Bàng-uâ-cê
The Book of Exodus in Bàng-uâ-cê, published by the British and Foreign Bible Society
Script type	Latin alphabet (modified)
Creator	Moses Clark White, Robert Samuel Maclay, Caleb Cook Baldwin, Robert Stewart
Time period	late 19th century – ?
Languages	Fuzhou dialect of the Eastern Min language
Related scripts
Child systems	Hinghwa Romanized, Kienning Colloquial Romanized

Bàng-uâ-cê (abbr. BUC; Chinese: 平話字) or Fuzhou romanization (福州話羅馬字), is a Latin alphabet for the Fuzhou dialect of Eastern Min adopted in the middle of the 19th century by Western missionaries. It had varied at different times, and became standardized in the 1890s. Bàng-uâ-cê was mainly used inside of church circles, and was taught in some mission schools in Fuzhou.^[1] However, unlike its counterpart Pe̍h-ōe-jī for Hokkien, even in its prime days Bàng-uâ-cê was by no means universally understood by Christians.^[2]

History

An English-Chinese Dictionary of the Foochow Dialect, 2nd Edition, published in 1905

Dictionary of the Foochow dialect, 3rd Edition, published in 1929

Hand-written note in Bàng-uâ-cê, ca. 1910. It reads: "...You are our dwelling place. Before the mountains were born or you brought forth the earth and the world, from everlasting to everlasting you are God. And we are thankful, because Jesus died for us, resurrected, and enabled us to live in the life full of abundance. He helps us conform to the image of the Lord, and be patient and serve Him with all our heart. He teaches us to willingly forgive people..."

After Fuzhou became one of the five Chinese treaty ports opened by the Treaty of Nanjing at the end of First Opium War (from 1839 to 1842), many Western missionaries arrived in the city. Faced with widespread illiteracy, they developed Latin alphabets for the Fuzhou dialect.

The first attempt in romanizing the Fuzhou dialect was made by the American Methodist M. C. White, who borrowed a system of orthography known as the System of Sir William Jones. In this system, 14 initials were designed exactly according to their voicing and aspiration. ⟨p⟩, ⟨t⟩, ⟨k⟩ and ⟨ch⟩ stand for [p], [t], [k] and [ts]; while the Greek spiritus lenis ⟨᾿⟩ were affixed to the above initials to represent their aspirated counterparts. Besides the default five vowels of Latin alphabet, four diacritic-marked letters ⟨è⟩, ⟨ë⟩, ⟨ò⟩ and ⟨ü⟩ were also introduced, representing [ɛ], [ø], [ɔ], and [y], respectively. This system is described at length in White's linguistic work The Chinese Language Spoken at Fuh Chau.

Subsequent missionaries, including Robert S. Maclay from American Methodist Episcopal Mission, R. W. Stewart from the Church of England and Charles Hartwell from the American Board Mission, further modified White's system in several ways. The most significant change was made for the plosive consonants, where the spiritus lenis ⟨᾿⟩ of the aspirated initials was removed and the letters ⟨b⟩, ⟨d⟩ and ⟨g⟩ substituted for [p] [t] and [k]. In the aspect of vowels, ⟨è⟩, ⟨ë⟩, ⟨ò⟩ and ⟨ü⟩ were replaced by ⟨a̤⟩, ⟨e̤⟩, ⟨o̤⟩ and ⟨ṳ⟩. Since the diacritical marks were all shifted to underneath the vowels, this left room above the vowels which was occupied by the newly introduced tonal marks. Thus Bàng-uâ-cê avoids the potentially awkward diacritic stacking seen for instance in the Vietnamese script, where tone and vowel quality marks both sit above the vowel.

Alphabet

The sample characters are taken from the Qi Lin Bayin, a renowned phonology book about the Fuzhou dialect written in the Qing Dynasty. The pronunciations are recorded in standard IPA symbols.

Sample text

References

External links

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Dictionary of the Foochow Dialect

Min Dong Chinese edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

• Everything You Want To Know About Bàng-uâ-cê (in Foochowese)
• Gô Iók Cŭ: The Old Testament, in Bàng-uâ-cê. (in Min Dong Chinese)
• Sĭng Iók Cŭ: The New Testament, in Bàng-uâ-cê. (in Min Dong Chinese)
• An English-Chinese Dictionary of the Foochow Dialect, by T. B. Adam, 1905
• Learning material of Foochow Romanized at the Wayback Machine (archived 28 February 2012)
• Chinese Character to Eastern Min Transliterator