Roy Emerson6–4, 6–4, 7–5[80]
28.Apr 1968*Charlotte Invitation, Charlotte?United States Ronald Holmberg6–2, 6–4[81]
↓  Open Era  ↓
29.Jun 1968West of England Championships, BristolGrassUnited States Clark Graebner6–4, 6–3[82]
30.Jul 1968*Pennsylvania Lawn Tennis Championships, HaverfordGrassUnited States Marty Riessen6–2, 6–3, 6–3[83]
31.Aug 1968*U.S. Amateur Championships, BostonGrassUnited States Bob Lutz4–6, 6–3, 8–10, 6–0, 6–4
32.Sep 1968*US Open, New YorkGrassNetherlands Tom Okker14–12, 5–7, 6–3, 3–6, 6–3[84]
33.Sep 1968Las Vegas Invitational?United States Clark Graebner9–7, 6–3[85]
34.Dec 1968*Queensland Championships, Brisbane, AustraliaGrassUnited States Stan Smith6–4, 1–6, 9–7, 4–6, 7–5[86]
35.Feb 1969Balboa Bay Club Invitational?United States Charles Pasarellshared title, rain[87]
36.Apr 1969*Caribe Hilton International, San Juan, Puerto RicoHardUnited States Charles Pasarell5–7, 5–7, 6–0, 6–4, 6–3[88]
37.Jan 1970*Australian Open, MelbourneGrassAustralia Dick Crealy6–4, 9–7, 6–2
38.Feb 1970*Richmond WCT, RichmondCarpet (i)United States Stan Smith6–2, 13–11[89]
39.Mar 1970*Jacksonville Open, FloridaClayNew Zealand Brian Fairlie6–3, 4–6, 6–3[90]
40.Apr 1970*Caribe Hilton International, San Juan, Puerto RicoHardUnited States Cliff Richey6–4, 6–3, 1–6, 6–3[91]
41.Apr 1970Bacardi Invitational, Bermuda?Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Željko Franulović8–6, 7–5[92]
42.May 1970*Glenwood Manor Invitational, Kansas CityHardUnited States Clark Graebner7–6, 6–1[93]
43.May 1970*Central California Championships, SacramentoHardUnited States Barry MacKay6–4, 6–2, 3–6, 10–8[94]
44.Jun 1970John Player tournament?round-robin[95]
45.Sep 1970Seattle Tennis Invitational?United States Tom Gorman6–3, 6–4[96]
46.Sep 1970*Berkeley, CaliforniaHardUnited States Cliff Richey6–4, 6–2, 6–4
47.Oct 1970*Denver Invitational, Denver, USAHard (i)United States Charlie Pasarell6–2, 5–6, 6–3[97]
48.Nov 1970*Paris, FranceCarpet (i)United States Marty Riessen7–6, 6–4, 6–3
49.Apr 1971*Charlotte, USAHardUnited States Stan Smith6–3, 6–3
50.Nov 1971*Stockholm WCT, SwedenHard (i)Czechoslovakia Jan Kodeš6–1, 3–6, 6–2, 1–6, 6–4
51.Jul 1972*Louisville WCTClayUnited Kingdom Mark Cox6–4, 6–4
52.Sep 1972*Montreal WCTCarpet (i)Australia Roy Emerson7–5, 4–6, 6–2, 6–3
53.Nov 1972*Rotterdam WCTCarpet (i)Netherlands Tom Okker3–6, 6–2, 6–1
54.Nov 1972*Rome WCT Winter FinalsCarpet (i)United States Bob Lutz6–2, 3–6, 6–3, 3–6, 7–6
55.Feb 1973*Chicago WCTCarpet (i)United Kingdom Roger Taylor3–6, 7–6(11–9), 7–6(7–2)
56.Jul 1973*WashingtonClayNetherlands Tom Okker6–4, 6–2
57.Feb 1974*Bologna WCTCarpet (i)United Kingdom Mark Cox6–4, 7–5
58.Mar 1974*Barcelona WCTCarpet (i)Sweden Björn Borg6–4, 3–6, 6–3
59.Nov 1974*Stockholm OpenHard (i)Netherlands Tom Okker6–2, 6–2
60.Feb 1975*Barcelona WCTCarpet (i)Sweden Björn Borg7–6, 6–3
61.Feb 1975*Rotterdam WCTCarpet (i)Netherlands Tom Okker3–6, 6–2, 6–4
62.Mar 1975*Munich WCTCarpet (i)Sweden Björn Borg6–4, 7–6
63.Apr 1975*Stockholm WCTCarpet (i)Netherlands Tom Okker6–4, 6–2
64.May 1975*Dallas WCT FinalsCarpet (i)Sweden Björn Borg3–6, 6–4, 6–4, 6–0
65.Jun 1975Kent ChampionshipsGrassUnited States Roscoe Tanner7–5, 6–4[98]
66.Jun 1975*WimbledonGrassUnited States Jimmy Connors6–1, 6–1, 5–7, 6–4
67.Sep 1975*Los AngelesCarpet (i)United States Roscoe Tanner3–6, 7–5, 6–3
68.Sep 1975*San FranciscoCarpet (i)Argentina Guillermo Vilas6–0, 7–6(7–4)
69.Jan 1976*Columbus WCTCarpet (i)Rhodesia Andrew Pattison3–6, 6–3, 7–6(7–4)
70.Jan 1976*Indianapolis WCTCarpet (i)United States Vitas Gerulaitis6–2, 6–7, 6–4
71.Feb 1976*Richmond WCTCarpet (i)United States Brian Gottfried6–2, 6–4
72.Feb 1976*Rome WCTClayUnited States Bob Lutz6–2, 0–6, 6–3
73.Feb 1976*Rotterdam WCTCarpet (i)United States Bob Lutz6–3, 6–3
74.Apr 1978*San JoseCarpet (i)South Africa Bernard Mitton6–7, 6–1, 6–2
75.Aug 1978*ColumbusClayUnited States Bob Lutz6–3, 6–4
76.Sep 1978*Los AngelesCarpet (i)United States Brian Gottfried6–2, 6–4
  • * 44 Open Era titles listed by the ATP website

Notes

References

  1. 1 2 "Arthur Ashe: Career match record". thetennisbase.com. Tennis Base. Retrieved September 22, 2021.
  2. ↑ "Aurthur Ashe bio at ESPN". Retrieved August 6, 2014.
  3. ↑ The Times (London), December 30, 1975, p.6
  4. ↑ Collins & Hollander (1997), p. 651
  5. ↑ Quidet, Christian (1989). La Fabuleuse Histoire du Tennis (in French). Paris: Nathan. p. 772. ISBN 9782092864388.
  6. ↑ Barrett, John, ed. (1990). World Of Tennis. London: Collins Willow. pp. 235–237. ISBN 9780002183550.
  7. ↑ "Ashe replaces Connor in magazine rankings". The Morning Call. December 9, 1975. p. 38.
  8. ↑ "Rankings Dept". The Journal Herald. January 16, 1976. p. 18.
  9. ↑ "Times Tribune (Scranton), 8 February 1976". newspapers.com. February 8, 1976.
  10. ↑ "Arthur Ashe | Overview | ATP Tour | Tennis". ATP Tour. Retrieved June 12, 2019.
  11. 1 2 Moore, Kenny (December 21, 1992). "The Eternal Example". sportsillustrated.cnn.com. p. 2. Retrieved October 31, 2015.
  12. ↑ Winiecki, Susan (February 22, 2019). "Blackwell-Ashe family tree to take root in Richmond". The Richmond Magazine. Retrieved April 14, 2020.
  13. ↑ Boyle, John (August 2, 2020). "What to do with the Vance obelisk?". Asheville Citizen-Times. Retrieved August 3, 2020.
  14. ↑ Ashe, Arthur; Rampersad, Arnold (1994). Days of Grace. Random House Digital, Inc. p. 58. ISBN 0-345-38681-7.
  15. ↑ "TRAVEL ADVISORY; Black History in St. Louis", The New York Times, May 10, 1992. Accessed December 11, 2007. "Sumner High School, the first school west of the Mississippi for Blacks, established in 1875 (among graduates are Grace Bumbry, Arthur Ashe, and Tina Turner)..."
  16. ↑ Daniel Schwartz/SI (August 24, 2010). "SI Cover History: August 23–29". SI.com.
  17. ↑ Steins, Richard (2005). Arthur Ashe: A Biography. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 22–23. ISBN 0-313-33299-1.
  18. ↑ Army Register, 1969. Vol. 2, p. 32.
  19. ↑ "Arthur Robert Ashe Jr". TennisFame.com.
  20. ↑ Collins, Bud (2010). The Bud Collins History of Tennis (2nd ed.). [New York]: New Chapter Press. p. 145. ISBN 978-0942257700.
  21. ↑ "30 for 30 Shorts: 'Arthur & Johnnie'". Grantland. August 28, 2013.
  22. ↑ "Ashe signs 5-year professional contract". The Telegraph-Herald. September 16, 1970.
  23. ↑ Kamakshi Tandon (July 1, 2013). "It all changed in 1973 for the ATP". espn.go.com. ESPN.
  24. ↑ Richard E. Lapchick. "A legacy of change and hope". ESPN.
  25. ↑ "Ashe Wins Wimbledon Crown". Herald-Journal. AP. July 6, 1975.
  26. ↑ Fred Tupper (July 6, 1975). "Ashe Thrashes Connors For Wimbledon Title". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. N.Y. Times.
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  28. ↑ Ashe, Arthur R. Jr. (November 13, 1988). "Views of Sport; Taking the Hard Road with Black Athletes". The New York Times. Retrieved May 27, 2012.
  29. ↑ Kupferberg, Herbert (March 12, 1989). "Their Hard Road to Glory". Parade. p. 12. Retrieved May 27, 2012.
  30. ↑ Michael O'Donnell (August 29, 2014). "Book Review: 'Arthur Ashe' by Eric Allen Hall". online.wsj.com. The Wall Street Journal.
  31. 1 2 Sankaran, Gopal; Volkwein-Caplan, Karin A. E.; Bonsall, Dale R. (1999). HIV/Aids in Sport: Impact, Issues, and Challenges. Human Kinetics. p. 58. ISBN 0-880-11749-4.
  32. ↑ Ashe, Arthur (August 1981). "My Introduction To Sex, Love and Marriage". Ebony. Vol. 36, no. 10. Johnson Publishing Company. pp. 86, 90. ISSN 0012-9011. Young served as a minister in the United Church of Christ.
  33. ↑ Steins, Richard (2005). Arthur Ashe: A Biography. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 66. ISBN 0-313-33299-1.
  34. 1 2 Rampersad, Arnold; Arthur Ashe (1993). Days of Grace: A Memoir. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 35. ISBN 0-679-42396-6.
  35. 1 2 Finn, Robin (February 8, 1993). "Arthur Ashe, Tennis Star, Is Dead at 49". nytimes.com. Retrieved December 4, 2012.
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  37. ↑ "Friends and Fans Say Farewell to Arthur Ashe". Jet. Vol. 83, no. 18. Johnson Publishing Company. March 1, 1993. pp. 12–18. ISSN 0021-5996.
  38. ↑ Macenka, Joe (February 4, 1995). "Richmond still searching for way to honor Ashe". The Free Lance–Star. p. B1. Retrieved December 4, 2012.
  39. ↑ Goldman, John J. (February 13, 1993). "Thousands Pay Tribute to Ashe : Memorial service: Late tennis champion is honored by friends, politicians and others in New York". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 4, 2012.
  40. ↑ promoted to be ranked NO.1
  41. ↑ Kramer considered the best ever to have been either Don Budge (for consistent play) or Ellsworth Vines (at the height of his game). The next four best were, chronologically, Bill Tilden, Fred Perry, Bobby Riggs, and Pancho Gonzales. After these six came the "second echelon" of Rod Laver, Lew Hoad, Ken Rosewall, Gottfried von Cramm, Ted Schroeder, Jack Crawford, Pancho Segura, Frank Sedgman, Tony Trabert, John Newcombe, Arthur Ashe, Stan Smith, Björn Borg, and Jimmy Connors. Kramer felt unable to rank Henri Cochet and René Lacoste accurately but felt they were among the very best.
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  44. ↑ The ATP Player and Team of the Year awards are presently given to the player and team who end the year as world No. 1 in the ATP rankings
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  64. ↑ "Yanks' Ashe tops Emerson". Southern Illinoisan. December 12, 1965. p. 13.
  65. ↑ "Ashe downs Richey". Democrat and Chronicle. January 10, 1966. p. 31.
  66. ↑ "Ashe outguns Newcombe". Asbury Park Press. January 17, 1966. p. 19.
  67. ↑ "Ashe wins Phoenix net title". Arizona Daily Star. March 21, 1966. p. 14.
  68. ↑ "Ashe stuns Richey in Caribe". Dayton Journal Herald. April 4, 1966. p. 18.
  69. ↑ "Ashe beats Pasarell in Dallas". Passiac Herald News. April 25, 1966. p. 26.
  70. ↑ "Ashe sweeps Pasarell in Phila. net final". The Philadelphia Inquirer. February 13, 1967. p. 22.
  71. ↑ "Ashe defeats Koch in final". New York Daily News. February 23, 1967. p. 417.
  72. ↑ "Western net meet won by Arthur Ashe". Indianapolis Star. February 27, 1967. p. 30.
  73. ↑ "Ashe takes indoor title". The Indianapolis News. April 3, 1967. p. 29.
  74. ↑ "Ashe whips Riessen in title dual". St. Joseph Gazette. July 24, 1967. p. 9.
  75. ↑ "Ashe beats Holmberg at Long Island Masters". Jet. Johnson Publishing Company. January 4, 1968. p. 51. Retrieved October 30, 2019.
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  77. ↑ "Ashe whips McKinley". The South Bend Tribune. February 5, 1968. p. 17.
  78. ↑ "Ashe stops Leschly, keeps Concord title". Pensacola News Journal. February 29, 1968. p. 36.
  79. ↑ "New York: Overview ATP Tour 1968 to 1972". ATP Tour. ATP. Retrieved October 6, 2023.
  80. ↑ "Ashe tops Emerson in tennis". Allentown Morning Call. March 31, 1968. p. 44.
  81. ↑ "Ashe crushes Holmberg for Charlotte title". The Boston Globe. April 22, 1968. p. 27.
  82. ↑ "Ashe tops Graebner". Waterloo The Courier. June 17, 1968. p. 11.
  83. ↑ "Arthur Ashe rips Riessen in net final". Springfield Leader and Press. July 29, 1968. p. 20.
  84. ↑ "Ashe Wins U.S. Open Singles Title", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, September 10, 1968, p. 27.
  85. ↑ "Ashe trounces Graebner in Vegas net final". The Fresno Bee. September 14, 1968. p. 16.
  86. ↑ "Takes 5 sets, but Ashe defeats Smith". Harlington Valley Morning Star. December 16, 1968. p. 11.
  87. ↑ "Net final postponed". Los Angeles Times. February 24, 1969. p. 38.
  88. ↑ "Ashe beats Pasarell for Caribe title". Oakland Tribune. April 7, 1969. p. 46.
  89. ↑ "Ashe downs Stan Smith". The Des Moines Register. February 16, 1970. p. 21.
  90. ↑ "Ashe conquers Fairlie". Los Angeles Times. March 30, 1970. p. 44.
  91. ↑ "Ashe outlasts Richey". Hartford Courant. April 6, 1970. p. 24.
  92. ↑ "Ashe wins tourney in Bermuda". Tampa Bay Times. April 13, 1970. p. 34.
  93. ↑ "Ashe defeats Graebner". Wisconsin Rapids Daily Tribune. May 4, 1970. p. 10.
  94. ↑ "Ashe nips MacKay". Dayton Daily News. p. 9.
  95. ↑ "Round robin net crown to Ashe". Des Moines Register. June 14, 1970. p. 31.
  96. ↑ "Ashe Wins in Seattle". Spokane Spokesman-Review. September 22, 1970. p. 15.
  97. ↑ "Ashe tops Pasarell for Denver crown". Springfield Leader and Press. October 12, 1970. p. 15.
  98. ↑ "Arthur Ashe tops Tanner". The Post Crescent. June 15, 1975. p. 40.

Bibliography

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