Asteliaceae
Astelia hemichrysa
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Asteliaceae
Dumort.[1]
Genera

See text

Asteliaceae is a family of flowering plants, placed in the order Asparagales of the monocots.[1]

The family has only recently been recognized by taxonomists. The APG III system of 2009 (unchanged from the 1998 and 2003 versions) does recognize this family. The family includes three genera[2] with about 38 species,[3] occurring in the Southern Hemisphere. It is bird/insect pollinated and its conservation status as of 2017 is not threatened.[4]

Description

A large variation in morphology is seen within this family.

Roots

The main cell type of the vascular tissue system present in roots are tracheids.[5] Roots are the only plant organs to have vessel elements and this is seen commonly in Monocots. The habitat of a monocot will determine different xylem characteristics.[6][5] The habitat of Asteliaceae gives rise to the variation seen in the xylem.[6][5] These tracheary elements have pores in their walls from fragments of the pit membrane.[5] The vessels that are present within Asteliaceae have very primitive perforation plates.[7]

Rhizomes in Astelia create large intermingled structures that overtake the surrounding environment and vegetation.[7]

Leaves

Leaves in Asteliaceae are long, slender, and alternately arranged.[8][9]

A rare, unique trait in Asteliaceae is leaf hairs that are silver and white. They are usually present in this family and are distinct with branching so they are easy to notice.[8]

No vessel elements are found in the leaves of this family. The only xylem cell type present is tracheids.[6][7]

Stems

In comparison to roots, the tracheids present in the stems are less porous and therefore have less pit membranes.[5] Additionally, stems in Asteliaceae do not have vessel elements.[6][7]

Flowers and reproduction

Flowers in Asteliaceae are typically dioecious but it varies depending on the genus.[8] Milligania and Neoastelia have perfect bisexual flowers while Astelia (including Collospermum) usually have imperfect unisexual flowers.[8] One Astelia species in specific produces both female flowers and imperfect flowers together in the same population.[8]

Inflorescence in this family is always terminal and has a branched cluster of flowers but the variation in this category is wide, particularly with unisexual inflorescences.[9] There is a large, leaf-like sheathing bract that surrounds and encloses the flower cluster.[9] Typically, the distinct hairs on the leaves can also be seen on the inflorescence and flowers.[8]

Asteliaceae has either a sterile pistil or a pistil with a superior ovary, one short or inconspicuous style, and a three lobed stigma.[9][10] Stamens in Asteliaceae either have dorsifixed or basifixed anthers.[9][10]

The number of locules in the ovary varies in each genus. Astelia usually has three locules, but it also can have a single locule. Even within the genus Neoastelia, there can be between three and seven locules.[10]

Fruits and seeds

Usually, fruits in Asteliaceae are fleshy, as seen within the genera Astelia and Neoastelia. However, the fruits can also be dry capsules as seen in the genus Milligania.[8]

Seed storage behaviour in Asteliaceae is quite odd as the seed is sensitive to freezing but this behaviour is not always seen. The smallest effect of this behaviour can be seen in the plants found growing in Hawaii.[11]

Taxonomy

The family Asteliaceae was created by Dumortier in 1829.[12] In the APG IV system, the family is placed in the order Asparagales, part of the monocot clade.[13] Within the Asparagales, it is placed in a basal group of families, which diverge after Orchidaceae, and is either sister to Hypoxidaceae[14] or, in a 2021 study, to the clade Lanariaceae plus Hypoxidaceae:[15]

Asparagales

Orchidaceae

Boryaceae

Blandfordiaceae

Asteliaceae

Lanariaceae

Hypoxidaceae

remaining Asparagales families

Within the family, studies in 2012 and 2013 grouped Milligania with Astelia.[8][9] The 2021 study placed Neoastelia and Milligania as sisters:[15]

Asteliaceae

Neoastelia

Milligania

Astelia

Genera

As of December 2021, Plants of the World Online accepts three genera:[2]

The genus Collospermum has been synonymized with Astelia.[16]

Origin and diversity

Due to its prevalence on the eastern Gondwanan landmasses, Australia, New Zealand, and South America, the Asteliaceae family has been classified as a "Austral" floristic element.[8] This idea is supported by the split of Milligania from other astelioid taxa, which is estimated to be 79 million years old, based on age estimations of 102 and 92 million years old for the stem and crown lineages.[8] Long-distance overwater dispersal was likely involved in the spread of Asteliaceae across the Pacific, although little is known about the paths of such dispersal events.[8] Astelia, which originated in New Zealand around 27.1 million years ago, is the largest and oldest genus in the family Asteliaceae. This is of note as the family Asteliaceae originated from Australia which is in proximity to New Zealand.[9]

Distribution

Asteliaceae has a very wide distribution of species that live near large bodies of water.[10] They are found on continents in the southern hemisphere,[8][9] while they are found in islands as well in the Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, Australia, and New Zealand.[10] 30 of the 38 species in Asteliaceae are found in Australia, New Zealand, and Argentina which all border the South Pacific Ocean.[9] The other 8 species are found to be living on archipelagos scattered around the Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean, specifically in Fiji, Hawaii, and New Caledonia.[9][10] Asteliaceae managed to disperse to both the Western and Eastern Pacific Islands as a result of direct and stepping-stone dispersion paths from New Zealand through Fiji and Hawaii, respectively.[9]

Taxa within Asteliaceae are found in both the Austral and Pacific areas.[9] However, New Zealand has been found to be the centre of genetic diversity, as three of the four genera of Asteliaceae have been found there.[9] Interestingly, species diversity has also been found to be highest in New Zealand.[9] Species within the genus Astelia have been discovered in Australia, New Zealand, South America, the Mascarene Islands in the Indian Ocean, and 7 archipelagos in the Pacific, showing that it is the biggest and most extensively dispersed of the four genera of Asteliaceae.[8]

Species within the genus Astelia are able to live in many different habitats such as coastal and lowland woods, low level swamps, alpine fellfields, and high elevation bogs.[8] Four Astelia species formerly placed in Collospermum grow as epiphytes in lowland forests in New Zealand and in lowland and tropical montane cloud forests in Fiji, Vanuatu, and Samoa.[8] Milligania consists of 5 species that grow only in Tasmania. They grow in a variety of environments including lowland riparian valleys and alpine fellfields. Neoastelia is a genus made of just a single species of terrestrial herbs found only in temperate rainforests in northeastern New South Wales.[8]

Although taxa within Asteliaceae are found across various Gondwanan landmasses, which include Australia, New Zealand, and South America, and the possible Cretaceous beginnings for the family, the Tertiary saw the emergence of new genera.[8] Dispersion across long distances is the most likely hypothesis for the modern distribution for Asteliaceae.[8]

A solitary fossilized pollen grain, perhaps belonging to the Asteliaceae family, has been discovered in Oligocene to Pliocene sediments on West Point Island in the Falkland Islands. This fossil pollen datum, which is classified as either "Astelia-type" or "Monosulcites sp. A.", might suggest the presence of Astelia in South America during the Tertiary period.[8]

Habitat

Different species of Asteliaceae favour different habitats. The range that Asteliaceae covers is extensive but typically an area with a constant supply of moisture will increase growth.[6] Some prefer low habitats where cushion plants commonly grow, which encompasses areas like the subalpine, alpines, and bogs.[10] One thing in common with all the species in this family is that they typically occupy tall and clustered habitats.[10]

Unlike most plants, some species are epiphytic and this could be the main way the plant grows. Many species from the genus Astelia favour terrestrial and rock as a substrate to grow upon. If the epiphytic plant is detached from its source, it will find other ways to get moisture and nutrients.[10] For example, if the plant fell on the ground, it would not be affected and would continue growing for a long duration of time.[10]

References

  1. 1 2 Angiosperm Phylogeny Group III (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x.
  2. 1 2 "Asteliaceae Dumort.". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2021-12-04.
  3. ↑ Christenhusz, Maarten J.M.; Byng, James W. (20 May 2016). "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase". Phytotaxa. 261 (3): 201. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1. ISSN 1179-3163.
  4. ↑ Reichgelt, Tammo; Lee, William G. (6 August 2021). "Geographic variation of leaf form among indigenous woody angiosperms in New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 60 (2): 134–158. doi:10.1080/0028825x.2021.1960384. ISSN 0028-825X. S2CID 238776046.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Carlquist, Sherwin; Schneider, Edward L. (October 2010). "Origins and Nature of Vessels in Monocotyledons. 12. Pit Membrane Microstructure Diversity in Tracheary Elements of Astelia". Pacific Science. 64 (4): 607–618. doi:10.2984/64.4.607. hdl:10125/23130. ISSN 0030-8870. S2CID 9521857.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Carlquist, Sherwin (5 April 2012). "Monocot Xylem Revisited: New Information, New Paradigms". The Botanical Review. 78 (2): 87–153. doi:10.1007/s12229-012-9096-1. ISSN 0006-8101. S2CID 15562011.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Carlquist, Sherwin; Schneider, Edward L. (March 2011). "Origins and Nature of Vessels in Monocotyledons. 13. Scanning Electron Microscopy Studies of Xylem in Large Grasses". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 172 (3): 345–351. doi:10.1086/658155. ISSN 1058-5893. S2CID 55262434.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Birch, Joanne L.; Keeley, Sterling C.; Morden, Clifford W. (October 2012). "Molecular phylogeny and dating of Asteliaceae (Asparagales): Astelia s.l. evolution provides insight into the Oligocene history of New Zealand". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 65 (1): 102–115. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.05.031. PMID 22664642.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Birch, Joanne L.; Keeley, Sterling C. (19 July 2013). "Dispersal pathways across the Pacific: the historical biogeography of Astelia s.l. (Asteliaceae, Asparagales)". Journal of Biogeography. 40 (10): 1914–1927. doi:10.1111/jbi.12169. ISSN 0305-0270. S2CID 85887986.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Birch, Joanne L. (15 July 2015). "A revision of infrageneric classification in Astelia Banks & Sol. ex R.Br. (Asteliaceae)". PhytoKeys (52): 105–132. doi:10.3897/phytokeys.52.4768. ISSN 1314-2003. PMC 4549886. PMID 26312037.
  11. ↑ Chau, Marian M.; Chambers, Timothy; Weisenberger, Lauren; Keir, Matthew; Kroessig, Timothy I.; Wolkis, Dustin; Kam, Roy; Yoshinaga, Alvin Y. (September 2019). "Seed freeze sensitivity and ex situ longevity of 295 species in the native Hawaiian flora". American Journal of Botany. 106 (9): 1248–1270. doi:10.1002/ajb2.1351. ISSN 0002-9122. PMC 6856683. PMID 31502257.
  12. ↑ "Asteliaceae Dumort.". The International Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2021-12-04.
  13. ↑ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 181 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1111/boj.12385.
  14. ↑ Stevens, Peter F. "Asparagales". Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Retrieved 2021-12-04.
  15. 1 2 Birch, J.L. & Kocyan, A. (2021), "Biogeography of the monocotyledon astelioid clade (Asparagales): A history of long-distance dispersal and diversification with emerging habitats", Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 163: 107203, doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107203, PMID 33992785, S2CID 234746942
  16. ↑ "Collospermum Dumort.". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2021-12-04.
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